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The Upper Ordovician Bobcaygeon Formation of southern Ontario is a widespread unit that spans the Sandbian–Katian stage boundary and contains exceptionally preserved invertebrate fossil assemblages, including the famed 'Kirkfield echinoderm fauna.' However, the precise correlation of this interval remains poorly understood. This paper presents new data on high-resolution sequence and carbon isotope chemostratigraphy of the Bobcaygeon interval based on new quarry exposures and introduces refined definitions of unit boundaries based on allostratigraphic criteria. Sequence, chemo-, and biostratigraphic evidence indicate that the Bobcaygeon Formation represents a composite unit as it encompasses a major erosional unconformity. The Coboconk and Kirkfield formations, described in the early 20th century, were merged into a single unit, the Bobcaygeon, out of concern that the original lithostratigraphic divisions would be conflated with biostratigraphic zones of the same names. However, these biostratigraphic zones are no longer favoured, and the lower member of the Bobcaygeon is here elevated again to the status of formation (Coboconk Formation) and represents the uppermost portion of the Sandbian M4 sequence. The middle and upper members of the Bobcaygeon, herein reassigned to the Kirkfield Formation, represent the upper Sandbian to lower Katian M5A and M5B sequences recognized widely in the eastern and central United States. The term Bobcaygeon is retained and elevated to the rank of subgroup. The Kirkfield Formation is divided into three members and contacts are refined, placing a 1–2 m transgressive grainstone at the base of each sequence. These units are correlated with equivalent strata of New York and the Cincinnati Arch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major hydrocarbon and groundwater reservoirs are commonly hosted within coarse-grained alluvial deposits that contain a high degree of sedimentary heterogeneity. This paper presents a detailed characterization of the sedimentary heterogeneity of fluvial-deltaic deposits using architectural element analysis (AEA). Sedimentological data collected from outcrop faces exposing Late Quaternary glaciofluvial deposits in southern Ontario, Canada, is recorded in 31 sedimentary logs. These logs are used to identify nine different facies types, including gravel facies (Gm, Gp, Gt), sand facies (Sr, Sp, St, Ss), and fine-grained facies (Fl and Fd). Variations in facies associations and geometries are defined by five architectural elements (AEs): sand complex (SC), gravel sheet (GS), fine-grained sheet (FS), gravel foreset body (GFB), and concave fill (CF) elements. The spatial arrangement of bounding surfaces (first- to fifth-order) and AEs allows the classification of six EAs, which, in this study, are defined as the largest-scale architectural subunits that allow for architectural-based mapping over a large area. EAs delineated in this study are sandy braided-river (EA1), delta-front (EA2), gravelly braided-river to delta-top (EA3), delta-front to lacustrine (EA4), braided-river to deltaic (EA5), and sand-dominated fluvial (EA6). AEA is utilized here to capture three levels of heterogeneity, which allow detailed reservoir characterization based on geometric objects and can be readily used for computer-based modelling. Outcrop analogue studies such as this one provide insight to the geometries of more deeply buried coarse-grained deposits that form potential reservoirs and enhance paleoenvironmental reconstruction of subsurface alluvial deposits in Canada and elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Archean Blake River Group (BRG) of Ontario and Quebec is dominated by submarine mafic to intermediate lavas, with more restricted felsic volcanic rocks. Given the good quality of outcrop, and high level of preservation of some BRG rocks, the mafic to intermediate lavas were used in the 1970s and 1980s to better understand the evolution of massive and pillowed submarine flows, and their associated fragmental facies (pillow breccias, hyaloclastite). Potentially, the BRG could also represent a useful volcanic succession for the study of explosive submarine eruption products in the ancient record. Before this is possible, however, a regional inventory of the mafic to intermediate volcaniclastic units is needed to clarify their characteristics and origins. In this paper, we compare and contrast volcaniclastic rocks from three areas within the same formation of the northern BRG in Quebec: the Monsabrais area, the Lac Duparquet area, and the D'Alembert tuff area. Close examination reveals pronounced differences in terms of lateral continuity, thickness, grading, bedding, clast shapes, textures, etc. in the volcaniclastic rocks. These differences are interpreted to reflect vastly different emplacement processes, ranging from hyaloclastite generation as a result of self-fragmentation and lava contact with water (dominant in the Monsabrais and Lac Duparquet areas) to aqueous density currents likely fed directly by explosive submarine eruptions (dominant in the D'Alembert tuff). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Archean Blake River Group, mafic to intermediate fragmental units have controversially been proposed to have formed during the collapse of a giant submarine caldera. This paper describes and interprets these rocks, summarizing their physical characteristics, inferred origins, age relationships, and geochemical signatures. The widespread Stadacona member, south of Rouyn-Noranda, consists of several hundred metres of bedded volcaniclastic rocks interpreted to have been mostly deposited from aqueous density currents fed directly by explosive eruptions. The magmas involved in these eruptions were plagioclase-phyric, tholeiitic to transitional basalts. The similarly widespread D'Alembert tuff, in the northern part of the Blake River Group, shares many physical characteristics with the Stadacona member and is thought to have a similar origin. However, the D'Alembert tuff is approximately six million years younger than the Stadacona member. It is composed mostly of transitional to calc-alkaline andesites and basaltic andesites with very distinct trace element profiles. Volcaniclastic rocks from other areas, such as Tannahill Township in Ontario and the Monsabrais area in Quebec, are interpreted to represent mostly in situ to remobilized hyaloclastite, with no explosive eruptions involved in their genesis. Our observations and interpretations are not compatible with models in which the volcaniclastic units are emplaced during a catastrophic event in relation with the collapse of a giant caldera. Instead, the fragmental rocks were produced by various mechanisms at many distinct times during the evolution of the Blake River Group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances in the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software and analysis can be used in conjunction with traditional geoscience data sets to determine effective predictors for gold mineralization, from which mineral prospectivity maps can be generated that highlight potential exploration targets on a regional scale. In this paper, key components of the Archean lode gold deposit model for the Red Lake belt are selected and modeled using weights of evidence (WofE) analysis and logistic regression, leading to the creation of gold prospectivity maps. The best predictors for past and present gold producers in the Red Lake camp, according to WofE analysis include (1) elevated trace elements, Au, As, and Sb; (2) a number of alteration indices calculated from oxide geochemical data; (3) alteration characterized by pervasive and vein-style ferroan carbonate and elevated Au, As, Sb, and S anomalies; (4) proximity to the Mackenzie Island stock and diorite phases of the Dome stock; and, (5) tholeiitic basaltic flows and associated gabbroic rocks of the Balmer assemblage. Gold prospectivity maps produced by logistic regression using binary evidence maps highlight anomalous localities within known and highly prospective areas in the district (Madsen – Red Lake corridor, Balmertown – Cochenour – East Bay). In addition, a number of localities not known to contain significant deposits were also identified as prospective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are two unreconciled interpretations for the age and character of the boundary separating the Cambrian–Ordovician Potsdam and Beekmantown groups that underlie the Ottawa Embayment in eastern Ontario. These stratal groups consist of interior facies of the central Laurentian Platform. As exposed in the type section of the Nepean Formation (upper Potsdam Group), located in the City of Ottawa, the boundary was previously interpreted to be conformable and of Early Ordovician age. This intepretation was of enormous impact on subsequent regional geology compilations that showed a diachronous boundary across the platform interior. From recent subsurface analysis across eastern Ontario, the contact was interpreted to be disconformable, a sequence boundary separating Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician strata. This paper reexamines the type section. Lithologically, the group boundary should be repositioned downsection by ~1.5 m. The contact now lies coincident with a disconformity that has a paleorelief of < 10 cm. The proposed revision is geologically significant. Previous collections of Early Ordovician conodonts from the type section, used to define the age of what had been interpreted to be upper Potsdam strata, now fall entirely within the lower Beekmantown Group. Nepean (Potsdam) strata exposed in the type section remain undated. Regional correlation of the disconformity across the Laurentian platform suggests that Nepean strata at the type section are likely of Late Cambrian age. There now exists a regionally coherent separation of Cambrian and Ordovician sedimentation patterns in the Ottawa Embayment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Special volume published by the Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences consists of a collection of six papers on the petrology, geochemistry, and metallogeny of igneous rocks emplaced in large igneous provinces (LIPs). The papers provide a snapshot of results presented at a Special Session of the 2017 Geological Association of Canada – Mineral Association of Canada Joint Annual Meeting held in Kingston, Ontario, by members of the vibrant geoscience community dedicated to the study of LIPs. Participants applauded the idea of a joint session on these topics and as a result, the session fostered animated discussions and new collaborations. The scope of magmatic and metallogenic studies of LIPs often precludes the type of brainstorming that took place during the meeting. This Special volume demonstrates that a robust understanding of magmatic processes represents the essential first step towards the search for mineral deposits in LIPs worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]