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The ceramic sequence for the Early Intermediate Period in the Central-South coast is poorly known. The excavations undertaken at the archaeological site of Huaca Malena, in the Asia-Coayllo Valley, as well as the survey of the lowerand mid-valley posit the presence of a ceramic style that may have been shared with the neighbouring valleys of Mala and Cañete. This paper presents the first stylistic sequence for the Asia-Coayllo Valley, which appeared at the beginning of the Early Intermediate Period, spread over the Unchor sector in the middle valley, and was succeeded by a tri-colour style that has been identified at Huaca Malena (in the lower Asia-Coayllo valley). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From its capital in the Ayacucho highlands of Peru, the Wari Empire spread its influence over 1300 lateral kilometers from Cajamarca in the north to Cuzco and Moquegua in the south. Along its southern periphery, Wari presence has been documented most convincingly between 1000 and 3000 meters in elevation in valleys such as the Ocoña, Majes, Sihuas, Vitor, Chili, and Moquegua, where archaeological survey has been carried out in parts of this 300-kilometer stretch of the southern Peruvian sierra. In this paper, I examine the evidence for a Wari southern road and the settlements that connected the far southern part of Peru and eventually to the Ayacucho heartland to the north. I argue that the quichua ecological niche is a primary focus of Wari cultural landscapes and dictated the placement of the principal Wari road network. I further examine the organization of settlement along the proposed royal road, as well as the symbolic and demographic components of its route. Finally, I investigate the role of the Wari road in promulgating a Wari imperial political economy in the far south. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the development of the notion of archaeological heritage in nineteenth-century Peru, within the historical and socio-political processes that led to its rise as a modern nation-State. Unlike the many studies locating the origins of the basic principles and praxis of heritage in the early twentieth-century’s intersection of Peruvian archaeology and nationalism, this study argues instead that this period marked a major landmark in the course of several processes that had begun in the nineteenth-century. Throughout the early years of the republic, heritage, here conceived as a social cons.truct and as a process, underwent a formative century from three different perspectives: nationalism, the modern scientific outlook, and the role of tutelary institutions. This study concludes identifying two major foundational moments of archaeological heritage in contexts of nationalist enthusiasm stirred by political and intellectual elites: the rise of the Peruvian State (1821-1824) and the aftermath of the War of the Pacific (1879-1884). The paper likewise acknowledges that the origins of heritage and its political nature cannot be understood outside processes closely connected with modernity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultural continuum methodology was created in 2011 during archaeological and cultural management intervention in the Mateo Salado archaeological complex (Cercado de Lima). This methodology proposes that all activities evinced into a monument along the time have same value as life styles, connecting in this way pre-Columbian archaeology, historic archaeology, archaeology of the contemporaneity, and public archaeology. It challenges temporal criteria must be determinant because it privileges an epoch at the expense of other ones and trends to select events for a grandiloquent diffusion. Likewise, the cultural continuum allows addressing contemporary and controversial issues in a monument usually seen as only pre-Hispanic. For showing these features, this paper presents cultural continuum applications in investigation, conservation and restoration, and cultural management towards community in Mateo Salado. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses data from the pioneering and the latest research in Serranópolis, Goiás, Brazil. It focuses on subjects such as landscape, mobility, territoriality, distribution of rock art sites, lithic material, anthropic action, and natural processes as elements that impact archaeological sites. The approach includes the hunter-gathering groups from the Itaparica (Paranaíba Phase) and Serranópolis (Serranópolis Phase) Traditions from Upper to Middle Holocene, which are characterized by their set of lithic artifacts. Therefore, some data resulting from research that took place between 2000 and 2020 by several researches were included in the previous study from 1980 to 2000 by Schmitz and his crew. The key element is the landscape analysed within a multidsciplinary approach through the Landscape Archaeology. This paper emphasizes some subjects that must be reanalyzed through current techniques and sustains that new excavations need to take place with a special attention to the relation between the landscape and the data developed under a geoarqueological point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present a methodological proposal of geoarchaeological nature, at a macro-regional scale in the territory of the province of San Luis (Argentina). We seek to establish hypotheses about the properties that the potential archaeological record would have in the provincial territory, from the analysis of the represented landscape units, the geomorphological balance in them and the recent anthropic impacts. The methodological proposal combines the use of bibliographic information and geomorphological maps with the soil charts of the province. Due to the initial nature of this research, this article presents the geomorphological and pedological characteristics of two selected units in the province: the Eastern Depression and the Sierra de San Luis. Next, hypotheses are derived about the potential properties of the archaeological record in the subunits identified within them. Subsequently, in order to evaluate these hypotheses, the study of the stratigraphic profiles is carried out in two similar localities in these subunits: El Morro (in the Eastern Depression) and Casa Pintada del Sololosta (in the Sierra de San Luis). This investigation allowed us to evaluate some initial hypotheses regarding the geomorphological context in which the potential archaeological record is located and the properties that these materials will have in different areas of the province (especially in contexts of slopes, high plains and foothills plain). In addition, it made it possible to propose loci of possible concentration of archaeological materials either for anthropic (i.e. potentially attractive places for human occupation) or natural reasons (e.g. accumulation processes on slopes). Likewise, we observe that this methodology saves time invested in research and it results as a source of data for archaeological impact assessment. Finally, we make a recommendation regarding the use of soil charts as a data source that we consider to be very useful for evaluating recent geomorphic processes on broad scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is part of a broader research project focused on analyzing rockshelters and shallow caves located in different regions and geological contexts in Argentina. The main goal is to evaluate patterns and peculiarities in the development of their morphologies and stratigraphies from a geoarchaeological perspective. These sites provide restricted environments with particular dynamics that form, evolve, fill up, and collapse in many different ways that need to be studied at a regional scale to interpret the archaeological and taphonomic records they contain. In one same area, these geoforms can be found at different steps of evolution; but the velocity of this change process, as well as their characteristics, are poorly known for different regions of the country. Thus, 24 case studies, located in different areas, are analyzed in this contribution to start evaluating patterns and recurring processes. So far, some interesting regularities have been observed, regarding the sites themselves (morphologies, types, and dimensions) as well as their sedimentary deposits (characteristics and chronologies). The preliminary results obtained, begin to offer useful information for their archaeological and taphonomic interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chachapoya have come to be seen as a peripheral cultural entity in relation to the broader pre-Columbian Andes. While the material culture associated with the Chachapoya developed prior to AD 1000, it is unclear how uniform this process was on a regional level. In the pre-Columbian Andes, the development of centralized and partitioned monumental architecture has been commonly used as evidence for social and political transformations. Furthermore, the incursions of the Inka and Spanish conquests likely imposed radical changes in the labor, economic, and religious practices of conquered ethnic groups, yet little work has addressed how social practices changed under different regimes. This paper utilizes a scalar perspective to understand the implication of these changes for the Chachapoya region. To better understand the development of Chachapoya communities, this paper addresses the significance of centrality for one such community, Purun Llacta de Soloco, and the role that the construction of its architecture and changes to the surrounding settlement rendered in its social and political development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper deals with the preliminary results obtained from the application of the microstratigraphic technique, as a tool for the conservation and management of archaeological pigments. The risks of impact, deterioration and loss of data that may occur on the pigment material during the data collection for the development of research works, led us to reflect on the procedures put into practice and the need to preserve the information that contain. At the same time that the formation of a database for the registration and documentation of material and associated studies is conceived, as part of the archaeological heritage management, with a view to solving problems of sampling, preventive conservation and storage. Both criteria are based on sampling and conservation protocols, articulating issues related to archaeological research with analytical perspectives supported by an interdisciplinary work, in compliance with the relevant regulations applied in the conservation of cultural heritage at the international level and in Argentina. The cases of application correspond to pre-Hispanic ceramic collections from the Quebrada de Humahuaca, Argentine northwest, which come from both archaeological excavations and collections stored in the storage areas of regional museums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the first investigations, the Paracas and Nasca have been considered as two of the most representative social formations of the Peruvian south coast. Elements indicating interaction with the highlands were identified only for the latest phases of the stylistic sequence of Nasca pottery, especially those related to the characteristic ceramic style of the Wari state that emerged near the modern city of Ayacucho, during the Middle Horizon. However, in the last years, fieldwork carried out in the Palpa valleys and its tributaries resulted in increasing evidence of Paracas and Nasca sites in the highlands. This new evidence forces us to reconsider our traditional concepts of Paracas and Nasca settlement patterns and socioeconomic structures, including the transitional epoch between them. Since 2006, members of the Palpa-Lucanas Archaeological Project conducted intensive fieldwork in the catchment area of the northern tributaries of the Nasca drainage, especially in the highest sections of the Palpa and Viscas valleys. The surveys reached up to the highest points of the western slope of the Andes, at an altitude of 4300 m above sea level. Thus, the inventory of the archaeological sites on the west side of the Andes, including coastal, yunga, and highlanders, now comprises about 1500 sites belonging almost to all time periods. In this paper we present the results of our studies in the highlands, emphasizing those related to the Paracas and Nasca, and especially to the transition between them, which shows strong relationships with the Topara tradition. Excavations on Cutamalla and Huayuncalla sites provide relevant stratigraphic data to the theme presented here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeological evidence documented in the Palpa valleys indicates that at the end of the Formative period, between the decline of the Paracas and the beginning of the Nasca, there was transition period in which important changes took place in the sociocultural process that affected the apparent links of continuity between both sociopolitical entities. This time period, known as Proto-Nasca or Initial Nasca in the Rio Grande basin, is closely related to the sudden appearance of elements related with the Topará, a social group which seems to have exercised political and religious control of the southern coast at the end of the Formative period, configuring a new scenario in which typical traits of the Paracas and Nasca were combined. In this sense, the discussion focuses on the implications of the Topará had in this transition process, in which only the so-called «Paracas» textiles of the Necrópolis phase represent the ties of continuity between both sociopolitical entities. This continuity evidently had strong religious and ideological connotations. In this paper the archaeological evidences (settlement patterns, geoglyphs, petroglyphs, pottery, etc.) that set this new stage in the valleys of Palpa will be presented, on the basis of which we discuss the characteristics that the Paracas-Nasca transition had in the Río Grande basin and its implications in the regional context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the potentialities of «entanglement theory» in archaeology. Entanglement theory proposes that humans and things develop bidirectional relations that generate ever-growing interdependencies through time. To display this theoretical approach the author uses entanglement to explore technological innovations in the Middle East during the Neolithic period. Using things such as the sickle, spinning, the wheel and ceramics the author discusses issues such as the directionality of development, progress and complexity. Following this line, the author asks: Is the human species destined to develop in a specific direction? If so, which theory better illustrates this directionality? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I discuss the strategies of social reproduction set in motion for the maintenance of domestic autonomy for almost a millennium in the Tafí Valley (NW Argentina). I present explanatory arguments about the motives, factors and relationships that led a population to perpetuate non-hierarchical political relations based on small-scale groups amalgamated by kinship ties. To support this statement, I study the role that played in the reproduction of autonomy with an emphasis on the types of social interaction that the material expressions of the ancestors enabled, organized, promoted, reinforced and fostered. Then, two scenarios with revered ancestors are described: the case of the mounds and the case of residential areas with a special attention placed on the courtyards and the presence of stone sculptures as well as of sepulchers or cists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of skeletal indicators of physical morphology reconstructed from burials recovered from Kuelap to test proposed models of the nature of the Chachapoya people whose characteristics have been mythologized from secondary historical documents based on Inka perceptions. Broadly defined as strong and fierce, but also fair and beautiful, this research explores Inka concepts of the physical distinctiveness of the Chachapoya people. Using skeletal data gathered from a large sample of over 600 burials from Kuelap, we examine estimations of stature, limb proportions, indicators of robusticity, body mass estimates, cranial modification, and traumatic injuries to reconstruct aspects of the physicality of the Chachapoya men and women. Comparisons can be made to the limited published literature to consider if the Chachapoya were distinct from other pre-Columbian populations either on the coast or in highland areas. While this is the first approximation of a morphometricprofile of this Andean region, the Chachapoya's reputation is not overwhelmingly supported by a physical distinctiveness, although there are some specific features that distinguish them from other groups. The biocultural identities of past populations can be tested using various indicators to consider the influence of bio-geographical and cultural factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much has been made of agriculture, especially maize, as a motor for the spread of languages in the New World. Yet, within South America, this predominantly coastal and agro-centric approach risks neglecting another important Andean social and economic package: that of camelid agropastoralism. In this paper I suggest that Andean language spread, particularly in the highlands, cannot be fully explained without properly considering the role pastoralism might have played. Camelid pastoralism was a deep- time, highly specialized and successful adaptation that combined herding and guano production with the cultivation of high altitude crops such as kañiwa, quinoa, maca, oca, olluco and especially the potato. I posit that, through mechanisms such as trade, colonization and war, this suite of animals and cultigens permitted the expansion of particular Andean cultures and their languages across swathes of the highlands. hematically this paper focuses primarily on the emergence of complex agro-pastoralism dating from at least the Middle Horizon (AD 600-1000) through to the Late Horizon (AD 1480-1532) in the Central Andean highlands, especially the Áncash region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerrillos is an Early to Middle Paracas civic-ceremonial site located in the upper Ica Valley of Perú. The site is known for its finely plastered adobe architecture, beautifully decorated ceramics, and complex textiles, many of which are decorated with camelid hair. Cerrillos was located in a strategically important place where the mountains meet the coastal desert and the Ica River bends south, a likely intersection in a road system that connected Cerrillos to contemporary sites in the Paracas region and beyond. This paper focuses on several early textiles, ceramics, and other artifacts, including ceramic palettes used for gold working and wooden earspools, that suggest that Cerrillos was involved in a cultural phenomenon or interaction sphere that linked sites as far away was Chavín de Huántar through the interchange of goods, beliefs, and practices. The paper presents a complete description of the textiles excavated at Cerrillos between 1999 and 2002, focusing on two fabric fragments with images of the Staff Deity and one with an abstract Chavín-like design. The ceramics discussed in the text demonstrate the wide variety of styles found at Cerrillos, including some that resemble the Janabarriu of Chavín de Huántar and several others that are either not Paracas or an Early Paracas style that has never been previously described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the information gathered during the first season of the Kushipampa Archeological Project. By comparison with available data from coetaneal sites, this paper presents a preliminary identification of a new regional tradition emerging at the end of the Late Formative Period. This tradition was characterized by the use of a distinctive ceramic assemblage and architectural style at sites located mainly in the upper section of the Nepeña valley. After the decline of an economic system related to the Chavín cult, at 500 BC, a group of communities, including the one at Kushipampa, managed to create alternate exchange networks to replace the former system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic principles of relative and absolute chronology are presented in this introduction as they form the foundation upon which the collection of papers, published in the present and subsequent issue of the Bulletin, base their chronological and cultural schemes. he goal here is to compare and contrast these principles with common misunderstandings and misuses. The need for empirical data for the construction of chronological sequences is stressed in order to place them within a single periodification scheme. Another topic of concern is a coherent terminology rather than the use of different terms with different meanings. Lastly, the papers in these two issues are focused on «The Formative Period: Recent Approaches and Evidence&raquo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The built environment played a central role in policies intended to build a new colonial Andean society. The Spanish approached urbanism as a precondition and generator of the civic community. From precedents in the Mediterranean world, the staging of spectacle was integral to the design and construction of Spanish urban space, especially through the forms of the plaza and the church. Such associations and forms have analogies in the late prehispanic Andes, and in the colonial policies of Tawantinsuyu in particular. This paper traces out how these spatial forms, ideologies, and practices articulated through the Spanish invasion, with a focus on the (re)construction and (re)use of ritual spaces in the context of the Colca Valley (southwestern highlands of Peru). Specifically, analysis of how the configuration of kallanka/pata translated to church/plaza since the first evangelization in Franciscan doctrinal settlements, through the general resettlement of Indians (reducción general de indios) under the Viceroy Francisco de Toledo. This exploration reveals a long and punctuated trajectory of centripetal processes and events from the Inka era through the reducción, and the centrality of these ritual spaces in them. What emerges is a picture of mutual appropriation more than domination through compulsory urbanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Who studies and creates the narratives that surround the city of Lima's archaeological sites, known locally as huacas? Traditionally, this has been the responsibility of professional archaeologists, who in their research and conservation efforts, as well as in their efforts to convert sites into open-air museums, tend to focus almost exclusively on the prehispanic period, when these sites were initially designed, built, used, and transformed. This approach marginalizes and even renders invisible the role these huacas had during the Colonial and Republican periods. This particular narrative is problematic, since it subjectively "freezes" sites into limited time frames, and implies that the value and significance of sitez lies solely in a very specific past. Following this narrative, huacas become static entities, instead of dynamic spaces that change over time, in which all historical periods contributed significantly to their current state. Inspired by the research, conservation, and conversion of Huaca Huantinamarca (in Lima's San Miguel district) into a public space and open-air museum, this paper proposes to go beyond the traditional narrative and include all historical periods, including those periods perceived as "despised history", in order to construct a narrative that is more comprehensive, authentic, and inclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent excavations of two important areas of the Pachacamac Monumental Sector, the foot of the principal facade of the Old Temple and the area beneath the hall of the main entrance at the Temple of the Sun, have allowed the authors to determine the relative chronology of the first construction at this site during the Early Intermediate Period. The ceramic fragments recovered share similar technological, formal and iconographic characteristics with the Lima Medio ceramics (Lima 4-5 in the Patterson sequence) from Chancay, Chillon and Ancon. This paper concurs with the hypothesis that after the conquest of the lower Rimac and Lurin valleys, there was an emerging regional multi-valley political entity which could relate to a complex chiefdom or an "Andean State." However, during the Lima occupation of the Pachacamac site there is no evidence of an administrative center with urban residential zones. Instead, Pachacamac seems to have been a low-ranked local ceremonial center compared with the sites of Maranga, Pucllana or Cajamarquilla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of an analysis of ceramics from the site of Huaca Pucllana carried out by Isabel Flores, director of the Huaca Pucllana Archaeological Project. This research is approached from the perspective of chronological differentiation, arriving at the continuities and changes that occurred in ceramics at the site during its construction and occupation by the Lima society from 530-650 AD. Five pottery types were identified that relate to three constructive phases and a final occupational phase. This paper describes the technological, formal, and decorative aspects of said pottery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on matters of interpretation of early culture contact between northern cultures and coeval southern coastal evidence in a historical perspective starting with Tello. Due to problems related to terminology and methodology combined with incomplete presentation of the data recovered from excavation these interpretations are often contradictory and unsatisfying. Recent field work in the Río Grande de Nazca valley serves to discuss problems related to chronology, culture contact and the forming of new interaction spheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, the manufacture of large found drawings on desert plains and hill slopes of the Peruvian south coast was attributed to the Nasca society. However, since the 1980s, it is known that this cultural manifestation is a tradition that would have begun towards the 750 BC during the early part of the development of the Paracas culture. Paracas geoglyphs have been reported from Pisco to the Rio Grande Basin of Nasca, particularly in the area of Palpa where the where they have identified many of these geoglyphs. In this paper, we present groups of figures at Cerro Lechuza, Paracas, and Cerro Pico, Ica Valley, which show stylistic features of several phases of Paracas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Paracas (900 BC-AD 1) of south coastal Peru are widely recognized for ceramics bearing patterned designs created from incised clay that was often post-fire painted. Analyses of containers, effigies, figurines and musical instruments recovered intact in tombs, have centered largely on temporal and iconographic concerns, and in evaluating prestige. A number of archaeological contexts offer an alternative view of ceramics and their role in public and domestic spheres. In this paper, the role of ceramics in ritual offerings is discussed and analyzed in tandem with the other forms and mediums they accompany. The contexts for these offerings differ from those of funerary ritual in which whole vessels are placed with the dead. These analyses indicate that the end cycle of ceramics is diverse, that their substance is valued in whole and fragmentary form, and that their spatial orientation is significant. Insights are offered into how ceramics as substances interact and complement other materials in offerings and how this bears upon our interpretation of specific iconographies and design symbols and their respective meanings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how archaeology can study the relationships between complex multidimensional societies in critical periods of their development through an analysis of the multiple variables, circumstances and contingencies that define social interactions. By focusing on the archaeological record of San José de Moro, an important funerary and ceremonial center in the Jequetepeque valley, the authors approach the multifaceted natures and purposes behind the relationships between the Moche States of northern coastal Peru and the southern Andean Wari during the end of the Early Intermediate Period and the Middle Horizon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses early evidence for the Andean Foliated Point Tradition (TAPF in Spanish), with special emphasis on the Central Andes region and the Lauricocha complex, which are included into the so-called 'Proto-Lauricocha' phase (Salcedo 2006). This phase is characterized by the indiscriminate consumption of animal species prior to food production, and the presence of foliated projectile points featuring centripetal retouch and minute ailerons located at one-third of the maximum longitude of the piece, defining in that way a pseudo-peduncle. The cultural phase has been dated by the radiocarbon method in the 10,500-7400 years cal BC interval, employing the dendrochronological calibration with the support of the OxCal v3.10r program (Bronk- Ramsey 2005) and the current calibration curves (Reimer et al. 2004; Reimer et al. 2009). Comparative evidence found in North America and Japan is used to discuss the probable origin of TAPF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present paleoenvironmental evidence of the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene in order to understand the process of human settlement in the Puna region of Argentina. We will analyze chronological evidence and the archaeological record of early hunter-gatherer occupations dated between 10,500 to 9000 BP (12,500 to 10,000 cal BP). Finally, we discuss specific cultural and environmental aspects related to the human dispersion and colonization of the altiplano zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a way of introducing this issue, the current status of archaeological research on the earliest Andean cultures is discussed briefly, with major emphasis given to new trends and their implications, as well as future needs in this subdiscipline. The primary focus of each paper is also considered in terms of the wider technological, economic, demographic and ecological contexts, and its contribution to the early archaeology of the Andes from Colombia to Chile and Argentina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I report on a study whose principal aim is to understand the development and decline of the southern Peruvian Nasca culture in the upper Río Grande de Nasca drainage, and its cultural and biological affinities to the preceding Paracas culture. Ancient DNA analyses were conducted on over 300 pre-Columbian individuals from various cemeteries in southern Perú, from periods ranging from the Formative Period to the Middle Horizon. Our results show that the Nasca populations are close related to those of the preceding Paracas culture, and combined with archaeological data, suggest that the Nasca culture was autochthonous to the Río Grande drainage. Furthermore, one can observe how changes in socioeconomic complexity influence the genetic diversity. The pre-Columbian coastal populations of southern Perú differ significantly from both ancient highland and all present-day Peruvian populations. The genetic differentiation between the main cultural areas of western South America seems to fade with the Middle Horizon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The same historical documentation that provides evidence for the reasons why the Puquina language disappeared, also provides linguistic information which, in combination with archaeological studies, allows us to interpret its history in the period prior to the Inca conquest of Collasuyu, as well as during the time under Incas domination. Using the method of regressive history, and making use of various disciplines (history, archaeology, linguistics), this paper proposes an interpretation of the history of the last Puquina-speakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a critical review of a major historical source on the indigenous languages spoken by the year 1600 in the former Bishopric of Charcas, the so-called 'Copia de los curatos', which, together with mapping of the information that this text provides, allows a more accurate and precise reconstruction of the territorial extension of the Puquina language during the early Colonial epoch. To be used as sources for the study of Andean historical linguistics, the published documents used for this analysis and reconstruction must be understood in their administrative context of the church and Colonial state. Knowledge of the jurisdictional changes in the Southern Andes during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and their juxtaposition on top of pre-Hispanic indigenous jurisdictions, are crucial to understanding the scope and limitations of this valuable document. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper an attempt will be made to offer a partial history of the three major languages of ancient Perú: Puquina, Aimara and Quechua, postulating their initial settlement from which they started spreading, until their encounter in the Central-Southern Andes during the Late Intermediate Period. It is proposed that the Incas passed through two stages of language substitution: the first from Puquina to Aimara and then from Aimara to Quechua. Linguistic, historical and archaeological evidence will be advanced to support the hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I examine the distribution and movement of population during the Middle Horizon, using archaeological data of the Cajamarca region. I present excavation data from the El Palacio site which was a Wari administrative center in the Cajamarca Valley. here we found exotic elements in the form of architecture, funerary chambers and polychrome ceramics, while evidence of cultural fusion was unclear. Although Cajamarca was under direct dominion of the Wari state, local material culture such as ceramics appear to have continued without great change. If any parallel relation between material culture and language can be assumed, it would be reasonable to think that, during Middle Horizon in Cajamarca, multiple languages co-existed or that people were bilingual both in the local language and the oicial language of the Wari state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines large-scale cultural developments in Perú's north central highlands during the 1st millennium AD, with an emphasis on their implications for ancient language use and spread. Áncash is of special interest because of its long history of research, central geographic position in northern Perú, diversity in archaeological cultures, and the presence of a series of languages, many now extinct. During the 1st millennium, cultural interaction between north highland groups and their neighbors was very prominent during the beginning and the end of the Early Intermediate Period. The end of the Middle Horizon also saw intensive interaction and cultural transformations. he paper ends with a trial, interdisciplinary study to examine the archaeological traces of the Culle language. It compares the distributions of material artifacts, architecture and toponyms of archaeological sites, and finds there is a reasonable, if imperfect, it between the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This book emerges from the conference Lenguas y sociedades en el antiguo Perú: hacia un enfoque interdisciplinario, a gathering of linguists, archaeologists and anthropologists at the Pontiicia Universidad Católica del Perú in August 2009. his chapter sets out irst the raison d'être of our enterprise: why it seemed so important to foster a meeting of minds between these disciplines, to converge their disparate but complementary perspectives into a more coherent Andean prehistory. Next, it is asked how linguistics can inform us about prehistory at all, exploring some general methodological principles and how they might be applied speciically in the case of the Andes. The 'traditional model' for associating the linguistic and archaeological records in the Andes is then reviewed -- but pointing also to various inherent infelicities, which duly call for a far-reaching, interdisciplinary reconsideration of the Andean past. herefore we attempt to sum up the new state of the cross-disciplinary art in Andean prehistory, as collectively represented by the papers that emerged both from the Lima conference and from the symposium that preceded it, held at the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research at the University of Cambridge in September 2008. Progress and new perspectives are explored irst on key individual questions. Who, for instance, were the Incas, and whence and when did they come to Cuzco? How and when did Quechua, too, reach Cuzco, as well as its furthest-lung outposts in north-west Argentina, Ecuador and northern Peru? Finally, the scope is broadened to overall scenarios for how the main Andean language families might correlate in time and space with the archaeological horizons that in principle might best account for their dispersals. Four basic hypotheses have emerged, whose respective strengths and weaknesses are assessed in turn: a traditional 'Wari as Aymara' model, revised and defended; alternative proposals of 'Wari as both Aymara and Quechua', a suggestion of 'both Chavín and Wari as Quechua'; and the most radical new departure, 'Wari as Quechua, Chavín as Aymara'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A small lexicon of traditional weaving (telar de cintura), collected in Agallpampa (Otuzco, La Libertad) offers evidence against the idea of any linguistic identity being shared between the area of the now extinct Culle language, and the Cajamarca Valley. Yet, such a link is supported by the isolation of a grammatical element, traced to the Culle language in both areas: diminutive suix --ash--, as in cholasho 'young little man' and chinasha 'young little woman'. These contrasting data shed new light on a discussion begun by Torero (1989) about the existence of particular languages in the central Cajamarca area (languages Den and Cat); and continued by Adelaar with Muysken (2004), who suggest that cases of lexical community between the Culle geographical nucleus and indigenous words of Cajamarca Quechua, which cannot be traced back to Quechua idiomatic sources, suggest that a Culle substratum holds for the Cajamarca Valley. his paper argues that, in order to solve this apparent paradox, it is necessary to focus on this issue in terms of linguistic strata: i.e., different stages of idiomatic hegemony before Quechua and Spanish were established in the region. he oldest stratum would be associated with Den, and the more recent, albeit still prior to the Quechua and Spanish periods, would be Culle. Based upon archaeological research in the area and on the recent association of Cajamarca Quechua with the Huari expansion (Adelaar 2012), I suggest that the chronological distance between both strata must be deep, since Culle would have been established in the region long before the Northern Huari expansion took place. Nonetheless, the existence of Quechua-Den mixed toponyms precludes this hypothesis being applied to the whole Cajamarca territory, especially its southwest area (Contumazá). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the general problem of the Formative Period and presents a proposal for subdivision based upon characterizations of material cultures and their distributions as interaction spheres and traditions. These reflect significant changes that may be related to changes in the mechanisms of language dispersal. It hypothesizes that a pre-protomochica was spoken in northern Perú; that multilingualism prevailed at the site of Chavín site; and that different languages existed in the north-central, central and south-central highlands, perhaps dominated by a pre-protoquechua. In other areas possible links between Formative Period styles and linguistics remain unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper endeavors to establish some basic points of reference to better understand the early culture-historical dynamics of the Casma Valley. The revised chronology presented here follows the ceramic sequence developed by Peter Fuchs (1990) on the basis of his Cerro Sechín stratigraphy, confirmed and amplified in its early sections by his recent excavations at Sechín Bajo. A systematic review of the different categories of archaeological data reveals many lacunae that still persist in our record. Monumental archi- architecture most clearly expresses the socio-cultural complexity of the ancient Casma Valley polities. It first appeared during the Sechín Period (3400-1650 cal BC) which is part of the Late Archaic (Preceramic), followed during the Early Formative by the Moxeke Period (1650-1400 cal BC) and the Haldas Period (1400-1000 cal BC) with their diagnostic ceramics. Within this timeframe, some hypotheses formulated by Shelia and Thomas Pozorski (2006) about the socio-political transactions between major Casma Valley sites are evaluated in the light of the archaeological evidence. The tradition of monumental adobe architecture that goes back to about 3400 cal. BC in the Casma Valley, reminds us of analogous developments in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of the ancient Near East. There still remains the challenge to adapt Archaic Period terminology in the Andes to those new discoveries (Kaulicke 1994, 2007: 17-18). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These final reflections stress the relevance of this substantial collection of papers presented in both volumes of the Boletín. Monumental architecture is particularly important with early beginnings, long construction sequences, and, as such, testimony of local histories, identities and memories. It transmits cosmological and cosmogonic ideas as ceremonial centers and organizes the landscape, and thus can be defined as central places in en economic, political and social sense. As such, it is of major relevance to the establishment of interaction spheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to construct a site chronology of the Campanayuq Rumi site which is a large ceremonial center of the Formative Period located in the Peruvian south-central highlands. For this purpose, 12 radiocarbon dates obtained from our excavations will be considered in combination with the data of both architectural and ceramic sequences of the site. Through the comprehensive interpretation of these data, we will present a new site chronology of the Campanayuq Rumi site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The burial area BRiG 3117 (Coyungo) was investigated during the PABRiG (Proyecto Arqueológico Bajo Río Grande). It consists of four burial contexts with about 25 individuals (MNI) and a considerable amount of pottery, textiles and gourd fragments among others. One of the textiles is part of a famous piece housed at Dumbarton Oaks. It is the most significant and complex compound known from the south coast during Late Formative times despite its heavy previous looting. In this paper the material evidence is presented in a preliminary form and some concerning interpretations are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apart from the materials and archaeological contexts excavated at Hacha in the Acarí Valley, until now evidence for the Initial Period along the southern coast of Perú were limited to some isolated findings that lacked well-defined contexts, e.g. from sites like Erizo in the Ica Valley, Mastodonte in the pampa of Villacurí (Ica) and Disco Verde on the Paracas Peninsula. There were no reported findings from the Río Grande of Nasca region. Only very recently, with the development of the Nasca-Palpa Archaeological Project, were sites and evidence for the Initial Period in the Palpa Valleys encountered. These provide new insights into and new perspectives on the process of cultural development for this part of the south coast. In this paper we present and discuss the numerous finds and findings of the Initial Period that have been recovered in the excavations at Pernil Alto, which include architectural structures, ceramics and other associated materials. The analysis of these findings indicates that already in this moment in time the conditions for the stable and permanent development of the populations settling in the Río Grande drainage were given. Twenty radiocarbon dates confirm the chronological position of the contexts excavated in Pernil Alto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of archaeobotanical and malacological analyses of a midden dating to Ocucaje Phases 3 to 4 (c. 750 BC) in secure stratigraphic association beneath the contexts of an Early Nasca canal fragment in the Ullujaya Basin in the lower Ica Valley, on the south coast of Perú. Such preservation of early occupation contexts is otherwise rare within the landscape of the Lower Ica Valley, the topography of much of which is determined today by the long effects of wind erosion upon its once extant stratigraphy. These ancient rubbish remains contain no domesticated plant remains other than cotton, but only sea urchin debris and other marine and terrestrial mollusc resources gathered from the lomas and Pacific Ocean some 25 kilometres distant. They do contain some plant remains, including gathered wild foods such as huarango beans, and other plants typical of riparian woodland. We present these results in the context of other data from the Samaca and Ullujaya Basins, including the remains of middens from later time periods and a pollen sequence, to argue that, together, they show a steady intensification of agriculture in these basins during the subsequent Early Intermediate, but which culminates ultimately in a collapse of agricultural production here and a return to the gathering of wild marine and plant resources much later, during the Middle Horizon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Puerto Nuevo was previously defined by García y Pinilla as a phase/style where there is an amalgam of Chavín and Cupisnique cultural elements with those of the south coast at the end of the Initial Period and the beginning of the Early Horizon. This paper presents new evidences and comparative stylistic analyses of contemporary societies that propose that it was during Puerto Nuevo times that the Paracas stylistic and religious tradition initiated, and therefore place it chronologically at the beginning of the Early Horizon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present the existence of Formative Period settlements and archaeological materials in a ravine near to the city of Lima, capital of Perú. Through comparatives analysis we have related these elements with data from others areas of Lima (Ancón, Huachipa, Tablada de Lurín, etc.), and we have reconstructed the early occupational landscape in this area of the Rímac Valley, and the use of the space and the settlement area in the lower zone that included different structures and a large worship zone that included a sanctuary in the upper ground. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, faunal data from two Formative sites, Kuntur Wasi and Pacopampa, are compared. At both sites, the composition ratio of the camelids to deer increased in the late Formative Period. This change of taxonomic composition in the bone sample is interpreted as the subsistence shift from deer hunting to camelid herding. By integrating the faunal data from these sites, it can be suggested that the timing of camelid introduction to the sites corresponds with an overall change of the social framework, which is the shift from a regional society to more widespread network of societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cerro Blanco site, located in the lower Nepeña Valley, is a ceremonial center of the Formative Period, which has been considered, without adequate substantiating data, to have been influenced by the Chavín culture. In this brief paper, a local chronology, complemented with data from the nearby site of Huaca Partida, will be presented in an attempt to establish Cerro Blanco within an interregional chronological frame. On the basis of the new archaeological evidence, this broad synchronic comparison suggests an episode of intensive trans-regional interaction. In this context, Cerro Blanco emerges as an essential site for understanding social dynamics during the Andean Formative Period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of archaeological research in the Huancabamba Valley and excavations at the site of Ingatambo in the same valley, northern Perú. Although archaeological work in this extreme northern region of Perú, near the Ecuadorian border, are very infrequent, the area and its topographic setting, and especially the site of Ingatambo, are important for clarifying the cultural interrelationships between northern Perú and southern Ecuador. For such a reason, synthesizing data, provided by our project and the studies of the surrounding areas, this article presents a description of the cultural contact in this region through analysis of architectural sequences and the established chronology for the purpose of contributing to a better understanding of the dynamics of these interrelationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New research in lowland South America is beginning to reveal a diversity of complex and unique cultural trajectories in a region that was long-considered marginal with respect to Andean and Mesoamerican civilizations. This paper summarizes new archaeological, paleoecological, and archaebotanical data from the Los Ajos site, southeastern Uruguay, showing that a changing and increasingly drier mid-Holocene climate was associated with significant cultural transformations, including early village formation, the adoption of a mixed economy, and the construction of the earliest public architecture known for the area. Collectively, this evidence indicates an early and unexpected development of social complexity that had not heretofore been recorded in this area of South America. Human-environment interactions, social processes related to the development of early village life, and the role of early public architecture are discussed with reference to the emergence of early Formative communities in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]