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• A real-time gas distribution mapping method, called GW-GMRF, is proposed. • This method estimates simultaneously a gas and a wind map for unexplored areas. • Each gas map has an associated uncertainty. • Very few observations can lead to reliable and accurate estimates. • Several experiments and comparisons with other methods are presented. This work addresses 2D gas and wind distribution mapping with a mobile robot for real-time applications. Our proposal seeks to estimate how gases released in the environment are distributed from a set of sparse and uncertain gas-concentration and wind-flow measurements; such that by exploiting the high correlation between these two magnitudes we may extrapolate their value for unexplored areas. Furthermore, because the air currents are completely conditioned by the environment, we assume a priori knowledge of static elements such as walls and obstacles when estimating both distribution maps. In particular, this joint estimation problem is modeled as a multivariate Gaussian Markov random field (GMRF), combining gas and wind observations under a common maximum a posteriori estimation problem. It considers two lattices of cells (a scalar gas-concentration field and a wind vector field) which are correlated following the physical laws of gas dispersal and fluid dynamics. Finally, we report various experiments in which our proposal is compared to other stochastic gas and gas-wind modeling methods under simulation, to evaluate their performance against a computer fluid-dynamics generated ground-truth, as well as under real and uncontrolled conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]