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LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Lin et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17915 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17971 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Lin et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17915 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.18009 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Kang et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17862 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Hong et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17819 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17922 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Ogawa et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17107 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17896 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Ogawa et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17107 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17910 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Wu et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17667 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17830 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Wu et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17667 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17843 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: The nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) entecavir (ETV), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) are preferred treatment options for patients with chronic hepatitis B infection (CHB). However, resistance to ETV has been reported, especially with prior exposure to other NAs, and long‐term TDF treatment has been associated with decline in renal function and loss of bone mineral density in some patients. Consequently, TAF may be preferable to ETV, TDF or other NAs in specific circumstances such as in patients with risk of bone or renal complications, elderly patients or those with previous NA experience. Aim: To provide a summary of the available efficacy and safety data following switch to TAF from other NAs in patients with CHB in clinical studies and real‐world settings. Methods: Literature searches were performed on PubMed and abstracts from three major international liver congresses between 2019 and 2021. Studies that included efficacy and/or safety data for patients with CHB switching from any NA to TAF were selected. Results: Thirty‐six papers and abstracts were included in this narrative review. Switching from TDF to TAF maintained or improved virological and biochemical responses with improved bone and renal safety. Switching from ETV or other NAs to TAF maintained or improved virological and biochemical responses and varying results for bone and renal safety. Conclusions: Switching to TAF appears to maintain or improve virological, biochemical and bone‐ and renal‐related safety outcomes. These data support the concept of switching to TAF in some patients with CHB based on their individual circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Lee et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17643 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17711 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Wu et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17667 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17685 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Hsu et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17614 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Wu et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17667 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17679 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Hsu et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17614 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17657 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Hsu et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17614 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17681 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Choi et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17819 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17875 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Choi et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17819 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17851 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Lee et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17532 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection with current therapy suppresses HBV DNA, but loss of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg; functional cure), is rare. Multiple compounds are under investigation. Aims: To describe the pharmacology, including drug interactions, efficacy, safety and mechanisms of action of investigational compounds for HBV infection. Methods: Descriptive review using PubMed and Google to identify literature/conference papers on investigational compounds (≥Phase 2) with data on efficacy and safety in HBV‐infected patients. Results: Bulevirtide, JNJ‐56136379, ABI‐H0731, REP‐2139, and inarigivir decrease HBV DNA/RNA, with greater potency than current nucleos(t)ide analogues. REP‐2139 (25%‐75% of patients, 20‐48 weeks treatment) and inarigivir (26% of patients, 12‐24 weeks treatment) induce HBsAg loss. ARO‐HBV reduced (>1.5 log10 UI/mL) HBsAg in 85% of patients (12 weeks treatment). There are some safety concerns with investigational agents (e.g., increased bile acids with bulevirtide, and liver enzyme flares with REP‐2139) which will require a risk benefit assessment compared with current therapies. Single and multidose pharmacokinetic data are available for bulevirtide, JNJ‐56136379, ABI‐H0731; no such data are available for REP‐2139, ARO‐HBV, inarigivir. Initial drug interaction assessments have been performed with bulevirtide and inarigivir (only in vitro). Conclusions: There are promising investigational therapies for HBV infection. Increasing the potential for HBsAg loss may result in more patients achieving functional cure. However, many knowledge gaps remain such as pharmacokinetics in those with HBV, cirrhosis and renal impairment but also the interaction potential between investigational therapies, risk‐benefit profiles, and potential for drug interactions with medications used to treat comorbidities associated with aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Naturally occurring variants with deletions or mutations in the C‐terminal PreS1 domain from hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infected patients have been shown to promote HBsAg retention, inhibit HBsAg secretion and change the extracellular appearance of PreS1‐containing HBV particles (filaments and virions). Aims: To study the impact of N‐terminal deletion in preS1 domain on viral secretion and morphogenesis. Methods: An HBV mutant with 15 amino acids (aa 25‐39) deletion in N‐terminal preS1 was isolated. Intracellular and extracellular HBsAg were quantified by Western blot. Subcellular HBsAg distribution was analysed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The viral morphology was characterised by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, Western blot, electron microscopy, HBV mixed ELISA and HBV particle gel essay. Results: Expression of this mutant genome released higher amounts of HBsAg in the form of shorter filaments. A significant fraction of semi‐enveloped virions was observed in the supernatant that has been unprecedented so far. Stepwise insertion of aa 25‐31, aa 32‐39 and aa 25‐39 increased the length of filaments. The rescue of aa 25‐31 and aa 25‐39 drastically reduced the amounts of extracellular HBsAg and semi‐enveloped virions, while such effects could not be observed after insertion of aa 32‐39, arguing against a simple spacer function of this region. The deletion and rescued mutants do not differ in subcellular HBsAg distribution and colocalisation with ER, Golgi and multivesicular bodies markers arguing against differences in release pathways. Conclusion: N‐terminal PreS1‐domain (aa 25‐31) determines HBsAg secretion and triggers proper assembly of PreS1‐containing particles. LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Pasetto et al and Jiang et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15428 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15452. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Lee et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17643 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17712 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Wagner et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17299 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17328 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Wang et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17272 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17340 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Wang et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17272 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17329 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Wang et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17272 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17367 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Wang et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17272 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17369 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Wagner et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17299 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17364 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Kim et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16706 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Hall et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16968 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Luo et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17124 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17181 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Ogawa et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17107 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17122 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Ogawa et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17107 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17173 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Papatheodoridis et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17093 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17117 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Papatheodoridis et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17093 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17146 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Kayes et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17040 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Kayes et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17040 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Hall et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16968 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Ko et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16970 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17044 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Ko et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16970 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17069 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background A short-term course of pegylated-interferon (Peg- IFN), or a long-term treatment with a third generation nucleot(s)ide analogue ( NUC), of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection achieves viral suppression and may prevent disease progression. Owing to different mechanisms of action of the two regimens, a Peg- IFN and NUC combination treatment may be an attractive approach to enhance the off-treatment rates of virological and serological response. Aim To review the literature on combinations of Peg- IFN plus NUC, including the simultaneous initiation of Peg- IFN and NUC in naïve patients; an 'add-on' combination, where Peg- IFN is started at variable times after the beginning of NUC; or a 'switch-to' strategy usually from NUC to Peg- IFN. Methods We performed a PubMed literature search using the following terms individually or in combination: NUC, hepatitis B virus, chronic hepatitis, interferon, pegylated-interferon, nucleos(t)ide analogues, entecavir, tenofovir. English-language articles published up to December 2015, as well as conference proceedings from international meetings were reviewed. References from selected papers were reviewed and used if relevant. Results While combination and NUC pre-treatment failed to increase HBsAg clearance rates, more promising results were achieved in patients under long-term effective NUC therapy. Conclusion While Peg- IFN and nucleos(t)ide analogue combination therapy should not be recommended currently, the addition of or the switch to Peg- IFN in nucleos(t)ide analogue-treated patients with chronic hepatitis B infection may be useful option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Vittal et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16659 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16758 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Vittal et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16659 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16784 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Zheng et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16595 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16678 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Zheng et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16595 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16715 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Zheng et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16595 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16698 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Fan et al and Yip & Wong papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16469 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16498 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Fan et al and Fan & Hou papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16469 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16548 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Hu et al and Huang et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16116 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16273 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Pol et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16197 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16340 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Hu et al and Yueh‐Hsia Chiu et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16116 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16339 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]