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This document is a summary of a journal article titled "Artificial Intelligence in Modeling and Simulation." The article discusses the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into modeling and simulation (M&S) processes. It highlights the various applications of AI in fields such as engineering, physics, social sciences, and biology. The article also provides an overview of 11 selected papers from a special issue on AI and M&S, covering topics such as AI techniques for simulation and optimization, AI in agent-based modeling, AI for data processing and classification models, and artificial neural network (ANN) methods for improved M&S. The papers explore different methodologies and approaches to enhance the efficiency and validity of modeling and simulation using AI. The article concludes by emphasizing the progress and diverse uses of AI in M&S and expressing gratitude to the authors, reviewers, and editorial team involved in the special issue. [Extracted from the article]

Forecasting the generation of solar power plants (SPPs) requires taking into account meteorological parameters that influence the difference between the solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere calculated with high accuracy and the solar irradiance at the tilted plane of the solar panel on the Earth's surface. One of the key factors is cloudiness, which can be presented not only as a percentage of the sky area covered by clouds but also many additional parameters, such as the type of clouds, the distribution of clouds across atmospheric layers, and their height. The use of machine learning algorithms to forecast the generation of solar power plants requires retrospective data over a long period and formalising the features; however, retrospective data with detailed information about cloudiness are normally recorded in the natural language format. This paper proposes an algorithm for processing such records to convert them into a binary feature vector. Experiments conducted on data from a real solar power plant showed that this algorithm increases the accuracy of short-term solar irradiance forecasts by 5–15%, depending on the quality metric used. At the same time, adding features makes the model less transparent to the user, which is a significant drawback from the point of view of explainable artificial intelligence. Therefore, the paper uses an additive explanation algorithm based on the Shapley vector to interpret the model's output. It is shown that this approach allows the machine learning model to explain why it generates a particular forecast, which will provide a greater level of trust in intelligent information systems in the power industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper appraises convolutional neural network (CNN) models' capabilities in emotion detection from facial expressions, seeking to aid the diagnosis of psychosomatic illnesses, typically made in clinical setups. Using the FER-2013 dataset, two CNN models were designed to detect six emotions with 64% accuracy—although not evenly distributed; they demonstrated higher effectiveness in identifying "happy" and "surprise." The assessment was performed through several performance metrics—accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-scores—besides further validation with an additional simulated clinical environment for practicality checks. Despite showing promising levels for future use, this investigation highlights the need for extensive validation studies in clinical settings. This research underscores AI's potential value as an adjunct to traditional diagnostic approaches while focusing on wider scope (broader datasets) plus focus (multimodal integration) areas to be considered among recommendations in forthcoming studies. This study underscores the importance of CNN models in developing psychosomatic diagnostics and promoting future development based on ethics and patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edge computing is one of the technological areas currently considered among the most promising for the implementation of many types of applications. In particular, IoT-type applications can benefit from reduced latency and better data protection. However, the price typically to be paid in order to benefit from the offered opportunities includes the need to use a reduced amount of resources compared to the traditional cloud environment. Indeed, it may happen that only one computing node can be used. In these situations, it is essential to introduce computing and memory resource management techniques that allow resources to be optimized while still guaranteeing acceptable performance, in terms of latency and probability of rejection. For this reason, the use of serverless technologies, managed by reinforcement learning algorithms, is an active area of research. In this paper, we explore and compare the performance of some machine learning algorithms for managing horizontal function autoscaling in a serverless edge computing system. In particular, we make use of open serverless technologies, deployed in a Kubernetes cluster, to experimentally fine-tune the performance of the algorithms. The results obtained allow both the understanding of some basic mechanisms typical of edge computing systems and related technologies that determine system performance and the guiding of configuration choices for systems in operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of global mortality and responsible for millions of deaths annually. The mortality rate and overall consequences of cardiac disease can be reduced with early disease detection. However, conventional diagnostic methods encounter various challenges, including delayed treatment and misdiagnoses, which can impede the course of treatment and raise healthcare costs. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, especially machine learning (ML) algorithms, offers a promising pathway to address these challenges. This paper emphasizes the central role of machine learning in cardiac health and focuses on precise cardiovascular disease prediction. In particular, this paper is driven by the urgent need to fully utilize the potential of machine learning to enhance cardiovascular disease prediction. In light of the continued progress in machine learning and the growing public health implications of cardiovascular disease, this paper aims to offer a comprehensive analysis of the topic. This review paper encompasses a wide range of topics, including the types of cardiovascular disease, the significance of machine learning, feature selection, the evaluation of machine learning models, data collection & preprocessing, evaluation metrics for cardiovascular disease prediction, and the recent trends & suggestion for future works. In addition, this paper offers a holistic view of machine learning's role in cardiovascular disease prediction and public health. We believe that our comprehensive review will contribute significantly to the existing body of knowledge in this essential area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fake news is an explosive subject, being undoubtedly among the most controversial and difficult challenges facing society in the present-day environment of technology and information, which greatly affects the individuals who are vulnerable and easily influenced, shaping their decisions, actions, and even beliefs. In the course of discussing the gravity and dissemination of the fake news phenomenon, this article aims to clarify the distinctions between fake news, misinformation, and disinformation, along with conducting a thorough analysis of the most widely read academic papers that have tackled the topic of fake news research using various machine learning techniques. Utilizing specific keywords for dataset extraction from Clarivate Analytics' Web of Science Core Collection, the bibliometric analysis spans six years, offering valuable insights aimed at identifying key trends, methodologies, and notable strategies within this multidisciplinary field. The analysis encompasses the examination of prolific authors, prominent journals, collaborative efforts, prior publications, covered subjects, keywords, bigrams, trigrams, theme maps, co-occurrence networks, and various other relevant topics. One noteworthy aspect related to the extracted dataset is the remarkable growth rate observed in association with the analyzed subject, indicating an impressive increase of 179.31%. The growth rate value, coupled with the relatively short timeframe, further emphasizes the research community's keen interest in this subject. In light of these findings, the paper draws attention to key contributions and gaps in the existing literature, providing researchers and decision-makers innovative viewpoints and perspectives on the ongoing battle against the spread of fake news in the age of information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing growth in knowledge about the functioning of the nervous system of mammals and humans, as well as the significant neuromorphic technology developments in recent decades, has led to the emergence of a large number of brain–computer interfaces and neuroprosthetics for regenerative medicine tasks. Neurotechnologies have traditionally been developed for therapeutic purposes to help or replace motor, sensory or cognitive abilities damaged by injury or disease. They also have significant potential for memory enhancement. However, there are still no fully developed neurotechnologies and neural interfaces capable of restoring or expanding cognitive functions, in particular memory, in mammals or humans. In this regard, the search for new technologies in the field of the restoration of cognitive functions is an urgent task of modern neurophysiology, neurotechnology and artificial intelligence. The hippocampus is an important brain structure connected to memory and information processing in the brain. The aim of this paper is to propose an approach based on deep neural networks for the prediction of hippocampal signals in the CA1 region based on received biological input in the CA3 region. We compare the results of prediction for two widely used deep architectures: reservoir computing (RC) and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks. The proposed study can be viewed as a first step in the complex task of the development of a neurohybrid chip, which allows one to restore memory functions in the damaged rodent hippocampus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote sensing datasets usually have a wide range of spatial and spectral resolutions. They provide unique advantages in surveillance systems, and many government organizations use remote sensing multispectral imagery to monitor security-critical infrastructures or targets. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has advanced rapidly in recent years and has been widely applied to remote image analysis, achieving state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance. However, AI models are vulnerable and can be easily deceived or poisoned. A malicious user may poison an AI model by creating a stealthy backdoor. A backdoored AI model performs well on clean data but behaves abnormally when a planted trigger appears in the data. Backdoor attacks have been extensively studied in machine learning-based computer vision applications with natural images. However, much less research has been conducted on remote sensing imagery, which typically consists of many more bands in addition to the red, green, and blue bands found in natural images. In this paper, we first extensively studied a popular backdoor attack, BadNets, applied to a remote sensing dataset, where the trigger was planted in all of the bands in the data. Our results showed that SOTA defense mechanisms, including Neural Cleanse, TABOR, Activation Clustering, Fine-Pruning, GangSweep, Strip, DeepInspect, and Pixel Backdoor, had difficulties detecting and mitigating the backdoor attack. We then proposed an explainable AI-guided backdoor attack specifically for remote sensing imagery by placing triggers in the image sub-bands. Our proposed attack model even poses stronger challenges to these SOTA defense mechanisms, and no method was able to defend it. These results send an alarming message about the catastrophic effects the backdoor attacks may have on satellite imagery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reinforcement Learning is one of the many machine learning paradigms. With no labelled data, it is concerned with balancing the exploration and exploitation of an environment with one or more agents present in it. Recently, many breakthroughs have been made in the creation of these agents for video game machine learning development, especially in first-person shooters with platforms such as ViZDoom, DeepMind Lab, and Unity's ML-Agents. In this paper, we review the state-of-the-art of creation of Reinforcement Learning agents for use in multiplayer deathmatch first-person shooters. We selected various platforms, frameworks, and training architectures from various papers and examined each of them, analysing their uses. We compared each platform and training architecture, and then concluded whether machine learning agents can now face off against humans and whether they make for better gameplay than traditional Artificial Intelligence. In the end, we thought about future research and what researchers should keep in mind when exploring and testing this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proliferation of classification-capable artificial intelligence (AI) across a wide range of domains (e.g., agriculture, construction, etc.) has been allowed to optimize and complement several tasks, typically operationalized by humans. The computational training that allows providing such support is frequently hindered by various challenges related to datasets, including the scarcity of examples and imbalanced class distributions, which have detrimental effects on the production of accurate models. For a proper approach to these challenges, strategies smarter than the traditional brute force-based K-fold cross-validation or the naivety of hold-out are required, with the following main goals in mind: (1) carrying out one-shot, close-to-optimal data arrangements, accelerating conventional training optimization; and (2) aiming at maximizing the capacity of inference models to its fullest extent while relieving computational burden. To that end, in this paper, two image-based feature-aware dataset splitting approaches are proposed, hypothesizing a contribution towards attaining classification models that are closer to their full inference potential. Both rely on strategic image harvesting: while one of them hinges on weighted random selection out of a feature-based clusters set, the other involves a balanced picking process from a sorted list that stores data features' distances to the centroid of a whole feature space. Comparative tests on datasets related to grapevine leaves phenotyping and bridge defects showcase promising results, highlighting a viable alternative to K-fold cross-validation and hold-out methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms are playing a crucial role in transforming healthcare by enhancing the quality, accessibility, and efficiency of medical care, research, and operations. These algorithms enable healthcare providers to offer more accurate diagnoses, predict outcomes, and customize treatments to individual patient needs. AI also improves operational efficiency by automating routine tasks and optimizing resource management. However, there are challenges to adopting AI in healthcare, such as data privacy concerns and potential biases in algorithms. Collaboration among stakeholders is necessary to ensure ethical use of AI and its positive impact on the field. AI also has applications in medical research, preventive medicine, and public health. It is important to recognize that AI should augment, not replace, the expertise and compassionate care provided by healthcare professionals. The ethical implications and societal impact of AI in healthcare must be carefully considered, guided by fairness, transparency, and accountability principles. Several research papers in this special issue explore the application of AI algorithms in various aspects of healthcare, such as gait analysis for Parkinson's disease diagnosis, human activity recognition, heart disease prediction, compliance assessment with clinical protocols, epidemic management, neurological complications identification, fall prevention, leukemia diagnosis, and genetic clinical pathways. These studies demonstrate the potential of AI in improving medical diagnostics, patient monitoring, and personalized care. [Extracted from the article]

Our paper compares the correctness, efficiency, and maintainability of human-generated and AI-generated program code. For that, we analyzed the computational resources of AI- and human-generated program code using metrics such as time and space complexity as well as runtime and memory usage. Additionally, we evaluated the maintainability using metrics such as lines of code, cyclomatic complexity, Halstead complexity and maintainability index. For our experiments, we had generative AIs produce program code in Java, Python, and C++ that solves problems defined on the competition coding website leetcode.com. We selected six LeetCode problems of varying difficulty, resulting in 18 program codes generated by each generative AI. GitHub Copilot, powered by Codex (GPT-3.0), performed best, solving 9 of the 18 problems (50.0%), whereas CodeWhisperer did not solve a single problem. BingAI Chat (GPT-4.0) generated correct program code for seven problems (38.9%), ChatGPT (GPT-3.5) and Code Llama (Llama 2) for four problems (22.2%) and StarCoder and InstructCodeT5+ for only one problem (5.6%). Surprisingly, although ChatGPT generated only four correct program codes, it was the only generative AI capable of providing a correct solution to a coding problem of difficulty level hard. In summary, 26 AI-generated codes (20.6%) solve the respective problem. For 11 AI-generated incorrect codes (8.7%), only minimal modifications to the program code are necessary to solve the problem, which results in time savings between 8.9% and even 71.3% in comparison to programming the program code from scratch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ambiguous optical illusions have been a paradigmatic object of fascination, research and inspiration in arts, psychology and video games. However, accurate computational models of perception of ambiguous figures have been elusive. In this paper, we design and train a deep neural network model to simulate human perception of the Necker cube, an ambiguous drawing with several alternating possible interpretations. Defining the weights of the neural network connection using a quantum generator of truly random numbers, in agreement with the emerging concepts of quantum artificial intelligence and quantum cognition, we reveal that the actual perceptual state of the Necker cube is a qubit-like superposition of the two fundamental perceptual states predicted by classical theories. Our results finds applications in video games and virtual reality systems employed for training of astronauts and operators of unmanned aerial vehicles. They are also useful for researchers working in the fields of machine learning and vision, psychology of perception and quantum–mechanical models of human mind and decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During an emergency rescue operation, rescuers have to deal with many different health complications like cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, psychiatric, etc. The identification process of the common health complications in rescue events is not very difficult or time-consuming because the health vital symptoms or primary observations are enough to identify, but it is quite difficult with some complications related to neurology e.g., schizophrenia, epilepsy with non-motor seizures, or retrograde amnesia because they cannot be identified with the trend of health vital data. The symptoms have a wide spectrum and are often non-distinguishable from other types of complications. Further, waiting for results from medical tests like MRI and ECG is time-consuming and not suitable for emergency cases where a quick treatment path is an obvious necessity after the diagnosis. In this paper, we present a novel solution for overcoming these challenges by employing artificial intelligence (AI) models in the diagnostic procedure of neurological complications in rescue situations. The novelty lies in the procedure of generating input features from raw rescue data used in AI models, as the data are not like traditional clinical data collected from hospital repositories. Rather, the data were gathered directly from more than 200,000 rescue cases and required natural language processing techniques to extract meaningful information. A step-by-step analysis of developing multiple AI models that can facilitate the fast identification of neurological complications, in general, is presented in this paper. Advanced data analytics are used to analyze the complete record of 273,183 rescue events in a duration of almost 10 years, including rescuers' analysis of the complications and their diagnostic methods. To develop the detection model, seven different machine learning algorithms-Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), Logistic Regression (LR), Naive Bayes (NB) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) were used. Observing the model's performance, we conclude that the neural network and extreme gradient boosting show the best performance in terms of selected evaluation criteria. To utilize this result in practical scenarios, the paper also depicts the possibility of embedding such machine learning models in hardware like FPGA. The goal is to achieve fast detection results, which is a primary requirement in any rescue mission. An inference time analysis of the selected ML models and VTA AI accelerator of Apache-TVM machine learning compiler used for the FPGA is also presented in this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of algorithmic bias in machine learning has recently gained a lot of attention due to its potentially strong impact on our societies. In much the same manner, algorithmic biases can alter industrial and safety-critical machine learning applications, where high-dimensional inputs are used. This issue has, however, been mostly left out of the spotlight in the machine learning literature. Contrary to societal applications, where a set of potentially sensitive variables, such as gender or race, can be defined by common sense or by regulations to draw attention to potential risks, the sensitive variables are often unsuspected in industrial and safety-critical applications. In addition, these unsuspected sensitive variables may be indirectly represented as a latent feature of the input data. For instance, the predictions of an image classifier may be altered by reconstruction artefacts in a small subset of the training images. This raises serious and well-founded concerns about the commercial deployment of AI-based solutions, especially in a context where new regulations address bias issues in AI. The purpose of our paper is, then, to first give a large overview of recent advances in robust machine learning. Then, we propose a new procedure to detect and to treat such unknown biases. As far as we know, no equivalent procedure has been proposed in the literature so far. The procedure is also generic enough to be used in a wide variety of industrial contexts. Its relevance is demonstrated on a set of satellite images used to train a classifier. In this illustration, our technique detects that a subset of the training images has reconstruction faults, leading to systematic prediction errors that would have been unsuspected using conventional cross-validation techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When designed correctly, radial basis function (RBF) neural networks can approximate mathematical functions to any arbitrary degree of precision. Multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural networks are also universal function approximators, but RBF neural networks can often be trained several orders of magnitude more quickly than an MLP network with an equivalent level of function approximation capability. The primary challenge with designing a high-quality RBF neural network is selecting the best values for the network's "centers", which can be thought of as geometric locations within the input space. Traditionally, the locations for the RBF nodes' centers are chosen either through random sampling of the training data or by using k-means clustering. The current paper proposes a new algorithm for selecting the locations of the centers by relying on a structure known as an "opportunity matrix". The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared against that of the random sampling and k-means clustering methods using a large set of experiments involving both a real-world dataset from the steel industry and a variety of mathematical and statistical functions. The results indicate that the proposed opportunity matrix algorithm is almost always much better at selecting locations for an RBF network's centers than either of the two traditional techniques, yielding RBF neural networks with superior function approximation capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Instructors face significant time and effort constraints when grading students' assessments on a large scale. Clustering similar assessments is a unique and effective technique that has the potential to significantly reduce the workload of instructors in online and large-scale learning environments. By grouping together similar assessments, marking one assessment in a cluster can be scaled to other similar assessments, allowing for a more efficient and streamlined grading process. To address this issue, this paper focuses on text assessments and proposes a method for reducing the workload of instructors by clustering similar assessments. The proposed method involves the use of distributed representation to transform texts into vectors, and contrastive learning to improve the representation that distinguishes the differences among similar texts. The paper presents a general framework for clustering similar texts that includes label representation, K-means, and self-organization map algorithms, with the objective of improving clustering performance using Accuracy (ACC) and Normalized Mutual Information (NMI) metrics. The proposed framework is evaluated experimentally using two real datasets. The results show that self-organization maps and K-means algorithms with Pre-trained language models outperform label representation algorithms for different datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread adoption of advanced technologies, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning, and Robotics, is rapidly increasing across the globe. This accelerated pace of change is drastically transforming various aspects of our lives and work, resulting in what is now known as Industry 4.0. As businesses integrate these technologies into their daily operations, it significantly impacts their work tasks and required skill sets. However, the approach to technological transformation varies depending on location, industry, and organization. However, there are no published methods that can adequately forecast the adoption of technology and its impact on society. It is essential to prepare for the future impact of Industry 4.0, and this requires policymakers and business leaders to be equipped with scientifically validated models and metrics. Data-driven scenario planning and decision-making can lead to better outcomes in every area of the business, from learning and development to technology investment. However, the current literature falls short in identifying effective and globally applicable strategies to predict the adoption rate of emerging technologies. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel parametric mathematical model for predicting the adoption rate of emerging technologies through a unique data-driven pipeline. This approach utilizes global indicators for countries to predict the technology adoption curves for each country and industry. The model is thoroughly validated, and the paper outlines highly promising evaluation results. The practical implications of this proposed approach are significant because it provides policymakers and business leaders with valuable insights for decision-making and scenario planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New technologies are developed inside today's companies with the ascent of Industry 4.0 paradigm; Artificial Intelligence applied to Predictive Maintenance is one of these, helping factories automate their systems in detecting anomalies. The deviation of statistical features from standard operating conditions computed on collected data is a common investigation technique that companies use. The information loss due to transformation from raw data to extracted features is a problem of this approach. Furthermore, a common Predictive Maintenance framework requires historical data about failures that often do not exist, neglecting the possibility of applying it. This paper uses Artificial Intelligence as Machine Learning models to recognize when something changes in the data's behavior collected up to that moment, also helping companies to gather a preliminary dataset for future Predictive Maintenance implementation. The aim concerns a framework in which several sensors are used to collect data by adopting a sensor fusion approach. The architecture is composed of an optimized software system able to enhance the computation scalability and the response time regarding novelty detection. This article analyzes the proposed architecture, then explains a proof-of-concept development using a digital model; finally, two real cases are studied to show how the framework behaves in a real environment. The analysis done in this paper has an application-oriented approach; hence a company can directly use the framework in its systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a special issue of the journal "Algorithms" focused on algorithms in data classification. It provides an overview of different subcategories of data classification, such as binary classification, multi-class classification, and text classification. The issue includes twelve papers that cover a wide range of applications, including class imbalance in Gaussian mixture models, blood cell classification using deep learning techniques, student dropout prediction in online education, and energy consumption in industrial plants. Other topics covered include the use of artificial intelligence models for rehabilitation guidance, hyperparameter optimization of artificial neural networks, feature selection in big data classification, and the classification of acute psychological stress and physical activity using wristband devices. The issue also includes specialized software for data classification and the use of artificial intelligence models for intelligent wear monitoring. [Extracted from the article]

The dynamics of affective decision making is considered for an intelligent network composed of agents with different types of memory: long-term and short-term memory. The consideration is based on probabilistic affective decision theory, which takes into account the rational utility of alternatives as well as the emotional alternative attractiveness. The objective of this paper is the comparison of two multistep operational algorithms of the intelligent network: one based on discrete dynamics and the other on continuous dynamics. By means of numerical analysis, it is shown that, depending on the network parameters, the characteristic probabilities for continuous and discrete operations can exhibit either close or drastically different behavior. Thus, depending on which algorithm is employed, either discrete or continuous, theoretical predictions can be rather different, which does not allow for a uniquely defined description of practical problems. This finding is important for understanding which of the algorithms is more appropriate for the correct analysis of decision-making tasks. A discussion is given, revealing that the discrete operation seems to be more realistic for describing intelligent networks as well as affective artificial intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a solution for an autonomously driven vehicle (a robotic car) based on artificial intelligence using a supervised learning method. A scaled-down robotic car containing only one camera as a sensor was developed to participate in the RoboCup Portuguese Open Autonomous Driving League competition. This study is based solely on the development of this robotic car, and the results presented are only from this competition. Teams usually solve the competition problem by relying on computer vision algorithms, and no research could be found on neural network model-based assistance for vehicle control. This technique is commonly used in general autonomous driving, and the amount of research is increasing. To train a neural network, a large number of labelled images is necessary; however, these are difficult to obtain. In order to address this problem, a graphical simulator was used with an environment containing the track and the robot/car to extract images for the dataset. A classical computer vision algorithm developed by the authors processes the image data to extract relevant information about the environment and uses it to determine the optimal direction for the vehicle to follow on the track, which is then associated with the respective image-grab. Several trainings were carried out with the created dataset to reach the final neural network model; tests were performed within a simulator, and the effectiveness of the proposed approach was additionally demonstrated through experimental results in two real robotics cars, which performed better than expected. This system proved to be very successful in steering the robotic car on a road-like track, and the agent's performance increased with the use of supervised learning methods. With computer vision algorithms, the system performed an average of 23 complete laps around the track before going off-track, whereas with assistance from the neural network model the system never went off the track. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML), a common objective is the approximation of unknown target functions y = f (x) using limited instances S = (x (i) , y (i)) , where x (i) ∈ D and D represents the domain of interest. We refer to S as the training set and aim to identify a low-complexity mathematical model that can effectively approximate this target function for new instances x. Consequently, the model's generalization ability is evaluated on a separate set T = { x (j) } ⊂ D , where T ≠ S , frequently with T ∩ S = ∅ , to assess its performance beyond the training set. However, certain applications require accurate approximation not only within the original domain D but in an extended domain D ′ that encompasses D as well. This becomes particularly relevant in scenarios involving the design of new structures, where minimizing errors in approximations is crucial. For example, when developing new materials through data-driven approaches, the AI/ML system can provide valuable insights to guide the design process by serving as a surrogate function. Consequently, the learned model can be employed to facilitate the design of new laboratory experiments. In this paper, we propose a method for multivariate regression based on iterative fitting of a continued fraction, incorporating additive spline models. We compare the performance of our method with established techniques, including AdaBoost, Kernel Ridge, Linear Regression, Lasso Lars, Linear Support Vector Regression, Multi-Layer Perceptrons, Random Forest, Stochastic Gradient Descent, and XGBoost. To evaluate these methods, we focus on an important problem in the field, namely, predicting the critical temperature of superconductors based on their physical–chemical characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present a systematic literature review of the existing research, published between 2006 and 2023, in the field of artificial intelligence for management information systems. Of the 3946 studies that were considered by the authors, 60 primary studies were selected for analysis. The analysis shows that most research is focused on the application of AI for intelligent process automation, with an increasing number of studies focusing on predictive analytics and natural language processing. With respect to the platforms used by AI researchers, the study finds that cloud-based solutions are preferred over on-premises ones. A new research trend of deploying AI applications at the edge of industrial networks and utilizing federated learning is also identified. The need to focus research efforts on developing guidelines and frameworks in terms of ethics, data privacy, and security for AI adoption in MIS is highlighted. Developing a unified digital business strategy and overcoming barriers to user–AI engagement are some of the identified challenges to obtaining business value from AI integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to provide an accurate and timely response to different types of the attacks, intrusion and anomaly detection systems collect and analyze a lot of data that may include personal and other sensitive data. These systems could be considered a source of privacy-aware risks. Application of the federated learning paradigm for training attack and anomaly detection models may significantly decrease such risks as the data generated locally are not transferred to any party, and training is performed mainly locally on data sources. Another benefit of the usage of federated learning for intrusion detection is its ability to support collaboration between entities that could not share their dataset for confidential or other reasons. While this approach is able to overcome the aforementioned challenges it is rather new and not well-researched. The challenges and research questions appear while using it to implement analytical systems. In this paper, the authors review existing solutions for intrusion and anomaly detection based on the federated learning, and study their advantages as well as open challenges still facing them. The paper analyzes the architecture of the proposed intrusion detection systems and the approaches used to model data partition across the clients. The paper ends with discussion and formulation of the open challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of medical imaging, the division of an image into meaningful structures using image segmentation is an essential step for pre-processing analysis. Many studies have been carried out to solve the general problem of the evaluation of image segmentation results. One of the main focuses in the computer vision field is based on artificial intelligence algorithms for segmentation and classification, including machine learning and deep learning approaches. The main drawback of supervised segmentation approaches is that a large dataset of ground truth validated by medical experts is required. In this sense, many research groups have developed their segmentation approaches according to their specific needs. However, a generalised application aimed at visualizing, assessing and comparing the results of different methods facilitating the generation of a ground-truth repository is not found in recent literature. In this paper, a new graphical user interface application (MedicalSeg) for the management of medical imaging based on pre-processing and segmentation is presented. The objective is twofold, first to create a test platform for comparing segmentation approaches, and secondly to generate segmented images to create ground truths that can then be used for future purposes as artificial intelligence tools. An experimental demonstration and performance analysis discussion are presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution is a pressing concern in urban areas, necessitating the critical monitoring of air quality to understand its implications for public health. Internet of Things (IoT) devices are widely utilized in air pollution monitoring due to their sensor capabilities and seamless data transmission over the Internet. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning techniques play a crucial role in classifying patterns derived from sensor data. Environmental stations offer a multitude of parameters that can be obtained to uncover hidden patterns showcasing the impact of pollution on the surrounding environment. This paper focuses on utilizing the CO parameter as an indicator of pollution in two datasets collected from wireless environmental monitoring devices in the greater Port area and the Town Hall of Igoumenitsa City in Greece. The datasets are normalized to facilitate their utilization in classification algorithms. The k-means algorithm is applied, and the elbow method is used to determine the optimal number of clusters. Subsequently, the datasets are introduced to the grammatical evolution algorithm to calculate the percentage fault. This method constructs classification programs in a human-readable format, making it suitable for analysis. Finally, the proposed method is compared against four state-of-the-art models: the Adam optimizer for optimizing artificial neural network parameters, a genetic algorithm for training an artificial neural network, the Bayes model, and the limited-memory BFGS method applied to a neural network. The comparison reveals that the GenClass method outperforms the other approaches in terms of classification error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creating machines that behave and work in a way similar to humans is the objective of artificial intelligence (AI). In addition to pattern recognition, planning, and problem-solving, computer activities with artificial intelligence include other activities. A group of algorithms called "deep learning" is used in machine learning. With the aid of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), deep learning is utilized to create models for the detection and categorization of brain tumors. This allows for the quick and simple identification of brain tumors. Brain disorders are mostly the result of aberrant brain cell proliferation, which can harm the structure of the brain and ultimately result in malignant brain cancer. The early identification of brain tumors and the subsequent appropriate treatment may lower the death rate. In this study, we suggest a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture for the efficient identification of brain tumors using MR images. This paper also discusses various models such as ResNet-50, VGG16, and Inception V3 and conducts a comparison between the proposed architecture and these models. To analyze the performance of the models, we considered different metrics such as the accuracy, recall, loss, and area under the curve (AUC). As a result of analyzing different models with our proposed model using these metrics, we concluded that the proposed model performed better than the others. Using a dataset of 3264 MR images, we found that the CNN model had an accuracy of 93.3%, an AUC of 98.43%, a recall of 91.19%, and a loss of 0.25. We may infer that the proposed model is reliable for the early detection of a variety of brain tumors after comparing it to the other models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work is to show the application of a Deep Learning algorithm able to operate the segmentation of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs present in an image, with the ambition to be as versatile as possible despite the variability of the image source. The problem is quite complex, the main obstacles being the considerable amount of different classes of existing hieroglyphs, the differences related to the hand of the scribe as well as the great differences among the various supports, such as papyri, stone or wood, where they are written. Furthermore, as in all archaeological finds, damage to the supports are frequent, with the consequence that hieroglyphs can be partially corrupted. In order to face this challenging problem, we leverage on the well-known Detectron2 platform, developed by the Facebook AI Research Group, focusing on the Mask R-CNN architecture to perform segmentation of image instances. Likewise, for several machine learning studies, one of the hardest challenges is the creation of a suitable dataset. In this paper, we will describe a hieroglyph dataset that has been created for the purpose of segmentation, highlighting its pros and cons, and the impact of different hyperparameters on the final results. Tests on the segmentation of images taken from public databases will also be presented and discussed along with the limitations of our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Portfolio optimization is a multi-objective optimization problem (MOOP) with risk and profit, or some form of the two, as competing objectives. Single-objective portfolio optimization requires a trade-off coefficient to be specified in order to balance the two objectives. Erwin and Engelbrecht proposed a set-based approach to single-objective portfolio optimization, namely, set-based particle swarm optimization (SBPSO). SBPSO selects a sub-set of assets that form a search space for a secondary optimization task to optimize the asset weights. The authors found that SBPSO was able to identify good solutions to portfolio optimization problems and noted the benefits of redefining the portfolio optimization problem as a set-based problem. This paper proposes the first multi-objective optimization (MOO) approach to SBPSO, and its performance is investigated for multi-objective portfolio optimization. Alongside this investigation, the performance of multi-guide particle swarm optimization (MGPSO) for multi-objective portfolio optimization is evaluated and the performance of SBPSO for portfolio optimization is compared against multi-objective algorithms. It is shown that SBPSO is as competitive as multi-objective algorithms, albeit with multiple runs. The proposed multi-objective SBPSO, i.e., multi-guide set-based particle swarm optimization (MGSBPSO), performs similarly to other multi-objective algorithms while obtaining a more diverse set of optimal solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Training and evaluating the performance of many competing Artificial Intelligence (AI)/Machine Learning (ML) models can be very time-consuming and expensive. Furthermore, the costs associated with this hyperparameter optimization task grow exponentially when cross validation is used during the model selection process. Finding ways of quickly identifying high-performing models when conducting hyperparameter optimization with cross validation is hence an important problem in AI/ML research. Among the proposed methods of accelerating hyperparameter optimization, successive halving has emerged as a popular, state-of-the-art early stopping algorithm. Concurrently, recent work on cross validation has yielded a greedy cross validation algorithm that prioritizes the most promising candidate AI/ML models during the early stages of the model selection process. The current paper proposes a greedy successive halving algorithm in which greedy cross validation is integrated into successive halving. An extensive series of experiments is then conducted to evaluate the comparative performance of the proposed greedy successive halving algorithm. The results show that the quality of the AI/ML models selected by the greedy successive halving algorithm is statistically identical to those selected by standard successive halving, but that greedy successive halving is typically more than 3.5 times faster than standard successive halving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the gaps that occur inside plantations; these gaps, although not having anything growing in them, still happen to be watered. This action ends up wasting tons of liters of water every year, which translates into financial and environmental losses. To avoid these losses, we suggest early detection. To this end, we analyzed the different available neural networks available with multispectral images. This entailed training each regional and regression-based network five times with five different datasets. Networks based on two possible solutions were chosen: unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) depletion or post-processing with external software. The results show that the best network for UAV depletion is the Tiny-YOLO (You Only Look Once) version 4-type network, and the best starting weights for Mask-RCNN were from the Tiny-YOLO network version. Although no mean average precision (mAP) of over 70% was achieved, the final trained networks managed to detect mostly gaps, including low-vegetation areas and very small gaps, which had a tendency to be overlooked during the labeling stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cyber threat landscape is highly dynamic, posing a significant risk to the operations of systems and organisations. An organisation should, therefore, continuously monitor for new threats and properly contextualise them to identify and manage the resulting risks. Risk identification is typically performed manually, relying on the integration of information from various systems as well as subject matter expert knowledge. This manual risk identification hinders the systematic consideration of new, emerging threats. This paper describes a novel method to promote automated cyber risk identification: OnToRisk. This artificial intelligence method integrates information from various sources using formal ontology definitions, and then relies on these definitions to robustly frame cybersecurity threats and provide risk-related insights. We describe a successful case study implementation of the method to frame the threat from a newly disclosed vulnerability and identify its induced organisational risk. The case study is representative of common and widespread real-life challenges, and, therefore, showcases the feasibility of using OnToRisk to sustainably identify new risks. Further applications may contribute to establishing OnToRisk as a comprehensive, disciplined mechanism for risk identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Are algorithms sexist? This is a question that has been frequently appearing in the mass media, and the debate has typically been far from a scientific analysis. This paper aims at answering the question using a hybrid social and technical perspective. First a technical-oriented definition of the algorithm concept is provided, together with a more social-oriented interpretation. Secondly, several related works have been reviewed in order to clarify the state of the art in this matter, as well as to highlight the different perspectives under which the topic has been analyzed. Thirdly, we describe an illustrative numerical example possible discrimination in the banking sector due to data bias, and propose a simple but effective methodology to address it. Finally, a series of recommendations are provided with the goal of minimizing gender bias while designing and using data-algorithmic processes to support decision making in different environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work includes a brief overview of the applications of the powerful and easy-to-perform method of microwave radiometry (MWR) for the diagnosis of various diseases. The main goal of this paper is to develop a method for diagnosing breast oncology based on machine learning algorithms using thermometric data, both real medical measurements and simulation results of MWR examinations. The dataset includes distributions of deep and skin temperatures calculated in numerical models of the dynamics of thermal and radiation fields inside biological tissue. The constructed combined dataset allows us to explore the limits of applicability of the MWR method for detecting weak tumors. We use convolutional neural networks and classic machine learning algorithms (k-nearest neighbors, naive Bayes classifier, support vector machine) to classify data. The construction of Kohonen self-organizing maps to explore the structure of our combined dataset demonstrated differences between the temperatures of patients with positive and negative diagnoses. Our analysis shows that the MWR can detect tumors with a radius of up to 0.5 cm if they are at the stage of rapid growth, when the tumor volume doubling occurs in approximately 100 days or less. The use of convolutional neural networks for MWR provides both high sensitivity ( s e n s = 0.86 ) and specificity ( s p e c = 0.82 ), which is an advantage over other methods for diagnosing breast cancer. A new modified scheme for medical measurements of IR temperature and brightness temperature is proposed for a larger number of points in the breast compared to the classical scheme. This approach can increase the effectiveness and sensitivity of diagnostics by several percent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic foot is one of the main complications observed in diabetic patients; it is associated with the development of foot ulcers and can lead to amputation. In order to diagnose these complications, specialists have to analyze several factors. To aid their decisions and help prevent mistakes, the resort to computer-assisted diagnostic systems using artificial intelligence techniques is gradually increasing. In this paper, two different models for the classification of thermograms of the feet of diabetic and healthy individuals are proposed and compared. In order to detect and classify abnormal changes in the plantar temperature, machine learning algorithms are used in both models. In the first model, the foot thermograms are classified into four classes: healthy and three categories for diabetics. The second model has two stages: in the first stage, the foot is classified as belonging to a diabetic or healthy individual, while, in the second stage, a classification refinement is conducted, classifying diabetic foot into three classes of progressive severity. The results show that both proposed models proved to be efficient, allowing us to classify a foot thermogram as belonging to a healthy or diabetic individual, with the diabetic ones divided into three classes; however, when compared, Model 2 outperforms Model 1 and allows for a better performance classification concerning the healthy category and the first class of diabetic individuals. These results demonstrate that the proposed methodology can be a tool to aid medical diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predictive Process Monitoring (PPM) has been integrated into process mining use cases as a value-adding task. PPM provides useful predictions on the future of the running business processes with respect to different perspectives, such as the upcoming activities to be executed next, the final execution outcome, and performance indicators. In the context of PPM, Machine Learning (ML) techniques are widely employed. In order to gain trust of stakeholders regarding the reliability of PPM predictions, eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methods have been increasingly used to compensate for the lack of transparency of most of predictive models. Multiple XAI methods exist providing explanations for almost all types of ML models. However, for the same data, as well as, under the same preprocessing settings or same ML models, generated explanations often vary significantly. Corresponding variations might jeopardize the consistency and robustness of the explanations and, subsequently, the utility of the corresponding model and pipeline settings. This paper introduces a framework that enables the analysis of the impact PPM-related settings and ML-model-related choices may have on the characteristics and expressiveness of the generated explanations. Our framework provides a means to examine explanations generated either for the whole reasoning process of an ML model, or for the predictions made on the future of a certain business process instance. Using well-defined experiments with different settings, we uncover how choices made through a PPM workflow affect and can be reflected through explanations. This framework further provides the means to compare how different characteristics of explainability methods can shape the resulting explanations and reflect on the underlying model reasoning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with the application of computational intelligence techniques to the conceptual design and development of a large-scale floating settlement. The settlement in question is a design for the area of Urla, which is a rural touristic region located on the west coast of Turkey, near the metropolis of Izmir. The problem at hand includes both engineering and architectural aspects that need to be addressed in a comprehensive manner. We thus adapt the view as a multi-objective constrained real-parameter optimization problem. Specifically, we consider three objectives, which are conflicting. The first one aims at maximizing accessibility of urban functions such as housing and public spaces, as well as special functions, such as a marina for yachts and a yacht club. The second one aims at ensuring the wind protection of the general areas of the settlement, by adequately placing them in between neighboring land masses. The third one aims at maximizing visibility of the settlement from external observation points, so as to maximize the exposure of the settlement. To address this complex multi-objective optimization problem and identify lucrative alternative design solutions, a multi-objective harmony search algorithm (MOHS) is developed and applied in this paper. When compared to the Differential Evolution algorithm developed for the problem in the literature, we demonstrate that MOHS achieves competitive or slightly better performance in terms of hyper volume calculation, and gives promising results when the Pareto front approximation is examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the pitting fault of deep groove ball bearing during service, this paper uses the vibration signal of five different states of deep groove ball bearing and extracts the relevant features, then uses a neural network to model the degradation for identifying and classifying the fault type. By comparing the effects of training samples with different capacities through performance indexes such as the accuracy and convergence speed, it is proven that an increase in the sample size can improve the performance of the model. Based on the polynomial fitting principle and Pearson correlation coefficient, fusion features based on the skewness index are proposed, and the performance improvement of the model after incorporating the fusion features is also validated. A comparison of the performance of the support vector machine (SVM) model and the neural network model on this dataset is given. The research shows that neural networks have more potential for complex and high-volume datasets [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classification is an important task of machine intelligence in the field of information. The artificial neural network (ANN) is widely used for classification. However, the traditional ANN shows slow training speed, and it is hard to meet the real-time requirement for large-scale applications. In this paper, an improved brain-inspired emotional learning (BEL) algorithm is proposed for fast classification. The BEL algorithm was put forward to mimic the high speed of the emotional learning mechanism in mammalian brain, which has the superior features of fast learning and low computational complexity. To improve the accuracy of BEL in classification, the genetic algorithm (GA) is adopted for optimally tuning the weights and biases of amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex in the BEL neural network. The combinational algorithm named as GA-BEL has been tested on eight University of California at Irvine (UCI) datasets and two well-known databases (Japanese Female Facial Expression, Cohn-Kanade). The comparisons of experiments indicate that the proposed GA-BEL is more accurate than the original BEL algorithm, and it is much faster than the traditional algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dynamic Search Fireworks Algorithm (dynFWA) is an effective algorithm for solving optimization problems. However, dynFWA easily falls into local optimal solutions prematurely and it also has a slow convergence rate. In order to improve these problems, an adaptive mutation dynamic search fireworks algorithm (AMdynFWA) is introduced in this paper. The proposed algorithm applies the Gaussian mutation or the Levy mutation for the core firework (CF) with mutation probability. Our simulation compares the proposed algorithm with the FWA-Based algorithms and other swarm intelligence algorithms. The results show that the proposed algorithm achieves better overall performance on the standard test functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses an ensemble of classifiers and active learning strategies to predict radiologists' assessment of the nodules of the Lung Image Database Consortium (LIDC). In particular, the paper presents machine learning classifiers that model agreement among ratings in seven semantic characteristics: spiculation, lobulation, texture, sphericity, margin, subtlety, and malignancy. The ensemble of classifiers (which can be considered as a computer panel of experts) uses 64 image features of the nodules across four categories (shape, intensity, texture, and size) to predict semantic characteristics. The active learning begins the training phase with nodules on which radiologists' semantic ratings agree, and incrementally learns how to classify nodules on which the radiologists do not agree. Using our proposed approach, the classification accuracy of the ensemble of classifiers is higher than the accuracy of a single classifier. In the long run, our proposed approach can be used to increase consistency among radiological interpretations by providing physicians a "second read". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-preemptive schedulers, despite their many discussed drawbacks, remain a very popular choice for practitioners of real-time and embedded systems. The non-preemptive 'thrift' cyclic scheduler-variations of which can be found in other application areas-has recently received considerable attention for the implementation of such embedded systems. A thrift scheduler provides a flexible and compact implementation model for periodic task sets with comparatively small overheads; additionally, it can overcome several of the problems associated with traditional 'cyclic executives'. However, severe computational difficulties can still arise when designing schedules for non-trivial task sets. This paper is concerned with an optimization version of the offset-assignment problem, in which the objective is to assign task offsets such that the required CPU clock speed is minimized whilst ensuring that task overruns do not occur; it is known that the decision version of this problem is complete for Σ2 p. The paper first considers the problem of candidate solution verification-itself strongly coNP-Complete- and a fast, exact algorithm for this problem is proposed; it is shown that for any fixed number of tasks, its execution time is polynomial. The paper then proposes two heuristic algorithms of pseudo-polynomial complexity for solving the offset-assignment problem, and considers how redundant choices of offset combinations can be eliminated to help speed up the search. The performance of these algorithms is then experimentally evaluated, before conclusions are drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel approach, using hybrid feature selection (HFS), machine learning (ML), and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to predict and optimize construction labor productivity (CLP). HFS selects factors that are most predictive of CLP to reduce the complexity of CLP data. Selected factors are used as inputs for four ML models for CLP prediction. The study results showed that random forest (RF) obtains better performance in mapping the relationship between CLP and selected factors affecting CLP, compared with the other three models. Finally, the integration of RF and PSO is developed to identify the maximum CLP value and the optimum value of each selected factor. This paper introduces a new hybrid model named HFS-RF-PSO that addresses the main limitation of existing CLP prediction studies, which is the lack of capacity to optimize CLP and its most predictive factors with respect to a construction company's preferences, such as a targeted CLP. The major contribution of this paper is the development of the hybrid HFS-RF-PSO model as a novel approach for optimizing factors that influence CLP and identifying the maximum CLP value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results obtained for the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique applied to a photovoltaic (PV) system, composed of five solar panels in series using two different methodologies. First, we considered a traditional Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm and in a second stage we applied a Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) that uses fuzzy logic concepts to improve the traditional P&O; both were implemented in a boost converter. The main aim of this paper is to study if an artificial intelligence (AI) based MPPT method, can be more efficient, stable and adaptable than a traditional MPPT method, in varying environment conditions, namely solar irradiation and/or environment temperature and also to analyze their behaviour in steady state conditions. The proposed FLC with a rule base collection of 25 rules outperformed the controller using the traditional P&O algorithm due to its adaptative step size, enabling the FLC to adapt the PV system faster to changing environment conditions, guessing the correct maximum power point (MPP) faster and achieving lower oscillations in steady state conditions, leading to higher generated energy due to lower losses both in steady state and dynamic environment conditions. The simulations in this study were performed using MATLAB (Version 2018)/Simulink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several outbreak prediction models for COVID-19 are being used by officials around the world to make informed decisions and enforce relevant control measures. Among the standard models for COVID-19 global pandemic prediction, simple epidemiological and statistical models have received more attention by authorities, and these models are popular in the media. Due to a high level of uncertainty and lack of essential data, standard models have shown low accuracy for long-term prediction. Although the literature includes several attempts to address this issue, the essential generalization and robustness abilities of existing models need to be improved. This paper presents a comparative analysis of machine learning and soft computing models to predict the COVID-19 outbreak as an alternative to susceptible–infected–recovered (SIR) and susceptible-exposed-infectious-removed (SEIR) models. Among a wide range of machine learning models investigated, two models showed promising results (i.e., multi-layered perceptron, MLP; and adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system, ANFIS). Based on the results reported here, and due to the highly complex nature of the COVID-19 outbreak and variation in its behavior across nations, this study suggests machine learning as an effective tool to model the outbreak. This paper provides an initial benchmarking to demonstrate the potential of machine learning for future research. This paper further suggests that a genuine novelty in outbreak prediction can be realized by integrating machine learning and SEIR models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with the development of artificial intelligence and human–computer interaction, more attention has been paid to the recognition and analysis of facial expressions. Despite much great success, there are a lot of unsatisfying problems, because facial expressions are subtle and complex. Hence, facial expression recognition is still a challenging problem. In most papers, the entire face image is often chosen as the input information. In our daily life, people can perceive other's current emotions only by several facial components (such as eye, mouth and nose), and other areas of the face (such as hair, skin tone, ears, etc.) play a smaller role in determining one's emotion. If the entire face image is used as the only input information, the system will produce some unnecessary information and miss some important information in the process of feature extraction. To solve the above problem, this paper proposes a method that combines multiple sub-regions and the entire face image by weighting, which can capture more important feature information that is conducive to improving the recognition accuracy. Our proposed method was evaluated based on four well-known publicly available facial expression databases: JAFFE, CK+, FER2013 and SFEW. The new method showed better performance than most state-of-the-art methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increase in the complexity and informatization of power grids, new challenges, such as access to a large number of distributed energy sources and cyber attacks on power grid control systems, are brought to load-frequency control. As load-frequency control methods, both aggregated distributed energy sources (ADES) and artificial intelligence techniques provide flexible solution strategies to mitigate the frequency deviation of power grids. This paper proposes a load-frequency control strategy of ADES-based reinforcement learning under the consideration of reducing the impact of denial of service (DoS) attacks. Reinforcement learning is used to evaluate the pros and cons of the proposed frequency control strategy. The entire evaluation process is realized by the approximation of convex neural networks. Convex neural networks are used to convert the nonlinear optimization problems of reinforcement learning for long-term performance into the corresponding convex optimization problems. Thus, the local optimum is avoided, the optimization process of the strategy utility function is accelerated, and the response ability of controllers is improved. The stability of power grids and the convergence of convex neural networks under the proposed frequency control strategy are studied by constructing Lyapunov functions to obtain the sufficient conditions for the steady states of ADES and the weight convergence of actor–critic networks. The article uses the IEEE14, IEEE57, and IEEE118 bus testing systems to verify the proposed strategy. Our experimental results confirm that the proposed frequency control strategy can effectively reduce the frequency deviation of power grids under DoS attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) aims to build explainable and interpretable machine learning (or deep learning) methods without sacrificing prediction performance. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been successful in making predictions, especially in image classification. These popular and well-documented successes use extremely deep CNNs such as VGG16, DenseNet121, and Xception. However, these well-known deep learning models use tens of millions of parameters based on a large number of pretrained filters that have been repurposed from previous data sets. Among these identified filters, a large portion contain no information yet remain as input features. Thus far, there is no effective method to omit these noisy features from a data set, and their existence negatively impacts prediction performance. In this paper, a novel interaction-based convolutional neural network (ICNN) is introduced that does not make assumptions about the relevance of local information. Instead, a model-free influence score (I-score) is proposed to directly extract the influential information from images to form important variable modules. This innovative technique replaces all pretrained filters found by trial-and-error with explainable, influential, and predictive variable sets (modules) determined by the I-score. In other words, future researchers need not rely on pretrained filters; the suggested algorithm identifies only the variables or pixels with high I-score values that are extremely predictive and important. The proposed method and algorithm were tested on real-world data set and a state-of-the-art prediction performance of 99.8% was achieved without sacrificing the explanatory power of the model. This proposed design can efficiently screen patients infected by COVID-19 before human diagnosis and can be a benchmark for addressing future XAI problems in large-scale data sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we introduced a new class of strong negations, which were generated via conical sections. This paper focuses on the fact that simple mathematical and computational processes generate new strong fuzzy negations, through purely geometrical concepts such as the ellipse and the hyperbola. Well-known negations like the classical negation, Sugeno negation, etc., were produced via the suggested conical sections. The strong negations were a structural element in the production of fuzzy implications. Thus, we have a machine for producing fuzzy implications, which can be useful in many areas, as in artificial intelligence, neural networks, etc. Strong Fuzzy Negations refers to the discrepancy between the degree of difficulty of the effort and the significance of its results. Innovative results may, therefore, derive for use in literature in the specific field of mathematics. These data are, moreover, generated in an effortless, concise, as well as self-evident manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]