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A Field experiment was conducted Experimental Station Etay El-Baroud in during two successive seasons to study the effect of four irrigation rates on growth and production of three flax genotypes (Sakha 6, Giza 11, and Giza 12). Plant growth parameters, straw yield, fiber yield and seed yield were measured and four surface irrigation rates (40% of ETo, 60% of ETo, 80% of ETo and 100% of ETo) were applied in clay soil. Results showed that the irrigation treatment had a non-significant in plant height, technical stem length, length of fruiting, number of fruiting, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds in capsules of flax in two seasons. Meanwhile length of the fruiting zone, number of seed per plant, biological yield, straw yield, seed yield and fiber yield were significant difference with irrigation rates. Water stress adversely affected theses parameters. Flax cultivars differ in flax plant growth and yield component parameters. The interaction between water stress and flax cultivars revealed that Sakha 6 was the superiority tolerant flax genotypes in comparison with Giza 11 and Giza 12. The average applied irrigation water AIW throw two seasons were 1018, 1526, 2035 and 2544 m³/fed for 40, 60, 80 and 100% ETo irrigation treatments, respectively. The irrigation water productivity (IWP) was increasing with decreasing applied irrigation water. The highest value in IWP of straw yield was in Sakha 6 under 40 % ETo while the lowest was Giza 12 under fully irrigated. The highest value of seed IWP were in Giza 11 and Giza 12. It could be recommended that planting of Giza 11 to obtain highest seed yields and Giza 12 to obtain highest fiber yields and save more water. The highest value of fiber IWP was in Giza 12, only. It concluded that flax genotypes differed in its growth and yield components under water stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were to prepare and characterize nano-clay particles from an alluvial Nile Delta Egyptian soil and to understand and evaluate its efficacy for removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solutions. Nano-clay particles were prepared by ball milling of the clay soil fraction and their nano scale was confirmed by SEM image analysis. The XRD peaks revealed the dominance of montmorillonite clay minerals in soil clay and nano-clay adsorbents. FTIR features indicated the characteristic surface functional groups of smectite clays for both adsorbents. Cu(II) adsorption by the two adsorbents tended to increase with increasing initial Cu(II) concentration (10 to 150 mg L-1), adsorbent dosage (0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1 g/100 ml) and pH (4, 7 and 9). The two adsorbents showed high buffering capacity of the solution pH. Nano-clay adsorbent could remove higher amounts of Cu(II) from aqueous solutions (62%) than soil clay (45%) at initial Cu(II) concentration of 50 mg L-1 in the aqueous solution. Equilibrium time of 30 min. was achieved under the various experimental conditions which suggests ion exchange mechanism. Data of adsorption isotherms and kinetics were statistically best fitted to pseudo-second order and Langmuir models, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field experiments were conducted during two successive growing seasons ( 2017/2018 and 2018/2019) in Guava orchard at Kafr Al Dawar district, Beheira Governorate, Egypt, to investigate the effect of water regime levels: 100% (E1), 80% (E2) and 60% (E3) of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) under two irrigation systems: furrow irrigation (I1) and surface drip irrigation (I2) on water use efficiency, growth parameters, yield components, and economic analysis of four years old guava trees grown in clay soil. The field experiments were implemented in arandomized complete block design with three replicates.  The obtained results indicated that the highest shoot length, number of leaves/m and leaf area were obtained due to T2E1 treatment (drip irrigation with 100% ETc), followed by I2E2 treatment (drip irrigation with 80 % ETc). The average highest guava yield of the two growing seasons was 26.64 tons/ha which was obtained as a result of I2E1 treatment (drip irrigation with 100% of ETc). The lowest guava yield (20.24 and 17.90 tons/ha) were obtained due to I1E3 treatment (furrow irrigation with 60% of ETc) for the two growing seasons, respectively. Yield components such as number of fruits/m, length of fruit (cm), diameter of fruit (cm), fruit size (cm³), fruit weight (gm.) and yield (kg/tree) were significantly effected (P˂ 0.05)  by water regime levels and irrigation systems. Water use efficiency (WUE) of drip-irrigated treatments was higher than that obtained from furrow irrigated treatments in the two growing seasons. WUE increased from 2.37 to 3.34 kg.m-3 for drip - irrigated treatment, and from 1.63 to 2.18 kg.m-3 for furrow -irrigated treatments.  Fruit quality such as TSS (%), acidity (%) and TSS / Acidity ratio were not significantly affected by irrigation systems and water regime. For the economical results, the maximum value of net return was due to I2E1(24411 LE/fed)treatment for the two growing seasons and the minimum value of total return was the result of T1E3 (6344 LE/fed)treatment for the two growing seasons. The maximum values of water productivity were obtained under T2E1 (5.56 LE/m³) and I2E2 (5.25 LE/m³)  treatments in the two growing seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two field experiments were carried out on Jerusalem artichoke crop during two successive seasons of 2016 and 2017 at Soil Salinity Laboratory Research, Agricultural Research Center, Alexandria Governorate, Egypt. Each experiment included sixteen treatments representing the combination of two types of soils; i.e., clay and calcareous, two trimming treatments; i.e., without trimming (T0) and trimming (T1) [removing of flowering buds before opening with 10-20 cm from ends of vegetative branches], and four fertilization treatments; i.e., 75 kg nitrogen/feddan + Halex-2 (F1), 75 kg nitrogen/feddan + yeast extract (F2), 75 kg nitrogen/feddan + Halex-2 + yeast extract (F3) and 100 kg nitrogen/feddan (F4). The experimental layout was presented as a split-split-plot in a randomized complete blocks design with three replicates. Two types of soil were assigned in the main plots; two trimming treatments were allocated to the sub-plots and four fertilization treatments which were, randomly, distributed in the sub-sub-plots. Planting Jerusalem artichoke tubers in clay soil encouraged each of the vegetative growth, yield and its component characters compared to planting in calcareous soil. Un-trimming Jerusalem artichoke growing plants resulted in positive effects on the vegetative characters, tubers' yield and its components traits compared to trimming treatment. Adding moderate amount of nitrogen fertilizer (75 kg N/ fed.) combined with Halex-2 plus yeast extract yielded statistically equal results if 100 kg N/fed. was added to the growing plants for most studied characters especially the economic ones. Maturity date trait did not affect with any of the applied treatments on Jerusalem artichoke growing plants. It turned out from the obtained results that a quarter of nitrogen fertilizer quantity could be saved by adding a mixture of biostimulants (Halex-2 + yeast extract) to the growing plants, in addition to un-trimming the ends of branching whether the cultivation was in clay or calcareous soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sandy soils are well known as being droughty, erodible, infertile and non economical. The main objective is to vegetate the desert with a water consumption as low as possible. Two field experiments were conducted during 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 seasons. The experiments were carried out in Developing Agricultural System Project, Sinai Station, Sinai Governorate to study the effect of' nanoclay flakes treatments on revegetation of sandy soil under sprinkler irrigation system with Egyptian clover var Gemmiza 1. The experiments were designed as a split-plot design with four replications, the main plots included the source of irrigation dates after 3, 5, 7 and 9 days, the subplot had nanoclay doses (0, 8.5, 17 and 25 kg/plot) at soil depth 10 cm. The results indicated that the water requirement for the Egyptian clover ranged from 2800- 3000 m3/fed of water depending on climate and the growing period, Evaportranspiration increases from establishment of flowering stage (5-7mm/day), the irrigation interval of 7 days showed the highest forage yield, the dose of 17Kg/plot nanoclay flakes had significant effect on forage yield. Also, the obtained results revealed that yield components have been increased due to the nanoclay treatment with high significancy compared to the untreated area by increasing the availability of water for crop use by 50%. Treating the sandy soil with clay nano flakes resulted in significant differences in Egyptian clover yield and led to increasing the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, contents and decreasing the water consumption rate by 50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]