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A scalable, and cost-effective method was employed to prepare self-supported CuSn bimetallic catalyst on carbon paper. The obtained CuSn catalyst demonstrates high faradaic efficiency of CO around or above 90% at a broad potential range from −0.7 to −1.8 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, greatly surpassing Cu or Sn counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing high-efficiency electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is of great importance. In this paper, dendrite-free Ni–Cu catalysts were synthesised via one-step pulse electrodeposition under a weak magnetic field (0.5 T). Regardless of the direction of the magnetic field, the ions were affected by the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effect, which greatly promoted the mass transfer and dispersion uniformity, and suppressed the uncontrollable agglomeration by electrodeposition. It was found that the nucleation mechanism changed from progressive nucleation under a 0 T magnetic field to instantaneous nucleation under a 0.5 T magnetic field. Large-scale (325 nm, 0 T) dendrite growth on the single-sided plane was successfully suppressed, and replaced by smaller (90 nm, 0.5 T) and uniformly distributed cluster growth around the carbon paper. In addition, the (111) plane was strengthened by the magnetic field. Electrochemical analysis showed that the Ni–Cu catalysts exposed more surface area and exhibited greatly enhanced catalytic activity, which only needed −57.3 mV to deliver the current density of 10 mA cm−2 with a small Tafel slope of 99.4 mV dec−1 in 1 M KOH. Overall, magneto-electrodeposition, especially under weak magnetic field conditions, provides great promise for the preparation of HER catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High entropy materials (HEM) have been attracting much attention as emerging catalysts for electrochemical water splitting. HEM catalysts have unique properties such as an interesting cocktail effect, broad design space, customizable electronic structure, and excellent entropy stabilization effect compared with single-digit catalysts. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the use of HEM as a catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and water splitting. HEM design strategies including phase structure modulation, defect engineering, electrode configuration engineering, and computational aids are discussed to develop HEM catalysts with high performance and stability. In particular, the importance of density functional theory, high-throughput screening techniques, and machine learning for the discovery and design of HEM catalysts is emphasized. Finally, the challenges and imminent difficulties are prospected, and the corresponding strategies to deal with these challenges are put forward to promote the development of HEM catalysts in the field of electrochemical water splitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fe, N co-doped carbon electrocatalyst is one of the most attractive alternatives to Pt/C catalysts due to its high catalytic activity, excellent stability and low cost. However, obtaining stable and efficient Fe, N co-doped carbon oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts based on simple processes is still a challenge. Herein, Fe, N co-doped porous carbon (Fe–N–C) with an open macroporous frame structure is prepared by using inorganic molten salts (FeCl3·6H2O and ZnCl2) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as the template and nitrogen-containing carbon precursor, respectively. The open pore structure of the Fe–N–C material precisely tailored with the inorganic molten salt template exhibits high specific surface area (676.5 m2 g−1) and appropriate pore size, which can promote oxygen adsorption and expand the oxygen reduction interface, resulting in the acceleration of the electron/charge transfer processes and an improved electrocatalytic performance. The optimized Fe3–N–C-800 electrocatalyst exhibits good catalytic activity for ORR, such as high onset potential of 0.998 V and half wave potential of 0.84 V in alkaline media, as well as high stability and methanol tolerance. Furthermore, a novel Zn–air battery assembled with carbon paper containing Fe3–N–C-800 electrocatalyst as air cathode shows high open-circuit voltage (1.485 V), high specific capacity (870 mA h g−1 at 10 mA cm−2), excellent reversibility and stability. The proposed synthetic strategy provides new opportunities to design and construct carbon frame materials with the desired open macroporous structure to improve their electrocatalytic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methyltrioxorhenium(VII) (MTO) is a widely employed catalyst for metathesis, olefination, and most importantly, oxidation reactions. It is often preferred to other oxometal complexes due to its stability in air and higher efficiency. The seminal papers of K. B. Sharpless showed that when pyridine derivatives are used as co-catalysts, MTO-catalyzed olefin epoxidation with H2O2 as oxidant, a particularly useful reaction, is accelerated, with pyridine speeding up catalytic turnover and increasing the lifetime of MTO under the reaction conditions. In this paper, combined experimental and theoretical results show that the occurrence of σ-hole interactions in catalytic systems extends to MTO. Four crystalline adducts between MTO and aliphatic and heteroaromatic bases are obtained, and their X-ray analyses display short Re⋯N/O contacts opposite to both O–Re and C–Re covalent bonds with geometries consistent with σ-hole interactions. Computational analyses support the attractive nature of these close contacts and confirm that their features are typical of σ-hole interactions. The understanding of the nature of Re⋯N/O interactions may help to optimize the ligand-acceleration effect of pyridine in the epoxidation of olefins under MTO catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CuO/CeO2 catalysts were widely studied as an alternative to precious metal catalysts, and the Cu–Ce synergy was essential to improve the catalytic performance. In this paper, the effects of CuO loading on Cu–Ce synergy in CuO/CeO2 nanorod catalysts and their performance in toluene combustion were systematically investigated. It was found that non-equilibrium plasma facilitated the dispersion of CuO active species on the CeO2 surface. With the increase of the CuO loading from 1 wt% to 4 wt%, the Cu–Ce synergistic effect was gradually improved, which generated Cu+/Cu2+ and Ce3+/Ce4+ redox electron pairs. The highest oxygen vacancy concentration and Cu+ content of CuCe-4 (4 wt%) resulting from strong Cu–Ce synergy accelerated the activation of chemisorbed oxygen and consequently improved the efficiency of toluene catalytic combustion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we compare the reactivity of a series of triaryl borates B(OArx)3 as catalysts for the hydroboration of alkenes and alkynes. It was observed that commercially available B(OPh)3 performed the poorest, whereas catalysts with o-F atoms appeared to perform much better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2011, Zhang's research team, in cooperation with Li and Liu, reported the Pt1/FeOx atomically dispersed catalysts for the first time in the world, and based on this, proposed the concept of "single-atom catalysts". Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have a wide range of industrial application prospects in the catalytic synthesis of fine chemicals due to their high atomic utilization rate and special catalytic activity. With the deepening of the research, the preparation methods of SACs emerge in an endless stream, but it is still an urgent problem to realize the industrial production of highly stable SACs prepared in small batches (gram level) or even in large batches (kilogram level). In this review paper, several typical solvent-free green synthetic strategies (e.g., ball milling, physical mixing, gas migration, and pyrolyzing coordination polymers (including MOFs)) for the batch preparation of SACs are introduced. And typical catalytic application of SACs in green synthesis of fine chemicals by means of oxidation reaction, hydrogenation reaction, coupling reaction and other reactions are also introduced. This is the first review paper focusing on the mass preparation techniques of SACs and their applications in fine chemicals production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical catalytic conversion of biomass-derived sugars to lactic acid has attracted considerable attention due to the cheap, abundant and renewable nature of biomass and its huge potential application in the synthesis of biocompatible and biodegradable polylactic acid resins. However, this route is still a huge challenge in view of the transformation efficiency. This paper reports a series of Zn-based catalysts, which are facile and cheap to prepare and highly efficient for the conversion of biomass-derived carbohydrates to ethyl lactate (EL). The microstructure, active site composition and surface properties were characterized by TEM, HRTEM, XRD, NH3-TPD, CO2-TPD, Py-IR, and XPS. The catalytic performance of catalysts in the conversion of biomass-derived carbohydrates to ethyl lactate (EL) and the effect of water content were investigated. It was found that the Zn species played a decisive role in regulating the strengths of the acidic and basic sites to match the rate of each reaction in the tandem reactions. The basic sites are beneficial for isomerization and retro-aldol condensation, while the temperature-responsive released H+ protons are responsible for the dehydration of triose to methylglyoxal, a rate-determining step in the conversion of triose to EL. Addition of a small amount of water could enhance the release of the protons and thus accelerate the dehydration reaction, but excessive water would favor the formation of humins. Using ZnSi-2 as a catalyst under optimal conditions, yields as high as 74.5% of EL from glucose, 81.0% from fructose, 70.9% from mannose, and 80.3% from sucrose could be achieved with tens of times higher productivity than the previously reported values in the literature. DFT calculations revealed that Zn(OEt)Cl, Zn(OH)Cl, and Zn(OH)(OEt) were probably the active components. In addition, the stability of the catalyst as well as the deactivation and regeneration was also studied. The findings in this research provide new insights into the exploration of efficient catalysts for biomass conversion to value-added chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of efficient and stable non-precious-metal-based electrocatalysts is essential for practical water splitting applications. The electrolysis of water for hydrogen production is a green and efficient method, while urea electrolysis can improve energy conversion efficiency. In this paper, W–Ni3S2/NiS catalysts with heterogeneous structures were synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal method using a W-doping-induced phase transition strategy. The doping of W modulates the morphology of the catalyst, which can form uniform nanorod arrays and improve the activity of the electrocatalyst. In an alkaline solution of 1 M KOH and 0.5 M urea, W–Ni3S2/NiS requires a potential of only 1.309 V to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2. An electrolyzer containing urea with W–Ni3S2/NiS as both the cathode and anode can drive a current density of 10 mA cm−2 with a potential of only 1.569 V and has relatively good stability after testing for 20 h. Experimental results show that the improvement in the catalytic activity is due to the rapid charge transfer, exposure of more active sites and better conductivity. Density functional theory calculations show that the W–Ni3S2 material exhibits higher urea adsorption energy, indicating that urea is preferentially adsorbed on its surface. The NiS material shows more state density near the Fermi level, indicating that the introduction of this material enhances the conductivity of the W–Ni3S2/NiS material. The synergistic catalysis of the two materials promoted the improvement of the catalytic activity. This work provides new ideas for the development of highly efficient and stable catalysts by means of doping and interface construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is of great significance for chemical energy storage devices, especially for the practical application of rechargeable zinc–air batteries (ZABs), to find efficient and economical bifunctional catalysts. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently become hot research materials, and are often used as precursors of catalysts. This paper reports a carbon skeleton-coated bimetallic sulfide derived from MOF nanostructures that were used as cathode catalysts for ZABs. The N,S co-doped carbon-loaded FeS2,CoS2 ((Co,Fe)S2/CNS) catalysts exhibit excellent electrochemical properties in alkaline solutions due to the protection of metal sulfides by the carbon structure, the synergy of bimetallic Fe and Co, and the high surface area of the carbon skeleton. (Co,Fe)S2/CNS catalysts show a very low potential difference (ΔE = 0.68 V), a high specific capacity (759.1 mA h g−1) and good charge–discharge cycling performance (360 cycles/120 h) when applied to ZABs. This indicates that the prepared (Co,Fe)S2/CNS catalysts have a broad application prospect in the field of ZABs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid phase oxidation of 2-methylnaphthalene (2-MN) is a common synthetic route for the preparation of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (2-MNQ). Metal-free carbon materials doped with heteroatoms have been proven to have excellent catalytic potential in various reaction fields. In this paper, the catalytic performance of N, F co-doped benzoxazine carbon materials for the selective oxidation of 2-MN was studied. The results show that the catalyst obtained at a carbonization temperature of 700 °C has the best catalytic performance. Under optimized conditions, the 2-MN conversion is 97.9%, and the 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone selectivity is 84.3%. In addition, this catalyst still exhibits good catalytic activity after five cycles. Based on the experimental and characterization results, graphitic nitrogen species play a key role in the catalytic reaction and there is an almost linear relationship between the F content and the selectivity of 2-MNQ. This work provides a greener and more efficient method for the preparation of 2-MNQ with N/F co-doped mesoporous carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the effects of Zr, Al or Sr doped Mn/MCM-41 on NH3-SCR activity, SO2/H2O resistance and mechanism were studied. The results showed that Mn/Zr-MCM-41 has 100% NOx conversion at 175–300 °C while Mn/Al-MCM-41 achieves about 94% N2 selectivity at 120–400 °C. Zr doping significantly enhances the resistance to SO2 at 200 °C while Sr plays a negative role. Doped metal does not change the ordered hexagonal arrangement of MCM-41, but can cause the specific surface area enrichment of Mn while Al doping leads to the entry of Mn into the channel of MCM-41. Mn/MCM-41 has only Lewis acid sites, but Zr, Al or Sr doped catalysts have Lewis and Brønsted acid sites. Moreover, the reaction path on Mn/MCM-41 and Mn/Zr-MCM-41 mainly conforms to the L–H mechanism while Mn–Al or Mn–Sr doped catalysts follow L–H and E–R mechanisms. However, the deposited sulfates change the progress of the NH3-SCR process and cause a decline of SCR activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen (H2) is a new type of renewable energy that can meet people's growing energy needs and is environmentally friendly. In order to improve the industrial application prospects and electrochemical performance of hydrogen evolution catalysts, extensive research on transition metal materials has been carried out. Among the many catalytic materials, cobalt is an element with potential for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) due to its abundant reserves, low cost, and small energy barrier for H adsorption. This review classifies the latest research on cobalt-based catalysts according to the types of compound, including cobalt-based sulfides, phosphides, carbides, borides, oxides, etc., and summarizes the latest research progress of cobalt-based compound catalysts in acidic and alkaline media. Strategies to tune the properties of cobalt-based compound catalysts for high catalytic activity for HER are focused on, including structural engineering, defect engineering, and doping, etc. The advantages and limitations of each modified approach are reviewed. Not only that, but also the catalytic activity and advantages of the catalyst are evaluated by using density functional theory (DFT) calculation-related descriptors, activity evaluation parameters, etc. Finally, limitations and challenges of cobalt-based materials for HER are presented, as well as prospects for future research. This paper aims to understand the chemical and physical factors that affect cobalt-based catalysts, and to find directions for future research on cobalt-based catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the effects of sulfuric acid treatment of a ZrO2 support (ZrO2-S) on the Ca resistance of CeO2 catalysts were investigated. The results showed that the CeO2/ZrO2-S catalyst exhibited much better SCR activity and Ca resistance compared with the CeO2/ZrO2 catalyst. To further reveal the Ca resistance mechanism, BET, XRD, Raman, XPS, H2-TPR, NH3-TPD and in situ DRIFTS were used to characterize the changes in structure and properties of the CeO2/ZrO2 and CeO2/ZrO2-S catalysts before and after the Ca deactivation tests. The Ca poisoning of the CeO2/ZrO2 catalysts was mainly due to the decrease in specific surface area and surface acidity, the loss of reducibility and the enhanced stabilization of adsorbed nitrate/nitrite species. The treatment of ZrO2 with sulfate acid led to an increased specific surface area and highly-dispersed Ce species at the catalyst surface. It was also beneficial to inhibiting the transformation of ZrO2 from the tetragonal to the monoclinic phase. Moreover, it also enhanced the redox properties, Ce3+ species ratio, total surface acidity (especially Brønsted acid sites), and adsorption of NH3 species. The SCR reactions via both Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L–H) and Eley–Rideal (E–R) mechanisms could proceed well even after the CeO2/ZrO2-S catalysts were subjected to Ca poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the effect of catalyst viscosity on diamond growth was studied by simulating and analyzing the catalyst convection field in a diamond synthesis chamber in different viscous catalyst systems. The results showed that the low-viscosity catalyst had a high convection velocity, fast carbon flow, and large crystal growth volume, but it easily produced defects during long growth times. The convection velocity in the high-viscosity catalyst was slow, the precipitation rate of carbon was moderate, and the crystal quality was good. It is suitable for growing high-quality large-sized diamond single crystals. The structural properties of the synthesized samples were characterized by optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The synthesis experiment and simulation results were consistent. In this experiment, a new viscosity concept is proposed to control the quality of diamond crystals, in which the crystal morphology is controlled by adjusting the flow field in the catalyst. This is not limited to controlling the synthesis of crystals with different morphologies by changing the temperature gradient in the diamond synthesis chamber. Therefore, this paper establishes the characteristics of a convection field suitable for the growth of diamond crystals using different viscous catalysts and provides an important theoretical reference for cavity optimization and the design of flow fields for new catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a Ce-W/TiO2-mSiO2 catalyst was prepared by a co-precipitation method with the addition of silicon acid to enhance and broaden the denitrification (deNOx) efficiency and temperature range of the Ce-W/TiO2 catalyst. The test results of deNOx performance showed that temperature ranges of the 80% and 90% deNOx efficiencies of the Ce-W/TiO2 catalyst with 30% silicic acid were increased by 35 °C and 30 °C, respectively, and the highest deNOx efficiency was increased to 99.53% compared with that without silicic acid. Moreover, the XRD, BET, SEM, XPS, NH3-TPD and H2-TPR analysis revealed that strong water absorption of silicic acid provided more SiO2 for the catalyst to increase its specific surface area. Meanwhile, the volume of a TiO2 cell increased and the crystallinity of CeO2 decreased, which enhanced the number of Lewis and Brønsted acid sites on the catalyst surface and promoted the deNOx reaction. Besides, the ratios of Ce3+ and Oα on the catalyst surface were about doubled with the addition of 30% silicic acid, thus improving the deNOx performance of the catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rational design of high-efficiency electrocatalysts for application in water oxidation in alkaline media remains a great challenge. In this paper, Ni3+-rich nanograss-like Mo-doped Ni3S2/NiS/VS arrays grown on nickel foam (denoted as Mo-NiVS@NF) have been successfully constructed through a hydro/solvothermal method. Interestingly, Mo-NiVS@NF exhibits superior catalytic OER performance, needing an overpotential of 217 mV to drive a current density of 10 mA cm−2, outperforming most previously reported NiS-based electrocatalysts. The result indicates that the Ni3+-rich active sites caused by the modulation of the electronic structure environment via the introduction of V and high-valency Mo play an important role in the high activity for the OER. Moreover, this catalyst shows high long-term electrochemical durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring active catalyst components is very important to develop high-performance and highly stable ORR electrocatalysts to replace costly Pt-based catalysts, though it remains an ongoing challenge. In this paper, three ORR catalysts with different active components were obtained by calcination of different proportions of mixed precursors simply and delicately. Among them, precursor 1 (bimetallic polymer Fe/Zn-ZIFs@ZnCO3) played the role of a self-sacrificing template, while precursor 2 (an N, P-co-doped polymer) played the role of a volatile atmosphere. Precursor 2 also embedded N and P heteroatoms into the carbon framework during high-temperature volatilization, which resulted in subtle changes in the active catalyst components. Finally, a hybrid of metal Fe and α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles embedded in N, P-codoped carbon nanotubes with many separated gullies (named α-Fe2O3/Fe@NPC) exhibited excellent ORR catalytic activity in an alkaline solution as compared to commercial Pt/C. This work provides a new strategy for designing controllable active components using volatile precursors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although cobalt(I) bis-phosphine complexes have been implicated in many selective C–C bond-forming reactions, until recently relatively few of these compounds have been fully characterized or have been shown to be intermediates in catalytic reactions. In this paper we present a new practical method for the synthesis and isolation of several cobalt(I)-bis-phosphine complexes and their use in Co(I)-catalyzed reactions. We find that easily prepared (in situ generated or isolated) bis-phosphine and (2,6-N-aryliminoethyl)pyridine (PDI) cobalt(II) halide complexes are readily reduced by 1,4-bis-trimethylsilyl-1,4-dihydropyrazine or commercially available lithium nitride (Li3N), leaving behind only innocuous volatile byproducts. Depending on the structures of the bis-phosphines, the cobalt(I) complex crystallizes as a phosphine-bridged species [(P∼P)(X)CoI[μ-(P∼P)]CoI(X)(P∼P)] or a halide-bridged species [(P∼P)CoI[μ-(X)]2CoI(P∼P)]. Because the side-products are innocuous, these methods can be used for the in situ generation of catalytically competent Co(I) complexes for a variety of low-valent cobalt-catalyzed reactions of even sensitive substrates. These complexes are also useful for the synthesis of rare cationic [(P∼P)CoI-η4-diene]+ X− or [(P∼P)CoI-η6-arene]+ X− complexes, which are shown to be excellent single-component catalysts for the following regioselective reactions of dienes: heterodimerizations with ethylene or methyl acrylate, hydroacylation and hydroboration. The reactivity of the single-component catalysts with the in situ generated species are also documented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a Co--Fe LDO catalyst was prepared by combining K2Cr2O7 and Cr(NO3)3 to modify the LDH precursor. The catalytic activity of NOx and o-DCB was systematically studied, and the effect of gas composition on the catalytic activity was investigated. The prepared Cr (0.25)/Co--Fe LDO catalyst showed the best catalytic performance, with conversion efficiencies of NOx and o-DCB of 89.0% and 81.6% at 250 °C, respectively. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET, SEM, XPS, H2-TPD and NH3-TPD to explore the reaction activity. In addition, the interaction between NH3-SCR and o-DCB oxidation was investigated by changing the gas atmosphere. The results showed that the inhibition at low temperature (< 200 °C) could be attributed to the residues of the by-products of incomplete oxidation. The further oxidation of NO to NO2, and the dissociation of NH3 are the reasons for the mutual promotion of the two reactions in the middle and high temperature sections. Water vapor has little effect on the reaction and the introduction of SO2 will cause irreversible inactivation of the catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the synergistic effects of different metal sites, the double atom or multiple atomic catalysts are very promising for use in electrocatalysis. This paper focuses on the synthesis of urea [CO(NH2)2] under the synergistic effects of bimetallics. The heteronuclear diatomic molecular catalysts were designed and screened, and the details and energy information of the elementary reactions were provided from the atomic level using theoretical simulation, which provided a new understanding for the study of the reaction mechanism. It was found that the NbVN6C catalyst was the best catalyst for the electrosynthesis of CO(NH2)2 (0.37 eV < 0.44 eV < 0.67 eV < 0.74 eV < 0.84 eV for NbVN6C, TaVN6C, WVN6C, MoVN6C, ReVN6C, respectively), and the optimal path was * → *N2 → *NN → *NNH → *NNH2 → *HNNH2 → *H2NNH2 → *H2NNH2–CO2 → *H2NNH2–COOH → *H2NCONH2. At the same time, compared with the homonuclear diatomic catalyst V2N6C, the heteronuclear diatomic molecular catalyst NbVN6C had a smaller limiting potential (−0.37 V and −0.59 V), which demonstrated the usefulness of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of three N-heterocyclic carbene complexes by stepwise grinding is described in this paper. The benzimidazolium salts ([H2L]Br2 and [H2L](PF6)2 ([H2L] = 1,1′-di(2-picolyl)-3,3′-methylenedibenzoimidazolium)) were initially prepared. Their reactions with Ni(OAc)2·4H2O by grinding afforded three nickel complexes, [NiL]Br2·CH3OH (1), [NiL]Br2·2H2O (1′) and [NiL](PF6)2·0.5CH3CN (2), respectively. A five-coordinated complex [NiLBr]PF6 (3) was further obtained by grinding NH4PF6 with complex 1 or 1′, or grinding KBr with complex 2. Complex 3 can also be obtained by direct grinding of complexes 1/1′ and 2. Complex 3 was subsequently used as a catalyst in the C–S bond cross-coupling of 2-bromoacetophenone and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole. The entire procedure from the synthesis to the catalytic reaction was performed by mechanochemistry. The green metrics E-factor and EcoScale close to ideal values showed the eco-friendly nature of the entire procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The treatment of mercury pollutants in water has been wide concern. Adsorption is a promising method for mercury removal that has been extensively studied. Nevertheless, the secondary application of the immobilized Hg is seldom investigated. In this paper, the Hg adsorption behavior of UiO-66 bearing sulfhydryl groups is studied. The research shows that the porous structure and sulfhydryl groups of UiO-66-SH can effectively promote the removal of mercury from water. In addition, this work also pushes forward the sequential application of the recovered adsorbent, which contains the adsorbed mercury that may cause secondary pollution. The recovered waste adsorbent, UiO-66-S-Hg, was successfully used as an efficient catalyst for transfer vinylation, which produces value-added products, vinyl benzoates. Eight vinyl esters have been successfully synthesized with a yield of up to 89%. This methodology provides a promising way for not only the treatment of mercury contamination, but also secondary pollution protection and the resource utilization of immobilized Hg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, 2-methylquinoline compounds were synthesized continuously from nitroarenes and the ethanol/water system by a simple hydrogen transfer reaction in the presence of the Ru–Fe/γ-Al2O3 catalyst. This new simple synthesis reaction was heterogeneous and continuous. At the same time, green solvents were used, and strong acids, oxidants, and other environmentally harmful substances were not added, which conformed to the principles of green chemistry. Through the impregnation method, the nanocatalysts with a smaller particle size and uniform dispersion were obtained on the γ-Al2O3 particles (1–2 mm) and had good activity. The effects of the alcohol water volume ratio, pressure, flow rate and Ru–Fe mass ratios on the yields of 2-methylquinoline compounds in the reaction were investigated. The reaction can proceed smoothly for nitroarenes with different substituents, and a moderate to good yield (46%–88%) was obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of advanced carbon materials as metal-free catalysts holds great importance for mercury catalyst replacement in acetylene hydrochlorination. In this paper, we transform discarded cigarette butts into a porous nitrogen-doped carbon material (N-CB-800), exhibiting characteristics of high specific surface area, large N doping amount, defective structure and strong C2H2 chemical adsorption ability. These unique features endow N-CB-800 with a high catalytic performance with an acetylene conversion of 71.8% at 220 °C and an acetylene space velocity of 100 h−1, making it one of the most active metal-free catalysts. This work will be of great value for the recycling of living waste and provide meaningful guidance for the development of non-mercury catalysts for acetylene hydrochlorination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The isomerization–dehydration cascade conversion on the saccharide platform is a pivotal route for biomass valorization, although it exhibits a specific reaction complexity that makes achieving an efficient conversion a highly technical challenge. The rational design of novel versatile solid acids is deemed to be the key to improving the cascade catalytic performance. In this paper, a dual-functional carbon-based solid acid catalyst (DFCSA) with tunable Brønsted/Lewis acid sites was developed for the cascade conversion of saccharides. The combined modification of H3PO4 and HNO3 on the carbon substrate contributed to the grafting of protonated moieties with a reasonably porous structure. With the aid of AlPO4, which has an orthorhombic crystal structure, the newly developed catalyst was able to achieve good performance for the subsequent hydrothermal conversion. Under optimal conditions, glucose and xylose were transformed with high product yields: 38.2 mol% levulinic acid and 69.7 mol% furfural, respectively. In addition, the catalyst displayed excellent hydrothermal stability, with only a slight degradation in activity after 10 cycles, which was ascribed mainly to the high thermal stability of AlPO4 and the firm grafting of the surface functional groups. As shown by the kinetic analysis, the DFSCA catalyst had a higher conversion rate and lower activation energy in the cascade conversion of xylose than that of glucose, leading to a better yield of furfural. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of propargylamines by traditional methods is limited by several drawbacks such as anhydrous conditions, low temperatures and by-products. A3-coupling reactions (aldehydes, amines, and alkynes), that involve a catalytic amount of metal complexes, have been recently recognized as a powerful alternative for the synthesis of these important scaffolds. In this paper, four new silver and gold complexes (3a, 4a, 3b and 4b), bearing N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands, were tested in A3-coupling reactions, combining the use of harmless metals as catalysts with sustainable reaction conditions (neat conditions or water as solvent). NHC silver(I) and gold(I) complexes were synthesized and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, ESI-MS and elemental analysis. The molecular structure of the NHC gold(I) complex 4b was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. A comparison of the catalytic behavior in A3-coupling reactions among the synthesized complexes disclosed the higher efficiency of gold catalysts. Computational studies shed light on species possibly involved in the catalytic mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precious metal nanoparticles (NPs) are attractive for use in the field of catalysis because of their precisely controlled sizes and shapes. However, NPs exhibit insufficient anti-sintering properties under common operating conditions due to their poor thermal stability at elevated temperatures. In this paper, the preparation of noble metallic NPs (Pd and Au) incorporated inside the pores of an SBA-15 support via a sol-immobilization method, which prevents their aggregation, is reported. The Pd NPs retain their size of ∼5 nm within the channels of SBA-15, even after aging at 800 °C for three days under an air atmosphere. However, Au NPs aggregated at a temperature of calcination above 500 °C. Using a set of characterization methods comprising XRD, STEM, HRTEM, TPR, and DRIFTS analysis, it is revealed that Pd on SBA-15 exhibits better anti-sintering properties than the Au supported system. The catalytic activity and durability of M/SBA-15 (M: Pd or Au) catalysts were studied using CO oxidation with and without steam (10 vol%). Interestingly, a hydrothermally treated (Pd/SBA-15-750-H2O-3d) catalyst leads to the partial re-dispersion of Pd. This helps to attain smaller particles of ∼1.6 nm, which play a prominent role in the catalytic performance. This work provides insight into the design of sintering-resistant metal catalysts, which would be suitable for industrial applications under harsh conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a dual-functional catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), Ru clusters have great potential, but there are certain difficulties regarding their stability on the substrate and the tunability of their electronic environment. Here, the S doped graphited biochar aerogel electrocatalyst was designed and synthesized using terrestrial lignin and algal polysaccharide as a carbon substrate. The Ru clusters were anchored on the S-doped carbon aerogel (P-Ru/SC) by carefully designing the Ru-S bond via a novel plasma assisted high temperature carbonization treatment. The optimized P-Ru/SC-2 catalyst exhibits excellent electrocatalytic performance for the HER and OER, achieving ultra-small overpotentials of 119.6 mV and 193.4 mV at 10 mA cm-2. The dual-electrode requires only 1.47 V to reach 10 mA cm-2. It is worth noting that a large number of S sites on graphited carbon can strongly interact with the Ru clusters, significantly improving the catalytic activity and stability for the HER and OER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the vigorous development of biomass catalytic valorization is gradually moving towards a promising era. Integrating nitrogen elements into biomass catalytic systems promises more possibilities for upgrading the roadmap of biomass feedstocks. The amination of lignin to cyclohexylamine and its derivatives is a potential alternative to the fossil-based pathway. One-pot catalytic amination of lignin model compounds is challenging and inefficient due to their structural characteristics. Concerning the amination pathway, cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol are important intermediates. Based on this, we discuss the structural preferences of catalysts in the selective hydrogenation process, as well as the amination process of cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol to guide the design of catalysts for the one-pot amination of lignin. Then, the catalytic amination systems are deeply analyzed based on their catalytic conditions. Finally, according to the current development status of lignin amination, the challenges and prospects are proposed for a better lignin valorization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homogenization of heterogeneous catalysts is a valuable and interesting research topic. Porous polypyridine-oxadiazole (PPO), as not only a carrier but also a ligand, was designed and synthesized from pyridine-oxadiazole and 1-iodo-4-vinylbenzene. Iridium was anchored onto the skeleton of this polymer (ligand) through coordination bonds. This porous polypyridine-oxadiazole iridium catalyst (PPO-Ir) was clearly characterized by XRD, BET, EDS, HRTEM, SEM, and XPS, and revealed high catalytic activity for the reaction of dimethyl-6-aminouracil with benzyl alcohols, 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid with benzyl alcohols and 2-aminobenzylamine and benzyl alcohols through dehydrogenation and the borrowing hydrogen strategy with alcohol or water as the solvent. In addition, this PPO-Ir catalyst could be recycled and reused without a manifest loss of catalytic activity for at least five times and revealed potential application value. The mechanism explorations were further conducted to clarify this PPO-Ir and these transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present report focuses on the solvent effect on furfural production from xylose in biphasic systems with methods including combined experiments, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Six most effective and commonly used biphasic solvents for furfural production were comparatively analyzed and discussed based on the kinetic study, partition coefficient, degradation behavior of furfural in organic solvents, distribution of solvent molecules around xylose/furfural molecules, hydrogen bonding, moving trajectories of xylose/furfural, and the solvation free energy. During the hydrothermal reaction of xylose to furfural in biphasic systems, it was found that the conversion efficiency of biphasic systems can be ordered as DCM/H2O > 2-MTHF/H2O > 2-butanol/H2O ≈ MIBK/H2O > CPME/H2O > toluene/H2O according to the xylose conversion and furfural yield, which are dominated by the solvation free energy (ΔGsol) of furfural in organic solvents, and also be affected by three other factors, namely, the maximum solubility of furfural in organic solvents, the ΔGsol value of organic solvents in water, and the side reaction of furfural in organic solvents. The degradation rate of furfural in 2-butanol was detected to be the fastest, and molecular dynamics simulation data showed that the hydrogen bonding between furfural and 2-butanol may accelerate the degradation of furfural. DCM has excellent extraction ability for furfural, and the maximum furfural yield in the DCM/H2O system (81.64%) is much higher than that in other systems during the hydrothermal reaction without additional catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]