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This paper seeks to understand how the determinants of economic growth in Brazil may manifest themselves differently on various spatial scales between 1991 and 2000. Analysing this issue sheds light on the modifiable areal unit problem (a measurement issue). In addition, it also suggests potential explanations for the origin of this variability. This latter issue relates to the scale-dependent determinants of economic growth (a structural issue). The analysis reveals that the results change as the scale level changes and suggests a general framework for dealing with multiple spatial scales and model uncertainty. Moreover, the extent of the effects of spatial externalities and the issue of spatial heterogeneity are investigated. Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es entender como los factores determinantes del crecimiento económico de Brasil pueden mostrarse de manera diferente según la escala espacial entre 1991 y 2000. El análisis de este tema ilustra el problema de la unidad de superficie modificable (problema de medición). Además, sugiere también posibles explicaciones para el origen de esta variabilidad. Este último asunto esta relacionado con los factores dependientes de la escala que determinan el crecimiento económico (un problema estructural). El análisis revela que los resultados cambian a medida que lo hace la escala y sugiere un marco general para tratar con escalas espaciales múltiples y modelización de incertidumbre. Además, se investiga el alcance de los efectos de las externalidades espaciales y el problema de la heterogeneidad espacial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Papers in Regional Science is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Population & Development Review is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines rural elementary education in Brazil in the light of historical phenomena and recent socioeconomic development. Contemporary rural society is described from the point of view of its social structure and the way in which rural educational problems emerge from this context. The paper concludes with a statement and evaluation of attempts on the part of the federal government to solve problems of elementary education in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This paper focuses upon two methods of financing economic development in Brazil: private capital formation through life insurance and public capital formation through government lottery programs. Engel functions are determined for these services as well as their associated income elasticities. Disparate patterns of life insurance purchases are shown to exist between cities, and lottery expenditures generally exceed insurance expenditures at all income levels. These statistical estimations provide initial steps in determining and planning the alteration of the incidence of the capital formation burden over various income groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central motivation to restore ecosystems at a planetary scale has been to reverse degradation and provide multiple environmental benefits, but key global players like governments may be more interested in social outcomes from undertaking restoration, such as job creation. Assessing the job opportunities stemming from ongoing restoration programmes can leverage additional investments for their implementation and support their long‐term maintenance.Here, we aimed to understand and quantify current and potential ecosystem restoration jobs in Brazil, based on a widely distributed online survey performed in 2020 and led by the main restoration networks in the country. We explored the structure, job distribution and outputs of the national restoration supply chain.At the beginning of 2020, 4713 temporary and 3510 permanent jobs were created, nearly 60% of which were generated by organizations specialized in restoration, mainly from the non‐profit (48%) and private (37%) sectors.Restoration jobs were concentrated in organizations working in one (58%) or two (28%) biomes, and the vast majority were in the Atlantic Forest (85%). Similarly, most restoration jobs were concentrated in the southeast region (61%), with one‐third in the state of São Paulo. This geographical distribution was more strongly associated with the states' GDP than with the legal deficit of native vegetation area.Nearly 20% of the restoration jobs were terminated during the COVID‐19 pandemic in 2020.We estimate that restoration activities can generate 0.42 jobs per hectare undergoing restoration, which could potentially create 1.0–2.5 million direct jobs through the implementation of Brazil's target of restoring 12 million hectares.We conclude by reinforcing the value of ecosystem restoration in promoting economic development and job creation, which can be crucial to promote countries' effective engagement in the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration. We also highlight the critical role of grassroots organizations to maximize restoration opportunities for socioeconomic development during the post‐pandemic economic recovery. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political institutions are an essential component to explain income variation. Brazilian municipalities are characterized by a great contrast in the colonization process and its impacts on the current income level and distribution, and other development aspects. This study analyzes the spatial heterogeneity of the relationship between institutional quality and the municipalities' economic development. We use a spatial moving window method applied to weighted regressions—Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). We find evidence that good institutions increase income and other variables related to economic development. In addition, the institutional quality influence on economic development measures is distinct across the Brazilian regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts of various articles that were published in this issue of the journal "Population & Development Review. The article "Population, Development, and Planning in Brazil," examines the effects of population growth on economic growth in Brazil in terms of macroeconomic theory and in terms of related questions of formation and effective utilization of Brazil's human resource potential and relationship to income distribution. Another article "Does Illegitimacy Make a Difference? A Study of the Life Chances of Illegitimate Children in California," indicates that despite a generally more relaxed attitude toward illegitimacy, children born out of wedlock suffer measurable disadvantages in comparison with legitimate children, even when differences in social class are taken into account. They are more likely to die in infancy, and if they survive they are less likely to grow up in a stable two- parent family, even if their mothers subsequently marry; they are at least three times as likely to require public assistance. Illegitimacy thus constitutes a growing social and demographic problem.

The article presents a study which examined the relationship between the medium and small enterprise (SME) sector and the economic growth in Brazil. The researchers investigated the significance of the size of the SME sector by the share of the level of human capital and SME employment measured by the mean years of schooling in the enterprises. They also assessed how employment and human capital influence the growth of the sector in the micro-regions of the country.

Before the year 1600, Brazil and the United States were very similar regions in terms of geographic development and colonial status, and yet both countries developed in remarkably different ways. In this article, we apply institutional analysis and the common pool approach to explain differences in the western expansion of Brazil and the United States. We find that (i) such analysis complements much of the previous literature that heretofore explained differences in these regions using sociological and ideological analytical tools, and (ii) the theory that the distinctive behavior between the Brazilian bandeirantes and the North American pioneers is due to sociological factors is refuted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the conflict between the theories that seek to explain imperialist economic exploitation of the tropical primary producing regions by the industrial countries and reality as revealed in the experience of Brazil during the 19th century. The nineteenth-century coffee-export economy of Brazil is undoubtedly one of the most relevant cases, both because of its large relative size and because of the abundance of literature attempting to explain that country's backwardness in terms of maldistribution of gains from trade and technical progress. The application of the hypothesis of neocolonial dependence to Brazil is also based on the alleged cyclical behaviour of international prices of coffee. It is argued that while coffee prices increased during the upswings, they declined more sharply during the downswings. For the coffee economy of Brazil, the propositions of the theory of imperialism can be enumerated in terms of precise alleged behaviour of economic variables and policies. First, there was a tendency for long-run deterioration of the terms of trade. Secondly, monetary and balance-of-payments policies were designed in the coffee economy so as to absorb the largest part of the burdens of adjustment to a recession in the industrial countries in the form of exchange-rate depreciation and inflation. Thirdly, the structural weakness of trade relations was the fundamental factor of retardation and long-run poverty in Brazil.