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This book focuses on the applications of different digital platforms in the field of healthcare. It describes different devices used in digital healthcare, their benefits, diagnosis, use in treatment, and use cases related to mobile healthcare. Further, it covers machine and deep learning, blockchain technology, big data analytics as relevant to digital healthcare, telehealth technology, and digital applications in the field of push-and-pull pharma marketing. Overall, it enables readers to understand the basics of decision-making processes using digital techniques for the healthcare field.Features: Discusses various aspects of digitization of healthcare systems Examines deployment of machine learning including IoT and medical analytics Provides studies on the design, implementation, development, and management of intelligent healthcare systems Includes sensor-based digitization of healthcare data Reviews real-time advancement and challenges of digital communication in the field of healthcare This book is aimed at researchers and graduate students in healthcare, internet of things, machine learning, computer science, robotics, wearables, electrical engineering, and biomedical engineering.

2D Materials for Surface Plasmon Resonance-based Sensors offers comprehensive coverage of recent design and development (including processing and fabrication) of 2D materials in the context of plasmonic-based devices. It provides a thorough overview of the basic principles and techniques used in the analysis and design of 2D material-based optical sensor systems. Beginning with the basic concepts of plasmon/plasmonic sensors and mathematical modelling, the authors explain the fundamental properties of 2D materials, including Black Phosphorus (BP), Phosphorene, Graphene, Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), MXene's and SW-CNT. It also details the applications of these emerging materials in clinical diagnosis and their future trends. This text will be useful for practising engineers, undergraduate and postgraduate students. Key Features Presents the fundamental concepts of 2D material assisted fibre optic and prism based SPR sensor in a student-friendly manner. Includes the recent synthesis and characterization techniques of 2D materials. Provides computational results of recently discovered electronic and optical properties of the 2D materials along with their effectiveness in the field of plasmonic sensors. Presents emerging applications of novel 2D material-based plasmonic sensors in the field of chemical, bio-chemical and biosensing.

This book covers the fundamental aspects and the application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), with emphasis on a step-by-step procedure for mechanistic analysis of data. It enables the reader to learn the EIS technique, correctly acquire data from a system of interest, and effectively interpret the same. Detailed illustrations of how to validate the impedance spectra, use equivalent circuit analysis, and identify the reaction mechanism from the impedance spectra are given, supported by derivations and examples. MATLAB® programs for generating EIS data under various conditions are provided along with free online video lectures to enable easier learning.Features: Covers experimental details and nuances, data validation method, and two types of analysis – using circuit analogy and mechanistic analysis Details observations such as inductive loops and negative resistances Includes a dedicated chapter on an emerging technique (Nonlinear EIS), including code in the supplementary material illustrating simulations Discusses diffusion, constant phase element, porous electrodes, and films Contains exercise problems, MATLAB codes, PPT slide, and illustrative examples This book is aimed at senior undergraduates and advanced graduates in chemical engineering, analytical chemistry, electrochemistry, and spectroscopy.

The Internet of Energy (IoE), with the integration of advanced information and communication technologies (ICT), has led to a transformation of traditional networks to smart systems. Internet of Energy Handbook provides updated knowledge in the field of energy management with an Internet of Things (IoT) perspective. Features Explains the technological developments for energy management leading to a reduction in energy consumption through topics like smart energy systems, smart sensors, communication, techniques, and utilization Includes dedicated sections covering varied aspects related to renewable sources of energy, power distribution, and generation Incorporates energy efficiency, optimization, and sensor technologies Covers multidisciplinary aspects in computational intelligence and IoT Discusses building energy management aspects including temperature, humidity, the number of persons involved, and light intensity This handbook is aimed at graduate students, researchers, and professionals interested in power systems, IoT, smart grids, electrical engineering, and transmission.

This book is about general and specific areas involved in electrical and electronics engineering which comprises broad subjects such as MEMS and Microfluidics, VLSI, Communication and Signal Processing. This book discusses the recent trends in various aspects of research areas for diverse applications like biomedical, biochemical, and power source systems. It also discusses modelling, simulating, and prototyping of the different electronic-based systems for carrying out varied applications. With this book, the readers will understand the multiplatform fundamentals guiding electrical and biomedical devices that form the current features such as automation, integration, and miniaturization of a particular device. This book showcases a unique platform as it covers the different areas of research in this trending era as a benchmark. This book is a link between the electronics and cutting-edge technologies that are being used for numerous applications representing the physical and virtual developments of electronic devices. Therefore, this book will mostly uphold the innovation and originality involved in the development of miniaturized devices, and proposing new methods, emphasizing with different areas of electrical and electronics engineering. This book entitles various approaches involved in electrical, biomedical, and electronics for modern distribution of research strategies and covers the state-of-art research themes. These include signal sensing, signal simulators, 3D printing technology, power systems, data acquisition systems, instrumentation, electrochemical sensing, electromechanical measurements, and signal analysis. The book will provide the academic perspectives of the cutting-edge R&D outputs from the faculty members and Ph.D. students, amalgamating the newer cross-dimensional areas, such as cyber-physical systems, nanoelectronics, smart-sensors, point-of-need devices, etc. The book will become a benchmark to the readers to understand the academic aspect of the contemporary work and the way forward on how this will lead to help the society-at-large.

Small satellites use commercial off-the-shelf sensors and actuators for attitude determination and control (ADC) to reduce the cost. These sensors and actuators are usually not as robust as the available, more expensive, space-proven equipment. As a result, the ADC system of small satellites is more vulnerable to any fault compared to a system for larger competitors. This book aims to present useful solutions for fault tolerance in ADC systems of small satellites. The contents of the book can be divided into two categories: fault tolerant attitude filtering algorithms for small satellites and sensor calibration methods to compensate the sensor errors. MATLAB® will be used to demonstrate simulations. Presents fault tolerant attitude estimation algorithms for small satellites with an emphasis on algorithms'practicability and applicability Incorporates fundamental knowledge about the attitude determination methods at large Discusses comprehensive information about attitude sensors for small satellites Reviews calibration algorithms for small satellite magnetometers with simulated examples Supports theory with MATLAB simulation results which can be easily understood by individuals without a comprehensive background in this field Covers up-to-date discussions for small satellite attitude systems design Dr. Chingiz Hajiyev is a professor at the Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Istanbul Technical University (Istanbul, Turkey).Dr. Halil Ersin Soken is an assistant professor at the Aerospace Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University (Ankara, Turkey).

Multi-Component Force Sensing Systems focuses on the design, development, decoupling, and applications of multi-component force sensing systems. Force and moment information can be used as feedback to form an automatic control system to accomplish efficient manipulation. The origins of force measurement and control can be traced back to the late 1970s. Since then, multi-component F/M (force/moment) sensing systems have been widely known and intensively studied. In the past few years, force measurement practices have been significantly affected by new tools (such as digital force gauges, virtual instrumentation, high speed data acquisition systems, etc.) as well as sophisticated measurement methods such as mechano-magnetic, mechano-optical, etc. However, this is the first book to provide an overview of the topic. It will be a useful reference for students in physics and engineering working with robotic sensing systems and robotic systems, in addition to researchers and those working within industry. This work was supported in part by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (NSFC 62073129 and 61673163).Features:• Explores the development of force/torque sensing systems• Provides real applications of the multi-component force/torque sensing systems• Contains executable code for decoupling algorithmsAbout the Author:Qiaokang Liang is an Associate Professor with the College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University. He is currently the vice director of the Hunan Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robot Technology in Electronic Manufacturing and serving as the assistant director of the National Engineering Laboratory for Robot Vision Perception and Control. He received his Ph.D. degree in control science and engineering from the University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China, in 2011. His research interests include robotics and mechatronics, biomimetic sensing, advanced robot technology, and human–computer interaction.

This book reviews and showcases the design, fabrication and implementation of printed and flexible sensors and their range of applications. Since the use of flexible sensors has been demonstrated in almost every sector researchers are working towards optimization of present technologies and the implementation of new approaches, especially in light of developments emerging in printed and flexible electronics research. Some of the common issues faced and discussed include sensor stability in dynamic environments, non-availability of point-of-care devices, multifunctional sensing prototypes, requirement of high input power, saturation of sensitivity, difficulty in replacement of sensors operating in harsh real-time environments and need of biocompatible sensors for health monitoring.Key FeaturesReview of the various classes of printed flexible sensors and their applicationsEmbraces fabrication and characterization methods.Included applications for biomedical, industrial and environmental sciences.Includes present challenges and future directions.Contributions by international experts in their respective fields.

The field of flexible electronics has grown rapidly over the last two decades with diverse applications including wearable gadgets and medical equipment. This textbook comprehensively covers the fundamental aspects of flexible electronics along with materials and processing techniques. It discusses topics including flexural rigidity, flexible PCBs, organic semiconductors, nanostructured materials, material reliability, electronic reliability, crystalline and polymer materials, semiconductor processing, and flexible silicon in depth. The text covers advantages, disadvantages, and applications of processes such as sol-gel processing and ink-jet printing. Pedagogical features such as solved problems and unsolved exercises are interspersed throughout the text for better understanding.FEATURES Covers major areas such as materials, physics, processes, and applications of flexible electronics Contains homework problems for readers to understand concepts in an easy manner Discusses, in detail, various types of materials, such as flexible silicon, metal oxides, and organic semiconductors Explains the application of flexible electronics in displays, solar cells, and batteries Includes a section on stretchable electronics This textbook is primarily written for senior undergraduate and graduate students in electrical engineering, electronics, materials science, chemistry, and communication engineering for a course on flexible electronics. Teaching resources are available, including a solutions manual for instructors.

Due to increasing industry 4.0 practices, massive industrial process data is now available for researchers for modelling and optimization. Artificial Intelligence methods can be applied to the ever-increasing process data to achieve robust control against foreseen and unforeseen system fluctuations. Smart computing techniques, machine learning, deep learning, computer vision, for example, will be inseparable from the highly automated factories of tomorrow. Effective cybersecurity will be a must for all Internet of Things (IoT) enabled work and office spaces. This book addresses metaheuristics in all aspects of Industry 4.0. It covers metaheuristic applications in IoT, cyber physical systems, control systems, smart computing, artificial intelligence, sensor networks, robotics, cybersecurity, smart factory, predictive analytics and more.Key features: Includes industrial case studies. Includes chapters on cyber physical systems, machine learning, deep learning, cybersecurity, robotics, smart manufacturing and predictive analytics. surveys current trends and challenges in metaheuristics and industry 4.0. Metaheuristic Algorithms in Industry 4.0 provides a guiding light to engineers, researchers, students, faculty and other professionals engaged in exploring and implementing industry 4.0 solutions in various systems and processes.

Sensors for Stretchable Electronics in Nanotechnology discusses the fabrication of semiconducting materials, simple and cost-effective synthesis, and unique mechanisms that enable the fabrication of fully elastic electronic devices that can tolerate high strain. It reviews specific applications that directly benefit from highly compliant electronics, including transistors, photonic devices, and sensors. Discusses ultra-flexible electronics, highlighting its upcoming significance for the industrial-scale production of electronic goods Outlines the role of nanomaterials in fabricating flexible and multifunctional sensors and their applications in sensor technologies Covers graphene-based flexible and stretchable strain sensors Details various applications including wearable electronics, chemical sensors for detecting humidity, environmental hazards, pathogens, and biological warfare agents, and biosensors for detecting vital signals This book is a valuable resource for students, scientists, and professionals working in the research areas of sensor technologies, nanotechnology, materials science, chemistry, physics, biological and medical sciences, the healthcare industry, environmental science, and technology.

The book presents basic and advanced concepts of circularly polarized antennas, including design procedure and recent applications. Cross dipole antennas, microstrip antennas, helical antennas, quadrifilar helix antennas, frequency independent antennas, horn antennas, omnidirectional circularly polarized antennas and radial line arry antennas are discussed. With abundant examples, the book is an essential reference for researchers and engineers.

Monitoring continuous phenomena by stationary and mobile sensors has become a common due to the improvement in hardware and communication infrastructure and decrease in it's cost. Sensor data is now available in near real time via web interfaces and in machine-readable form, facilitated by paradigms like the Internet of Things (IoT). There are still some obstacles in the usability of the data since the positions (in space and time) of observation and the positions of interest usually do not coincide. Interpolation is the technique to fill such gaps and there are manifold methods to perform it. To actually operate a monitoring system, there are problems like unambiguous identification of interpolation method and associated parameters, appropriate interface to store observations and retrieve interpolated data, continuous update of the interpolation model for real time monitoring, compression and progressive retrieval of observational data and critical states definition and notification by using aggregation of values. This book proposes a general system architecture that addresses these problems. It is not confined to details about particular interpolation methods but rather takes a holistic view on the problem of monitoring. State-of-the-art technologies like geostatistics, sensor web enablement and field data types are introduced and applied in order to provide a viable toolset for the problem domain. The focus is on the overall organization of the monitoring and the architectural design of the software system and the associated simulation framework that is used to systematically evaluate different monitoring approaches. The whole cycle of a monitoring entailing observation, interpolation, discretization, storage, retrieval and notification is covered. Concrete solutions for several common problems in this context are provided.

This text discusses simulation process for circuits including clamper, voltage and current divider, transformer modeling, transistor as an amplifier, transistor as a switch, MOSFET modeling, RC and LC filters, step and impulse response to RL and RC circuits, amplitude modulator in a step-by-step manner for more clarity and understanding to the readers.It covers electronic circuits like rectifiers, RC filters, transistor as an amplifier, operational amplifiers, pulse response to a series RC circuit, time domain simulation with a triangular input signal, and modulation in detail. The text presents issues that occur in practical implementation of various electronic circuits and assist the readers in finding solutions to those issues using the software.Aimed at undergraduate, graduate students, and academic researchers in the areas including electrical and electronics and communications engineering, this book: Discusses simulation of analog circuits and their behavior for different parameters. Covers AC/DC circuit modeling using regular and parametric sweep methods. The theory will be augmented with practical electrical circuit examples that will help readers to better understand the topic. Discusses circuits like rectifiers, RC filters, transistor as an amplifier, and operational amplifiers in detail.

CMOS-based sensors offer significant advantages to life science applications, such as non-invasive long-term recordings, fast responses and label-free processes. They have been widely applied in many biological and medical fields for the study of living cell samples such as neural cell recording and stimulation, monitoring metabolic activity, cell manipulation, and extracellular pH monitoring. Compared to other sensing techniques, capacitive sensors are low-complexity, high-precision, label-free sensing methods for monitoring cellular activities such as cell viability, proliferation and morphology.

This book covers techniques that can be used to analyze data from IoT sensors and addresses questions regarding the performance of an IoT system. It strikes a balance between practice and theory so one can learn how to apply these tools in practice with a good understanding of their inner workings. This is an introductory book for readers who have no familiarity with these techniques.The techniques presented in An Introduction to IoT Analytics come from the areas of machine learning, statistics, and operations research. Machine learning techniques are described that can be used to analyze IoT data generated from sensors for clustering, classification, and regression. The statistical techniques described can be used to carry out regression and forecasting of IoT sensor data and dimensionality reduction of data sets. Operations research is concerned with the performance of an IoT system by constructing a model of the system under study and then carrying out a what-if analysis. The book also describes simulation techniques.Key Features IoT analytics is not just machine learning but also involves other tools, such as forecasting and simulation techniques. Many diagrams and examples are given throughout the book to fully explain the material presented. Each chapter concludes with a project designed to help readers better understand the techniques described. The material in this book has been class tested over several semesters. Practice exercises are included with solutions provided online at www.routledge.com/9780367686314 Harry G. Perros is a Professor of Computer Science at North Carolina State University, an Alumni Distinguished Graduate Professor, and an IEEE Fellow. He has published extensively in the area of performance modeling of computer and communication systems.

This completely updated second edition of an Artech House classic covers industrial applications and space and biomedical applications of magnetic sensors and magnetometers. With the advancement of smart grids, renewable energy resources, and electric vehicles, the importance of electric current sensors increased, and the book has been updated to reflect these changes. Integrated fluxgate single-chip magnetometers are presented. GMR sensors in the automotive market, especially for end-of-shaft angular sensors, are included, as well as Linear TMR sensors. Vertical Hall sensors and sensors with integrated ferromagnetic concentrators are two competing technologies, which both brought 3-axial single-chip Hall ICs, are considered. Digital fluxgate magnetometers for both satellite and ground-based applications are discussed. All-optical resonant magnetometes, based on the Coherent Population Trapping effect, has reached approval in space, and is covered in this new edition of the book. Whether you're an expert or new to the field, this unique resource offers you a thorough overview of the principles and design of magnetic sensors and magnetometers, as well as guidance in applying specific devices in the real world. The book covers both multi-channel and gradiometric magnetometer systems, special problems such as cross-talk and crossfield sensitivity, and comparisons between different sensors and magnetometers with respect to various application areas. Miniaturization and the use of new materials in magnetic sensors are also discussed. A comprehensive list of references to journal articles, books, proceedings and webpages helps you find additional information quickly.

The internet of things (IoT) has massive potential to transform current business models and enhance human lifestyles. With the current pace of research, IoT will soon find many new horizons to touch. IoT is now providing a base of technological advancement in various realms such as pervasive healthcare, smart homes, smart cities, connected logistics, automated supply chain, manufacturing units, and many more. IoT is also paving the path for the emergence of the digital revolution in industrial technology, termed Industry 4.0. Transforming the Internet of Things for Next-Generation Smart Systems focuses on the internet of things (IoT) and how it is involved in modern day technologies in a variety of domains. The chapters cover IoT in sectors such as agriculture, education, business and management, and computer science applications. The multi-disciplinary view of IoT provided within this book makes it an ideal reference work for IT specialists, technologists, engineers, developers, practitioners, researchers, academicians, and students interested in how IoT will be implemented in the next generation of smart systems and play an integral role in advancing technology in the future.

Sensors and measurement systems is an introduction to microsensors for engineering students in the final undergraduate or early graduate level, technicians who wants to know more about the systems they are using, and anybody curious enough to know what microsystems and microsensors can do. The book discusses five families of sensors: - Thermal sensors - Force and pressure sensors- Inertial sensors - Magnetic field sensors- Flow sensorsFor each sensor, theoretical, technology and application aspects are examined. The sensor function is modelled to understand sensitivity, resolution and noise. We ask ourselves: What do we want to measure? What are possible applications? How are the sensor chips made in the cleanroom? How are they mounted and integrated in a system?After reading this book, you should be able to:- Understand important thermal, mechanical, inertial and magnetic sensors- Work with characterization parameters for sensors- Choose sensors for a given application and apply them- Understand micromachining technologies for sensors

The book describes the development of innovative silicon sensors known as ultra-fast silicon detectors for use in the space-time tracking of charge particles. The first comprehensive collection of information on the topic, otherwise currently scattered in existing literature, this book presents a comprehensive introduction to the development of ultra-fast silicon detectors with the latest technology and applications from the field. It will be an ideal reference for graduate and postgraduates studying high energy and particle physics and engineering, in addition to researchers in the area.Key features Authored by a team of subject area specialists, whose research group first invented ultra-fast silicon detectors The first book on the topic to explain the details of the design of silicon sensors for 4-dimensional tracking Presents state-of-the-art results, and prospects for further performance evolutions The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-mono/10.1201/9781003131946/, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.Cover image credit goes to Marta Tornago

Nanosensors are innovative devices that exploit the unique properties exhibited by matter at the nanoscale. A growing and exciting field, nanosensors have recently spurred considerable research endeavors across the globe, driving a need for the development of new device concepts and engineering nanostructured materials with controlled properties. Nanosensors: Physical, Chemical, and Biological, Second Edition offers a panoramic view of the field and related nanotechnologies with extraordinary clarity and depth.Presenting an interdisciplinary approach, blending physics, chemistry and biology, this new edition is broad in scope and organised into six parts; beginning with the fundamentals before moving onto nanomaterials and nanofabrication technologies in the second part. The third and fourth parts provide a critical appraisal of physical nanosensors, and explore the chemical and biological categories of nanosensors. The fifth part sheds light on the emerging applications of nanosensors in the sectors of society, industry, and defense and details the cutting-edge applications of state-of-the-art nanosensors in environmental science, food technology, medical diagnostics, and biotechnology. The final part addresses self-powering and networking issues of nanosensors, and provides glimpses of future trends.This is an ideal reference for researchers and industry professionals engaged in the frontier areas of material science and semiconductor fabrication as well as graduate students in physics and engineering pursuing electrical engineering and electronics courses with a focus on nanoscience and nanotechnology.Key features: Provides an updated, all-encompassing exploration of contemporary nanosensors and highlights the exclusive nanoscale properties on which nanosensors are designed. Presents an accessible approach with a question-and-answer format to allow an easy grasp of the intricacies involved in the complex working mechanisms of devices. Contains clear, illustrative diagrams enabling the visualization of nanosensor operations, along with worked examples, end of chapter questions, and exhaustive up-to-date bibliographies appended to each chapter.

The book fills a void as a textbook with hands-on laboratory exercises designed for biomedical engineering undergraduates in their senior year or the first year of graduate studies specializing in electrical aspects of bioinstrumentation. Each laboratory exercise concentrates on measuring a biophysical or biomedical entity, such as force, blood pressure, temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, etc., and guides students though all the way from sensor level to data acquisition and analysis on the computer. The book distinguishes itself from others by providing electrical circuits and other measurement setups that have been tested by the authors while teaching undergraduate classes at their home institute over many years. Key Features:• Hands-on laboratory exercises on measurements of biophysical and biomedical variables• Each laboratory exercise is complete by itself and they can be covered in any sequence desired by the instructor during the semester• Electronic equipment and supplies required are typical for biomedical engineering departments • Data collected by undergraduate students and data analysis results are provided as samples• Additional information and references are included for preparing a report or further reading at the end of each chapterStudents using this book are expected to have basic knowledge of electrical circuits and troubleshooting. Practical information on circuit components, basic laboratory equipment, and circuit troubleshooting is also provided in the first chapter of the book.

Offering practical advice on a range of wavelengths, this highly accessible and self-contained book presents a broad overview of astronomical instrumentation, techniques, and tools. Drawing on the notes and lessons of the authors'established graduate course, the text reviews basic concepts in astrophysics, spectroscopy, and signal analysis. It includes illustrative problems and case studies and aims to provide readers with a toolbox for observational capabilities across the electromagnetic spectrum and the knowledge to understand which tools are best suited to different observations. It is an ideal guide for undergraduates and graduates studying astronomy.Features: Presents a self-contained account of a highly complex subject. Offers practical advice and instruction on a wide range of wavelengths and tools. Includes case studies and problems for further learning opportunities. Solutions Manual available upon qualifying course adoption.

Unmanned ships and autonomous ships are quickly becoming a reality, making shipping safer and more efficient. However, traditional tasks and functions are becoming blurred as new technology changes how the unique needs of different sectors are met. In addition to large vessels dedicated to the transport of goods and cargos across the oceans, major efforts are underway towards the automation of small coastal shipping that includes ferries, tugboats, supply and service vessels, and barges. Automated vehicles are also replacing conventional ships for inspecting and servicing pipelines, drilling platforms, wind farms and other offshore installations. Automated shipping is explored in terms of economics, technology, safety and the environment under the broad themes of ship design and engineering, command and control, navigation, communications, security, regulatory issues, and training. This includes initiatives for autonomous shipping as well as civilian implications of military ship automation programs. This book is primarily for maritime professionals, regulatory authorities, insurers, and environmental groups. It also suits undergraduate students involved in deck officer training, and graduate students and academics involved in research in ship design, operations and management.

Plastic Optical Fiber Sensors cover the fundamentals and applications of a new class of fiber sensors. With contributions from leading academics in the area, this book covers the theory of plastic optical fiber sensors or (POFs), as well as applications in oil, gas, biotechnology, and energy fields.Using multiple examples, the editors showcase the advantageous characteristics of POFs, such as ease of handling, large diameter, inexpensive peripheral components and simple termination tools. By doing so, the editors assert that there has been a proliferation of the use of POFs in new consumer products. The book also highlights uses for building various products, such as a POF sensor for oil trucker valve monitoring, a monitoring system for high voltage substation switch, an oil leaking sensor for offshore platforms and a solar tracker for illumination.Including over 300 black and white images, this book would be highly beneficial for professionals in manufacturing as well as academics in universities, particularly those who use optical fiber sensors on a regular basis.

Polymer optical fibers (POFs) have been regarded as a viable alternative to silica fibers in a variety of sensing applications. Fiber optic sensors offer key advantages over other sensing technologies, which include immunity to electromagnetic interference, compact, lightweight, multiplexing capability, and higher sensitivity. This book gives an overview of the polymer optical fiber Bragg grating (POFBG) technology over the last 20 years, covering aspects related to the fiber Bragg grating fabrication and also sensing applications. The book is split into five chapters, and it is written in such a way that can provide a comprehensive and simple route to new users, scientists and engineers working or wishing to work in the field of POFBGs: Describes the systems commonly employed for producing fiber Braggs gratings (FBGs) in silica fibers that can be used for the production of POFBGs; Explores different laser sources for the inscription of POFBGs; Explores the capability of using this technology at the visible and infrared region, in different fiber types (e.g., step-index, microstructured, unclad, highly birefringent) and in fibers composed of different polymer materials such as PMMA, doped PMMA, PS and ZEONEX; Reports the fabrication of different types of POF gratings, such as uniform, phase-shifted, tilted, chirped, and long-period gratings; Shows the opportunities of POFBGs for a variety of sensing applications. The insight to the use of POFBGs provides a vision for the opportunities of this fiber optic technology.

The Concise Industrial Flow Measurement Handbook: A Definitive Practical Guide covers the complete range of modern flow measuring technologies and represents 40 years of experiential knowledge within a wide variety of industries, and from more than 5000 technicians and engineers who have attended the author's workshops. This book covers all the current technologies in flow measurement, including high accuracy Coriolis, ultrasonic custody transfer, and high accuracy magnetic flowmeters. The book also discusses flow proving and limitations of different proving methods. This volume contains over 300 explanatory drawings and graphs and is presented in a form suitable for both the beginner, with no prior knowledge of the subject, as well as the more advanced specialist. This book is aimed at professionals in the field, including chemical engineers, process engineers, instrumentation and control engineers, and mechanical engineers.

Remote health monitoring using wearable sensors is an important research area involving several key steps: physiological parameter sensing and data acquisition, data analysis, data security, data transmission to caregivers, and clinical intervention, all of which play a significant role to form a closed loop system. Subject-specific behavioral and clinical traits, coupled with individual physiological differences, necessitate a personalized healthcare delivery model for around-the-clock monitoring within the home environment. Cardiovascular disease monitoring is an illustrative application domain where research has been instrumental in enabling a personalized closed-loop monitoring system, which has been showcased in this book.Health Monitoring Systems: An Enabling Technology for Patient Care provides a holistic overview of state-of-the-art monitoring systems facilitated by Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The book lists out the details on biomedical signal acquisition, processing, and data security, the fundamental building blocks towards an ambulatory health monitoring infrastructure. The fundamentals have been complimented with other relevant topics including applications which provide an in-depth view on remote health monitoring systems.Key Features: Presents examples of state-of-the-art health monitoring systems using IoT infrastructure Covers the full spectrum of physiological sensing, data acquisition, processing, and data security Provides relevant example applications demonstrating the benefits of technological advancements aiding disease prognosis This book serves as a beginner's guide for engineering students of electrical and computer science, practicing engineers, researchers, and scientists who are interested in having an overview of pervasive health monitoring systems using body-worn sensors operating outside the hospital environment. It could also be recommended as a reference for a graduate or master's level course on biomedical instrumentation and signal processing.

Design of analog multipliers discusses what an analog multiplier and its related types is, how different types of analog multipliers are implemented with analog two to one multiplexers and op-amps, and how the types of analog multipliers are implemented with transistors and op-amps. Describing forty-eight analog multiplier circuits, book explains six building blocks as integrator, comparator, switch, low pass filter, peak detector and sample & hold circuit. All analog multiplier circuits presented in this book use a maximum of four operational amplifiers which will enable the readers to simulate the multipliers with minimum number of components and use for their application at low cost.

This innovative resource is the first book that partitions the intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) sensor management process into partitioned functions that can be studied and optimized independently of each other through defined conceptual interfaces. The book explains the difference between situation information and sensor information and how to compute both. The information-based sensor management (IBSM) approach to real-time orchestrated resource management (ORM) of intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) assets in the physical, cyber, and social domains are detailed. The integrating concept of mission value through use of goal lattice (GL) methodology is explored. Approaches to implementing real-time sensor management (SM) systems by applying advanced information-based approaches that consider contextual situation and optimization of diverse sensor capabilities for information-based objectives are also covered. These methods have applications in physical intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR), as well as in cyber, and social domains. Based on 30 years of research in developing a mission-valued approach to maximizing the transfer of information from real, cyber, and social environments into a mission-valued, probabilistic representation of that environment on which decision makers can formulate actions, this is the only book that addresses real-time management of ISR from a first principles approach (information theory), and how information theory can be applied to the design and development of ISR systems.

This book provides the basic concepts and fundamental principles of dynamic systems including experimental methods, calibration, signal conditioning, data acquisition and processing as well as the results presentation. How to select suitable sensors to measure is also introduced. It is an essential reference to students, lecturers, professionals and any interested lay readers in measurement technology.

Because of unique water properties, humidity affects materials and many living organisms, including humans. Humidity control is important in various fields, from production management to creating a comfortable living environment. The range of materials that can be used in the development of humidity sensors is very broad, and the third volume of the Handbook of Humidity Measurement offers an analysis on various humidity-sensitive materials and sensor technologies used in the fabrication of humidity sensors and methods acceptable for their testing. Additional features include: numerous strategies for the fabrication and characterization of humidity-sensitive materials and sensing structures used in sensor applications, methods and properties to develop smaller, cheaper, more robust, and accurate devices with better sensitivity and stability, a guide to sensor selection and an overview of the humidity sensor market, and new technology solutions for integration, miniaturization, and specificity of the humidity sensor calibration.Handbook of Humidity Measurement, Volume 3: Sensing Materials and Technologies provides valuable information for practicing engineers, measurement experts, laboratory technicians, project managers in industries and national laboratories, and university students and professors interested in solutions to humidity measurement tasks. Despite the fact that this book is devoted to the humidity sensors, it can be used as a basis for understanding fundamentals of any gas sensor operation and development.

The rather specialized field of solar and infrared radiation measurements has become increasingly important due to the increased demands by the renewable energy and climate change research communities for data with higher accuracy and increased temporal and spatial resolutions. Recent advances in radiometry, measurement systems, and information dissemination also have increased the need for refreshing the literature available for this topic.This book provides the reader with an up-to-date review of the important aspects of solar and infrared radiation measurements: radiometer design; equipment installation, operation, maintenance, and calibration; data quality assessment parameters; and the knowledge necessary to properly interpret and apply the measured data to a variety of topics. Each of the authors has more than 40 years of experience with this subject, primarily as the result of developing and operating multiple measurement stations, working with the industry to improve radiometry, and conducting various research projects.The book's scope and subject matter have been designed to help a wide audience gain a general understanding of this subject and to serve as a technical reference. A student new to the field will benefit from the review of terminology and the historical perspective for radiometry before addressing more detailed topics in radiometry that we hope will be of interest to the more experienced reader. Describes the strengths and weaknesses of irradiance instruments Provides detailed information on how to assess uncertainty in measurements Offers comprehensive background information needed to understand the use of solar instrumentation Discusses design concepts for shadowband radiometers, sky imagers, and satellite-based estimates of solar irradiance at the Earth's surface Includes chapter-end questions, references, and useful links

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), directly related to chronic traumatic encephalopathy, presents a crisis in contact sports, the military, and public health. Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Science and Engineering Perspective reviews current understanding of mTBI, methods of diagnosis, treatment, policy concerns, and emerging technologies. It details the neurophysiology and epidemiology of brain injuries by presenting disease models and descriptions of nucleating events, characterizes sensors, imagers, and related diagnostic measures used for evaluating and identifying brain injuries, and relates emerging bioinformatics analysis with mTBI markers. The book goes on to discuss issues with sports medicine and military issues; covers therapeutic strategies, surgeries, and future developments; and finally addresses drug trials and candidates for therapy. The broad coverage and accessible discussions will appeal to professionals in diverse fields related to mTBI, students of neurology, medicine, and biology, as well as policy makers and lay persons interested in this hot topic.Features Summarizes the entire scope of the field of mTBI Details the neurophysiology, epidemiology, and presents disease models and descriptions of nucleating events Characterizes sensors, imagers, and related diagnostic measures and relates emerging bioinformatics analysis with mTBI markers Discusses issues with sports medicine and military issues Covers therapeutic strategies, surgeries, and future developments and addresses drug trials and candidates Dr Mark Mentzer earned his PhD in Electrical Engineering from the University of Delaware. He is a former research scientist at the US Army Research Laboratory where he studied mild traumatic brain injury and developed early-detection brain injury helmet sensors. He is a certified test director and contracting officer representative. He possesses two Level-III Defense Acquisition University Certifications in Science and Technology Management and in Test and Evaluation. During his career, he developed a wide range of sensors and instrumentation as well as biochemical processes to assess brain trauma. Mentzer currently teaches graduate systems engineering and computer science courses at the University of Maryland University College.

Long used in undergraduate and introductory graduate courses, Astrophysical Techniques, Seventh Edition provides an accessible yet comprehensive account of the innovate instruments, detectors, and techniques employed in astronomy and astrophysics. Emphasizing the underlying unity of all astronomical observations, this popular textbook provides a coherent state-of-the-art account of the instruments and techniques used in current astronomy and astrophysics.Fully updated throughout, this seventh edition builds upon the sixth edition, covering improved techniques and cutting-edge methods in the field, as well as other exciting new developments in gravitational waves, dark matter and energy, the use of photonics, and astronomy education and outreach, in addition to further detailed discussions on the latest scientific instruments and individual detectors. The book is written in a very accessible manner, and most of the mathematics is accessible to those who have attended a mathematics course in their final years at school. Nevertheless, the treatment of the topics in general is at a sufficiently high level to be of use to those professionals seeking technical information in areas of astronomy with which they might not be completely familiar.Key Features: Details the instrumentation and theory of astronomical observations, including radio waves, gamma rays, cosmic rays, neutrinos, gravitational waves and dark matter and energy and more Presents the background theory and operating practice of state-of-the-art detectors and instruments Fully updated to contain the latest technology and research developments

This book facilitates the VLSI-interested individuals with not only in-depth knowledge, but also the broad aspects of it by explaining its applications in different fields, including image processing and biomedical. The deep understanding of basic concepts gives you the power to develop a new application aspect, which is very well taken care of in this book by using simple language in explaining the concepts. In the VLSI world, the importance of hardware description languages cannot be ignored, as the designing of such dense and complex circuits is not possible without them. Both Verilog and VHDL languages are used here for designing. The current needs of high-performance integrated circuits (ICs) including low power devices and new emerging materials, which can play a very important role in achieving new functionalities, are the most interesting part of the book. The testing of VLSI circuits becomes more crucial than the designing of the circuits in this nanometer technology era. The role of fault simulation algorithms is very well explained, and its implementation using Verilog is the key aspect of this book. This book is well organized into 20 chapters. Chapter 1 emphasizes on uses of FPGA on various image processing and biomedical applications. Then, the descriptions enlighten the basic understanding of digital design from the perspective of HDL in Chapters 2–5. The performance enhancement with alternate material or geometry for silicon-based FET designs is focused in Chapters 6 and 7. Chapters 8 and 9 describe the study of bimolecular interactions with biosensing FETs. Chapters 10–13 deal with advanced FET structures available in various shapes, materials such as nanowire, HFET, and their comparison in terms of device performance metrics calculation. Chapters 14–18 describe different application-specific VLSI design techniques and challenges for analog and digital circuit designs. Chapter 19 explains the VLSI testability issues with the description of simulation and its categorization into logic and fault simulation for test pattern generation using Verilog HDL. Chapter 20 deals with a secured VLSI design with hardware obfuscation by hiding the IC's structure and function, which makes it much more difficult to reverse engineer.

Sensors are all around us. They are in phones, cars, planes, trains, robots, mils, lathes, packaging lines, chemical plants, power plants, etc. Modern technology could not exist without sensors. The sensors measure what we need to know and the control system then performs the desired actions. When an engineer builds any machine he or she needs to have basic understanding about sensors. Correct sensors need to be selected for the design right from the start. The designer needs to think about the ranges, required accuracy, sensor cost, wiring, correct installation and placement etc. Without the basic knowledge of sensors fundamental no machine can be built successfully today.The objective of this book is to provide the basic knowledge to electrical and mechanical engineers, engineering students and hobbyist from the field of sensors to help them with the selection of “proper” sensors for their designs. No background knowledge in electrical engineering is required, all the necessary basics are provided. The book explains how a sensor works, in what ranges it can be used, with what accuracy etc. It also provides examples of industrial application for selected sensors.The book covers all the major variables in mechanical engineering such as temperature, force, torque, pressure, humidity, position, speed, acceleration etc.The approach is always as follows:- Explain how the sensor works, what is the principle- Explain in what ranges and with what accuracy it can work- Describe its properties with charts, eventually equations- Give examples of such sensors including application examples

Surface Guided Radiation Therapy provides a comprehensive overview of optical surface image guidance systems for radiation therapy. It serves as an introductory teaching resource for students and trainees, and a valuable reference for medical physicists, physicians, radiation therapists, and administrators who wish to incorporate surface guided radiation therapy (SGRT) into their clinical practice. This is the first book dedicated to the principles and practice of SGRT, featuring: Chapters authored by an internationally represented list of physicists, radiation oncologists and therapists, edited by pioneers and experts in SGRT Covering the evolution of localization systems and their role in quality and safety, current SGRT systems, practical guides to commissioning and quality assurance, clinical applications by anatomic site, and emerging topics including skin mark-less setups. Several dedicated chapters on SGRT for intracranial radiosurgery and breast, covering technical aspects, risk assessment and outcomes. Jeremy Hoisak, PhD, DABR is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences at the University of California, San Diego. Dr. Hoisak's clinical expertise includes radiosurgery and respiratory motion management. Adam Paxton, PhD, DABR is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Radiation Oncology at the University of Utah. Dr. Paxton's clinical expertise includes patient safety, motion management, radiosurgery, and proton therapy.Benjamin Waghorn, PhD, DABR is the Director of Clinical Physics at Vision RT. Dr. Waghorn's research interests include intensity modulated radiation therapy, motion management, and surface image guidance systems.Todd Pawlicki, PhD, DABR, FAAPM, FASTRO, is Professor and Vice-Chair for Medical Physics in the Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences at the University of California, San Diego. Dr. Pawlicki has published extensively on quality and safety in radiation therapy. He has served on the Board of Directors for the American Society for Radiology Oncology (ASTRO) and the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM).

Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Optimierung kamerabasierter Lichtassistenzsysteme. Der Ansatz besteht in der Erweiterung der Sensorik um die sogenannte Car2X-Technologie. Diese ermöglicht die Kommunikation des Fahrzeugs mit der Umgebung, wozu beispielsweise Lichtsignalanlagen oder andere Verkehrsteilnehmer zählen. Zusätzlich zur Optimierung bestehender Systeme ermöglicht eine heterogene Sensordatenfusion auch die Realisierung neuer Funktionen. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit sind daher auch die erarbeiteten Funktionen synthetische gleitende Leuchtweitenregulierung und die Energieeffizienten Lichtfunktionen beschrieben. Neben der Konzepterarbeitung wird in dieser Arbeit auch auf den zugehörigen Versuchsaufbau und die Umsetzung eingegangen. Außerdem erfolgt eine Validierung und Bewertung der Ansätze über Erprobungen, Messungen und Untersuchungen, sowie eine Probandenstudie.

This book focuses primarily on the atomic force microscope and serves as a reference for students, postdocs, and researchers using atomic force microscopes for the first time. In addition, this book can serve as the primary text for a semester-long introductory course in atomic force microscopy. There are a few algebra-based mathematical relationships included in the book that describe the mechanical properties, behaviors, and intermolecular forces associated with probes used in atomic force microscopy. Relevant figures, tables, and illustrations also appear in each chapter in an effort to provide additional information and points of interest. This book includes suggested laboratory investigations that provide opportunities to explore the versatility of the atomic force microscope. These laboratory exercises include opportunities for experimenters to explore force curves, surface roughness, friction loops, conductivity imaging, and phase imaging.

This book presents the basic principles of optical sensor technology in line with the tremendous development in the concept of optical fibers. In the first four chapters, the book discusses the basic principles of optical sensor technology in a simplified manner, making it suitable for all levels of study and research. The seven remaining chapters are concerned with the practical applications of optical sensor technology in all fields such as oil and gas, civil engineering, medical and military fields and harsh environments.

Sensors are integral to modern living and are found in a huge number of applications in science, engineering and technology thus it is critical for scientists and technologists to understand the physical principles behind sensor types as well as their characteristics, applications, and how they can be suitably employed in sensor technologies. Whilst there exists a vast literature on the physics and characteristics of traditional sensors, this book provides a broad overview of the range of sensor technologies and attendant topics needed to optimise and utilise these devices in the modern world. Not only reviewing sensors by classification, the book encompasses the physics, design characteristics, simulation and interface electronics, and it includes case studies, future challenges and several other aspects of wider sensor technology to provide an overview of modern sensors and their applications. The broad scope will appeal to industrial and academic researchers and application engineers, especially those developing and implementing real-time hardware implementations employing smart sensors for emerging applications. Key Features Features a broad review of sensor types, including MEMS, wearable and smart sensors Presents application of modern sensors and emerging research directions Incorporates case studies Reviews wider associated technologies such as simulation, materials and interface electronics Interdisciplinary appeal making the text suitable for industrial and academic researchers as well as application engineers The book may be of interest to a wide spectrum of readers, such as research scholars, academia, and industry professionals. It is especially for those who employ smart sensors for emerging applications such as robotic arms, cognitive applications, and brain–computer interfaces who may want an overview to gather general ideas for a certain technology that employs modern sensors.John J Shea IEEE Electrical Engineering Magazine, May June 2021 Vol. 37

Control systems include many components, such as transducers, sensors, actuators and mechanical parts. These components are required to be operated under some specific conditions. However, due to prolonged operations or harsh operating environment, the properties of these devices may degrade to an unacceptable level, causing more regular fault occurrences. It is therefore necessary to diagnose faults and provide the fault-accommodation control which compensates for the fault of the component by substituting a configuration of redundant elements so that the system continues to operate satisfactorily. In this book, we present a result of several years of work in the area of fault diagnosis and fault-accommodation control. It aims at information estimate methods when faults occur. The book uses the model built from the plant or process, to detect and isolate failures, in contrast to traditional hardware or statistical technologies dealing with failures. It presents model-based learning and design technologies for fault detection, isolation and identification as well as fault-tolerant control. These models are also used to analyse the fault detectability and isolability conditions and discuss the stability of the closed-loop system. It is intended to report new technologies in the area of fault diagnosis, covering fault analysis and control strategies of design for various applications. The book addresses four main schemes: modelling of actuator or sensor faults; fault detection and isolation; fault identification, and fault reconfiguration (accommodation) control. It also covers application issues in the monitoring control of actuators, providing several interesting case studies for more application-oriented readers.

Advanced Chromatic Monitoring provides a major source of information about the novel approach of chromaticity with examples of how chromaticity may be deployed for various monitoring applications. It shows with examples what can be achieved with chromatic methods in producing relevant information with a variety of test techniques and in facilitating the interpretation of complex data about complicated situations. It will be of interest to postgraduates and researchers in a wide breadth of physical disciplines (engineering, medicine, environmental sciences) and those involved with data acquisition and analysis.Key Features: Applicable to a wide range of disciplines (engineering, medical, environmental, etc) and those interested in science, technology, data acquisition and analysis Provides an extrapolation of new knowledge well beyond that covered in existing literature with regard to dealing with complicated forms and sets of data Addresses inspiring and innovative areas of research including environmental, power delivery and medical monitoring About the Editors:Emeritus Professor Gordon R. Jones – founder and former Director of the Centre for Intelligent Monitoring Systems (CIMS), former Head of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, and former Director of Electric Arcs Research Group at the University of Liverpool. He was awarded the IEEE Education, Science and Technology Achievement Medal (1999).Professor Joe W. Spencer – the present Director of CIMS at the University of Liverpool, having been Head of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics at Liverpool. He is involved in operating a multi-million pound technology transfer unit (Sensor City, Liverpool) with whose establishment he played a major role and with which CIMS has major interactions.

Presents the first ever guide for vehicle scanning of the dynamic properties of bridges Written by the leading author on the subject of vehicle scanning method (VSM) for bridges, this book allows engineers to monitor every bridge of concern on a regular and routine basis, for the purpose of maintenance and damage detection. It includes a review of the existing literature on the topic and presents the basic concept of extracting bridge frequencies from a moving test vehicle fitted with vibration sensors. How road surface roughness affects the vehicle scanning method is considered and a finite element simulation is conducted to demonstrate how surface roughness affects the vehicle response. Case studies and experimental results are also included. Vehicle Scanning Method for Bridges covers an enhanced technique for extracting higher bridge frequencies. It examines the effect of road roughness on extraction of bridge frequencies, and looks at a dual vehicle technique for suppressing the effect of road roughness. A filtering technique for eliminating the effect of road roughness is also presented. In addition, the book covers the identification of bridge mode shapes, contact-point response for modal identification of bridges, and damage detection of bridges—all through the use of a moving test vehicle. The first book on vehicle scanning of the dynamic properties of bridges Written by the leading author on the subject Includes a state-of-the-art review of the existing works on the vehicle scanning method (VSM) Presents the basic concepts for extracting bridge frequencies from a moving test vehicle fitted with vibration sensors Includes case studies and experimental results The first book to fully cover scanning the dynamic properties of bridges with a vehicle, Vehicle Scanning Method for Bridges is an excellent resource for researchers and engineers working in civil engineering, including bridge engineering and structural health monitoring.

Be sure to take the SPIE online course Design, Modeling and Fabrication Techniques for Micro-optics: Applications to Display, Imaging, Sensing and Metrology, with author and course instructor Bernard Kress. Click here to register. This book is a timely review of the various optical architectures, display technologies, and building blocks for modern consumer, enterprise, and defense head-mounted displays for various applications, including smart glasses, smart eyewear, and virtual-reality, augmented-reality, and mixed-reality headsets. Special attention is paid to the facets of the human perception system and the need for a human-centric optical design process that allows for the most comfortable headset that does not compromise the user's experience. Major challenges--from wearability and visual comfort to sensory and display immersion--must be overcome to meet market analyst expectations, and the book reviews the most appropriate optical technologies to address such challenges, as well as the latest product implementations.

Imaging sensors are crucial for electronic imaging systems, including digital cameras, camera modules, medical imaging equipment, night vision equipment, radar and sonar, drones, and many others. This contributed book covers a wide range of frequency, sensing modalities and applications, including x-ray beam imaging sensors, optical scattering sensors, smart visual sensors in robotic systems, tuneable diode Laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) sensors, light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors, microwave imaging sensors, electro-magnetic imaging with ultra-wideband (UWB) sensors, synthetic aperture radar (SAR), electrical resistance tomography (ERT) sensors, electrical tomography for medical applications, electro-magnetic tomography (EMT) sensors, micro sensors for cell and blood imaging, and ultrasound imaging sensors.

Industrial IoT (IIoT) and Industry 4.0 are newly developing and fast emerging domains of interest among students, researchers, and professionals in academia and industry. Due to the popular demand of this topic, Introduction to Industrial Internet of Things and Industry 4.0 is written to serve a diverse readership from the domains of computer science and engineering, mechanical engineering, information technology, industrial engineering, electronics engineering, and other related branches of engineering. Based on the lead author's massive open online courses (MOOCs), this book can be used as a textbook on the emerging paradigm of Industry 4.0 and IIoT, as well as a reference for professionals working in sectors of IIoT.The book covers the significant aspects of IIoT in detail, including sensors, actuators, data transmission, and data acquisition, which form the core of IIoT. Topics and concepts are presented in a comprehensive manner, so that readers can develop expertise and knowledge. The book helps beginners to gain a basic idea of Industry 4.0 and IIoT as the first section is an overview of IoT applications, infrastructure-based protocols, cloud computing, and fog computing. The second section is designed to impart a basic knowledge of Industry 4.0 and IIoT as well as of the different phases of development in industry. Delving into more advanced areas, other sections in the book cover: The business models and reference architecture of IIoT The technological aspects of Industry 4.0 and IIoT Predictive and prescriptive analytics applied in IIoT-based implementations Applications and case studies of IIoT Key enabling technologies of IIoT To aid students and professional master IIoT and Industry 4.0, the book includes conceptual questions, exercises, and learning objectives.

Internet of Things (IoT) enabled technology is evolving healthcare from conventional hub-based systems to more personalized eHealth systems, enabling faster and safer preventive care, lower overall cost, improved patient-centric practice and enhanced sustainability. Efficient IoT-enabled eHealth systems can be realized by providing highly customized access to rich medical information and efficient clinical decisions to each individual with unobtrusive monitoring. Wireless medical sensor networks (WMSNs) are at the heart of this concept, and their development is a key issue if such a concept is to achieve its potential.