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This is the first book to bring together the increasingly complex radar automotive technologies and tools being explored and utilized in the development of fully autonomous vehicles – technologies and tools now understood to be an essential need for the field to fully mature. The book presents state-of-the-art knowledge as shared by the best and brightest experts working in the automotive radar industry today -- leaders who have “been there and done that.” Each chapter is written as a standalone'master class'with the authors, seeing the topic through their eyes and experiences. Where beneficial, the chapters reference one another but can otherwise be read in any order desired, making the book an excellent go-to reference for a particular topic or review you need to understand. You'll get a big-picture tour of the key radar needs for fully autonomous vehicles, and how achieving these needs is complicated by the automotive environment's dense scenes, number of possible targets of interest, and mix of very large and very small returns. You'll then be shown the challenges from – and mitigations to – radio frequency interference (RFI), an ever-increasing challenge as the number of vehicles with radars – and radars per vehicle grow. The book also dives into the impacts of weather on radar performance, providing you with insights gained from extensive real-world testing. You are then taken through the integration and systems considerations, especially regarding safety, computing needs, and testing. Each of these areas is influenced heavily by the needs of fully autonomous vehicles and are open areas of research and development. With this authoritative volume you will understand: How to engage with radar designers (from a system integrator / OEM standpoint); How to structure and set requirements for automotive radars; How to address system safety needs for radars in fully autonomous vehicles; How to assess weather impact on the radar and its ability to support autonomy; How to include weather effects into specifications for radars. This is an essential reference for engineers currently in the autonomous vehicle arena and/or working in automotive radar development, as well as engineers and leaders in adjacent radar fields needing to stay abreast of the rapid developments in this exciting and dynamic field of research and development.

This book gives you a comprehensive overview of key optimization tools that can be used to design radar waveforms and adaptive signal processing strategies under practical constraints -- strategies such as power method-like iterations, coordinate descent, and majorization-minimization – that help you to meet the more and more stressing sensing system requirements. The book walks you through how radar waveform synthesis is obtained as the solution to a constrained optimization problem such as finite energy, unimodularity (or being constant-modulus), and finite or discrete-phase (potentially binary) alphabet, which are dictated by the practical limitations of the real systems. Several approaches in each of these broad frameworks are detailed and various applications of these optimization techniques are described. Focusing on a holistic approach rather than a problem-specific approach, the book shows you what you need to effectively formulate waveform design and understand the flexibility of the framework for adapting to your own specific needs. You'll have full access to the tools and knowledge you need to design waveform with optimized correlation/cross-correlation properties for SISO/SIMO and MIMO radars, taking into account spectral constraints for cognitive rads, as well as coexistence with communications and mitigate possible Doppler and quantization errors, and more. The book also includes representative software codes that further help you generate the described solutions. With its unique style of covering mathematical results along with their applications from diverse areas, this is a much-needed, detailed handbook for industry researchers, scientists and designers including medical, marine, defense, and automotive companies. It is also an excellent resource for advanced courses on radar signal processing.

Polarimetric Radar Signal Processing provides an overview of advanced techniques and technologies developed for polarimetric radars to meet challenging performance requirements. It aims to cover some of the most challenging application fields, including: target detection for active and passive surveillance systems, interference suppression, detection of temporal changes in a given scene, environment classification, automatic target recognition, non-cooperative target imaging, polarimetric coding in radar and SAR systems, pol-SAR ambiguities suppression, space-debris detection, tracking, and classification, estimation of biological and behavioural parameters of insects, precipitations localization as well as type and motion parameters estimation via real-life practical polarimetric weather radar.

Novel deep learning approaches are achieving state-of-the-art accuracy in the area of radar target recognition, enabling applications beyond the scope of human-level performance. This book provides an introduction to the unique aspects of machine learning for radar signal processing that any scientist or engineer seeking to apply these technologies ought to be aware of.

The development of radar has been one of the most successful direct applications of physics ever attempted, and then implemented and applied at large scale. Certain watchwords of radar engineering have underpinned many of the developments of the past 80 years and remain potential avenues for improvement. For example,'Narrow beams are good','Fast detection is good','Agility is good', and'Clutter is bad'. All these statements of merit are true. The underlying principles for all these statements are the laws of physics, and they provide support for current radar designs. However, each of these statements is really a design choice, rather than their necessary consequence.

This book covers the use of SAR for maritime surveillance applications. It provides a comprehensive source of material on the subject, divided into two parts. The first part deals with models and techniques, while the second part is devoted to maritime surveillance applications. Each chapter covers the basic principles, a critical review of the current technology, techniques and applications, and the latest developments in the field.

This highly-anticipated second edition of the bestselling Cognitive Radar: The Knowledge-Aided Fully Adaptive Approach, the first book on the subject, provides up-to-the-minute advances in the field of cognitive radar (CR). Adaptive waveform methods are discussed in detail, along with optimum resource allocation and radar scheduling. Chronicling the field of cognitive radar (CR), this cutting-edge resource provides an accessible introduction to the theory and applications of CR, and presents a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in this emerging area. It covers important breakthroughs in advanced radar systems, and offers new and powerful methods for combating difficult clutter environments. You find details on specific algorithmic and real-time high-performance embedded computing (HPEC) architectures. This practical book is supported with numerous examples that clarify key topics, and includes more than 370 equations.

This book introduces advanced sparsity-driven models and methods and their applications in radar tasks such as detection, imaging and classification. Compressed sensing (CS) is one of the most active topics in the signal processing area. By exploiting and promoting the sparsity of the signals of interest, CS offers a new framework for reducing data without compromising the performance of signal recovery, or for enhancing resolution without increasing measurements.

This exciting new resource presents emerging applications of artificial intelligence and deep learning in short-range radar. The book covers applications ranging from industrial, consumer space to emerging automotive applications. The book presents several human-machine interface (HMI) applications, such as gesture recognition and sensing, human activity classification, air-writing, material classification, vital sensing, people sensing, people counting, people localization and in-cabin automotive occupancy and smart trunk opening. The underpinnings of deep learning are explored, outlining the history of neural networks and the optimization algorithms to train them. Modern deep convolutional neural network (DCNN), popular DCNN architectures for computer vision and their features are also introduced. The book presents other deep learning architectures, such as long-short term memory (LSTM), auto-encoders, variational auto-encoders (VAE), and generative adversarial networks (GAN). The application of human activity recognition as well as the application of air-writing using a network of short-range radars are outlined. This book demonstrates and highlights how deep learning is enabling several advanced industrial, consumer and in-cabin applications of short-range radars, which weren't otherwise possible. It illustrates various advanced applications, their respective challenges, and how they are been addressed using different deep learning architectures and algorithms.

This book provides an overview of radar waveform synthesis obtained as the result of computational optimization processes and covers the most challenging application fields. The book balances a practical point of view with a rigorous mathematical approach corroborated with a wealth of numerical study cases and some real experiments. Additionally, the book has a cross-disciplinary approach because it exploits cross-fertilization with the recent research and discoveries in optimization theory. The material of the book is organized into ten chapters, each one completed with a comprehensive list of references.

Non-Line-of-Sight Radar is the first book on the new and exciting area of detecting and tracking targets via radar multipath without direct-line-of-sight (DLOS). This revolutionary capability is finding new applications in the tracking of objects in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) urban environments including detection and tracking of UAVs. This book brings together for the first time all the essential underpinnings and techniques required to develop and field a viable NLOS radar. It presents many examples, including electromagnetic radiation propagation in urban NLOS environments, extracting building location and morphology from readily available terrain databases, predictive ray-tracing techniques, and multi-target NLOS tracking. Readers will learn how to apply radar to urban tracking that was previously deemed impossible. The book shows how real-time physics calculations can be incorporated into the radar processor, and how existing radar hardware can be adopted for non-line-of-sight radar use without major upgrades. Including results from both high-fidelity, physics-based simulations and actual flight test data, this book establishes the efficacy of NLOS radar in practical applications.

Synthetic aperture radar and inverse synthetic aperture radar (SAR/ISAR) images have been largely used for monitoring small to large areas and more specifically for target recognition/identification. However, the technology has limitations due to the use of classical monostatic, single channel, single frequency and single polarization systems. To overcome these limitations, solutions have been proposed that show the benefit of using multiple frequencies, spatial channels, polarisations and perspective, in one word multi-dimensional radar imaging systems when dealing with non-cooperative targets.

Human hands are natural tools for performing actions and gestures that interact with the physical world. Radar technology allows for touchless wireless gesture sensing by transmitting radio frequency (RF) signals to the target, analyzing the backscattering reflections to extract the target's movements, and thereby accurately detecting gestures for Human Computer Interaction (HCI). A key advantage of this technology is that it allows interaction with machines without any need to attach a sensing device to the hands. Led by researchers from Google's Project Soli, the authors introduce the concept and underpinning technology, cover all design phases, and provide researchers and professionals with the latest advances and innovations in microwave and millimeter wave radar sensing to capture relative movements such as micro gestures.

Tactical Persistent Surveillance Radar with Applications introduces technologists to the essential elements of persistent surveillance of tactical targets from both a hardware and software point of view, using simple Mathcad, Excel and Basic examples with real data. It is based on the type of surveillance done by drones like Scan Eagle, Predator, Reaper, Global Hawk, and manned aircraft like U-2, ASTOR, and JSTARS as well as spacecraft. The general topic is cellphone and datalink intercept, ground moving target radar, synthetic aperture radar, navigation, tracking, electronic scanning and cueing electro-optical sensors for activity based surveillance.

Cognitive dynamic systems are inspired by the computational capability of the brain and the viewpoint that cognition is a supreme form of computation. The key idea behind this new paradigm is to mimic the human brain as well as that of other mammals with echolocation capabilities which continuously learn and react to stimulations according to four basic processes: perception-action cycle, memory, attention, and intelligence.

Novel Radar Techniques and Applications presents the state-of-the-art in advanced radar, with emphasis on ongoing novel research and development and contributions from an international team of leading radar experts.

Recently, various algorithms for radar signal detection that rely heavily upon complicated processing and/or antenna architectures have been the subject of much interest. These techniques owe their genesis to several factors. One is revolutionary technological advances in high-speed signal processing hardware and digital array radar technology. Another is the stress on requirements often imposed by defence applications in areas such as airborne early warning and homeland security.

Radar Techniques Using Array Antennas is a thorough introduction to the possibilities of radar technology based on electronic steerable and active array antennas.

'Radar Systems: Technology, Principles and Applications'is a comprehensive book about modern radar techniques, describing systems and methods at the college and graduate student level. It covers radar principles, radar technology and the application of that technology. This book starts with Radar Cross Section (RCS) simulation and radar frequency synthesizers, describes a manipulation of RCS with plasma, and develops a millimeter wave frequency synthesizer for radar systems. Next, multipulse performance evaluation of adaptive detection of fluctuation radar targets and a C-band radar over an urban area are introduced, followed by the interpolation of the radial velocity data from coastal HF radars. At the finish, three-dimensional synthetic aperture radar (SAR) mechanisms and imaging is introduced, followed by GPU-based SAR raw data simulation for a complex three-dimensional scene. This book will be of practical use to engineers, technicians, planners, specifiers, and managers who work with radar systems and with systems containing radars and radar technology.

The ability to detect and locate targets by day or night, over wide areas, regardless of weather conditions has long made radar a key sensor in many military and civil applications. However, the ability to automatically and reliably distinguish different targets represents a difficult challenge. Radar Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) and Non-Cooperative Target Recognition (NCTR) captures material presented in the NATO SET-172 lecture series to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art and continuing challenges of radar target recognition.

This second of three volumes in the Principles of Modern Radar series offers a much-needed professional reference for practicing radar engineers. It provides the stepping stones under one cover to advanced practice with overview discussions of the most commonly used techniques for radar design, thereby bridging readers to single-topic advanced books, papers, and presentations. It spans a gamut of exciting radar capabilities from exotic waveforms to ultra-high resolution 2D and 3D imaging methods, complex adaptive interference cancellation, multi-target tracking in dense scenarios, multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) and much more. All of this material is presented with the same careful balance of quantitative rigor and qualitative insight of Principles of Modern Radar: Basic Principles. Each chapter is likewise authored by recognized subject experts, with the rigorous editing for consistency and suggestions of numerous volunteer reviewers from the radar community applied throughout. Advanced academic and training courses will appreciate the sets of chapter-end problems for students, as well as worked solutions for instructors. Extensive reference lists show the way for further study.

This is a complete handbook of Radar Signal Processing, Sound Navigation and Ranging Technology.

Chapter 1 - Radar Chapter 2 - Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System Chapter 3 - Doppler Radar Chapter 4 - Pulse-Doppler Radar Chapter 5 - Active Electronically Scanned Array Chapter 6 - Clutter Chapter 7 - Geo Warping Chapter 8 - Blip-to-scan Ratio and Conical Scanning Chapter 9 - Frequency Agility and Bistatic Radar Chapter 10 - Racon and Ground-penetrating Radar Chapter 11 - AN/FPS-16 Chapter 12 - AN/FPS-17 Chapter 13 - AN/FPQ-6 and Airport Surveillance Radar Chapter 14 - EL/M-2080 Green Pine and GIRAFFE Radar Chapter 15 - Chain Home Chapter 16 - Counter-battery Radar and SLC-2 Radar Chapter 17 - Joint Surveillance System Chapter 18 - Wave Radar Chapter 19 - Active Phased Array Radar

Chapter 1 - Radar Chapter 2 - Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System Chapter 3 - Doppler Radar Chapter 4 - Pulse-Doppler Radar Chapter 5 - Active Electronically Scanned Array Chapter 6 - Clutter Chapter 7 - Geo Warping Chapter 8 - Blip-to-scan Ratio and Conical Scanning Chapter 9 - Frequency Agility and Bistatic Radar Chapter 10 - Racon and Ground-penetrating Radar Chapter 11 - Phased Array Chapter 12 - Secondary Surveillance Radar Chapter 13 - Weather Radar

Chapter 1 - Digital Signal Processing Chapter 2 - Chirplet Transform and Electronic Counter-countermeasures Chapter 3 - Matched Filter Chapter 4 - Pulse Compression Chapter 5 - Doppler Radar and Moving Target Indication Chapter 6 - Pulse-Doppler Radar Chapter 7 - Radar Tracker Chapter 8 - Radar Signal Characteristics Chapter 9 - Johnson–Nyquist Noise Chapter 10 - Coherence Chapter 11 - Heterodyne Chapter 12 - Photoacoustic Doppler Effect Chapter 13 - Doppler Effect

This is the first book to discuss current and future applications of waveform diversity and design in subjects such as radar and sonar, communications systems, passive sensing, and many other technologies. Waveform diversity allows researchers and system designers to optimize electromagnetic and acoustic systems for sensing, communications, electronic warfare or combinations thereof. This book enables solutions to problems, explaining how each system performs its own particular function, as well as how it is affected by other systems and how those other systems may likewise be affected. It is an excellent standalone introduction to waveform diversity and design, which takes a high potential technology area and makes it visible to other researchers, as well as young engineers.

Phased-Array Radar Design is a text-reference designed for electrical engineering graduate students in colleges and universities as well as for corporate in-house training programs for radar design engineers, especially systems engineers and analysts who would like to gain hands-on, practical knowledge and skills in radar design fundamentals, advanced radar concepts, trade-offs for radar design and radar performance analysis.

This book text provides an overview of the radar target recognition process and covers the key techniques being developed for operational systems. It is based on the fundamental scientific principles of high resolution radar, and explains how the underlying techniques can be used in real systems, taking into account the characteristics of practical radar system designs and component limitations. It also addresses operational aspects, such as how high resolution modes would fit in with other functions such as detection and tracking.

Increasing information content is an important scientific problem in modern observation systems development. Radar, or microwave, imaging, a technique which combines radar techniques with digital or optical information processing, can be used for this purpose. Drawing on their own research, the authors provide an overview of the field and explain why a unified approach based on wave field processing techniques, including holographic and tomographic approaches, is necessary in high resolution radar design. Such techniques use the complex field incident on an observation surface to produce a hologram, which can be used to reconstruct an image of the object or to restore some of its physical parameters. This makes it possible to extract the size, coordinates and radar cross-section of individual scattering centres.

This new book from Richard Klemm, author of the highly successful Principles of Space-time Adaptive Processing (IEE,2002), examines the various applications of space-time adaptive processing including applications in OTH-radar, ground target tracking, STAP in real world clutter environments, jammer cancellation, superresolution, active sonar, seismics and communications. Including contributions from distinguished international authors, the book provides a unique overview of the field of space-time procesing. The book is divided in two parts; the first dealing with the classical adaptive suppression of airbourne and space based radar clutter and the second comprising of miscellaneous applications in other fields such as communications, underwater sound and seismics.

This book helps you master critical system analysis and design skills, and shows you how to use digital computer simulation to verify that an analysis is correct and that a design is optimal. This comprehensive resource covers a wide range of essential topics, from matrix, vector and linear equations, noise and clutter generation, Filters (FIR and IIR), and fast Fourier transforms...to ambiguity functions, antennas, target detection, and the Kalman filter...to the Monte Carlo method, constant false alarm rate (CFAR) processing, and moving target indicators (MTI).

This book deals with the basic theory for design and analysis of Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) radar systems. The design of one such multi-frequency high resolution LPI radar, PANDORA, is covered. This work represents the first time that the topic of multi-frequency radars is discussed in such detail and it is based on research conducted by the author in The Netherlands. The book provides the design tools needed for development, design, and analysis of high resolution radar systems for commercial as well as military applications. Software written in MATLAB and C++ is provided to guide the reader in calculating radar parameters and in ambiguity function analysis. Some radar simulation software is also included.

Through courses taught internally at the Institute for Defense Analysis, Dr. Roger Sullivan has devised a book that brings readers fully up to speed on the most essential quantitative aspects of general radar in order to introduce study of the most exciting and relevant applications to radar imaging and advanced concepts: Synthetic Aperture Radar (4 chapters), Space-time Adaptive Processing, moving target indication (MTI), bistatic radar, low probability of intercept (LPI) radar, weather radar, and ground-penetrating radar. Whether you are a radar novice or experienced professional, this is an essential reference that features the theory and practical application of formulas you use in radar design every day. With this book, you are taken step-by-step through the development of modern airborne microwave radar, up to the cutting edge of emergent technologies including new results on theoretical 2D and 3D SAR point-spread functions (PSF) and current discussions concerning dechirp/deskew processing, layover in SAR images, vibrating targets, foliage penetration, image quality parameters, and more. Plus, for students of electrical engineering, physics, and radar, this book provides the best source of basic airborne radar understanding, as well as a broad introduction to the field of radar imaging.

Radar cross section (RCS) is a comparison of two radar signal strengths. One is the strength of the radar beam sweeping over a target, the other is the strength of the reflected echo sensed by the receiver. This book shows how the RCS gauge can be predicted for theoretical objects and how it can be measured for real targets. Predicting RCS is not easy, even for simple objects like spheres or cylinders, but this book explains the two exact forms of theory so well that even a novice will understand enough to make close predictions. Weapons systems developers are keenly interested in reducing the RCS of their platforms. The two most practical ways to reduce RCS are shaping and absorption. This book explains both in great detail, especially in the design, evaluation, and selection of radar absorbers. There is also great detail on the design and employment of indoor and outdoor test ranges for scale models or for full-scale targets (such as aircraft). In essence, this book covers everything you need to know about RCS, from what it is, how to predict and measure, and how to test targets (indoors and out), and how to beat it.

Radar Principles for the Non-specialist, 3rd Edition continues its popular tradition: to distil the very complex technology of radar into its fundamentals, tying them to the laws of nature on one end and to the most modern and complex systems on the other. It starts with electromagnetic propagation, describes a radar of the utmost simplicity, and derives the radar range equation from that simple radar. Once the radar range equation is available, the book attacks the meaning of each term in it, moving through antennas, detection and tracking, radar cross-sections, waveforms and signal processing, and systems applications. At the finish, the reader should be able to do an acceptable, first order radar design and to critique the design of others. Students, engineers, scientists and managers will benefit from this book. The more noticeable enhancements to the third edition are the additions of equation numbers, more numerical examples, tables and figures showing many of the concepts numerically, and exercises for almost all of the concepts. These enhancements make the book easier to learn from and easier to teach out of.

This book presents a comprehensive tutorial exposition of radar detection using the methods and techniques of mathematical statistics. The material presented is as current and useful to today's engineers as when the book was first published by Prentice-Hall in 1968 and then republished by Artech House in 1980. The book is divided into six parts. Part I is introductory and describes the nature of the radar detection problem. Part II reviews the mathematical tools necessary for a study of detection theory. Part III contains tutorial expositions in a radar context of the classical signal-to-noise and a posteriori theories, both of which have played important roles in the evolution of modern radar. The unifying theme of the book is provided by statistical decision theory, introduced in the last chapter of Part III, which provides the framework for the chapters that follow. The first three chapters of Part IV contain a unified tutorial exposition of single and multiple hit detection theory. The last two chapters are respectively devoted to the use of the radar equation and a discussion of cumulative detection probability. The latter includes a procedure for minimizing the power-aperture product of a search radar. The performance of near-optimum multiple hit detection strategies are considered in Part V. These include binary and pulse train detection strategies. The first chapter in Part VI applies sequential detection theory to the radar detection problem. It includes the Marcus and Swerling test strategy and a two-step approximation to sequential detection. The second chapter contains the development of Bayes decision rules and Bayes receivers for optimizing the detection of multiple targets with unknown parameters, such as range, velocity, angle, etc.

This book presents a unique and comprehensive introduction to modern radar techniques using array antennas. The author focuses upon the principles, system concepts and techniques using electronic steerable and active array antennas for future high standard multifunction radar systems in both military and civil applications. Signal processing and array antennas are discussed from an engineering perspective, as a basis for system design. The key areas covered include array signal processing, adaptive digital beamforming, adaptive monopulse, superresolution, sequential detection, SAR with an active array for moving target detection, target imaging, adaptive clutter suppression, pulse compression with low range sidelobes and high range resolution, target detection with long pulse series, energy management and system parameter relations. Several new and effective radar techniques using array antennas are also discussed based on the pioneering work conducted by the authors team at FGAN, complete with experimental simulation results. The book will prove useful for engineers and scientists who work on research, development and systems design in the radar field as well as those who are responsible for radar decision making and planning within the government or industry.

A practical tool on radar systems that will be of major help to technicians, student engineers and engineers working in industry and in radar research and development. The many users of radar as well as systems engineers and designers will also find it highly useful. Also of interest to pilots and flight engineers and military command personnel and military contractors.''This introduction to the field of radar is intended for actual users of radar. It focuses on the history, main principles, functions, modes, properties and specific nature of modern airborne radar. The book examines radar's role within the system when carrying out is assigned missions, showing the possibilities of radar as well as its limitations. Finally, given the changing operational requirements and the potential opened up by modern technological developments, a concluding section describes how radar may evolve in the future. The authors review the current state of the main types of airborne and spaceborne radar systems, designed for specific missions as well as for the global environment of their host aircraft or satellites. They include numerous examples of the parameters of these radars. The emphasis in the book is not only on a particular radar technique, but equally on the main radar functions and missions. Even if a wide range of techniques are described in this book, the focus is on those which are connected to practical applications.

Dieses Buch wendet sich an Studierende und Ingenieure, die im Bereich der Radartechnik tätig sind oder sich in diese Thematik einarbeiten wollen. Diese gut verständliche Einführung in die moderne Radartechnik besticht durch Praxisbezug und Aktualität. Das Buch eignet sich als Lehrbuch sowie als Nachschlagewerk. Im ersten Teil werden neben den Grundlagen die Leistungsfähigkeit und Grenzen der praktischen Realisierbarkeit moderner Radarverfahren aufgezeigt. Im Anschluß erfolgt eine ausführliche Behandlung des Radars mit synthetischer Apertur - im deutschsprachigen Raum die erste umfassende und geschlossene Darstellung dieser hochaktuellen Technologie.

What is radar? What systems are currently in use? How do they work? Understanding Radar Systems provides engineers and scientists with answers to these critical questions, focusing on actual radar systems in use today. It's the perfect resource for those just entering the field or a quick refresher for experienced practitioners. The book leads readers through the specialized language and calculations that comprise the complex world of modern radar engineering as seen in dozens of state-of-the-art radar systems. The authors stress practical concepts that apply to all radar, keeping math to a minimum. Most of the book is based on real radar systems rather than theoretical studies. The result is a valuable, easy-to-use guide that makes the difficult parts of the field easier and helps readers do performance calculations quickly and easily.