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In this second edition, most chapters of the first edition, which published in 2017, have been revised and recent advancement of electron microscopy such as differential phase contrast (DPC) STEM, sparse-coding image processing and quantum electron microscopy have been supplemented with further details. This book explains the basis of imaging and diffraction in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) in the style of a textbook. The book focuses on the explanation of electron microscopic imaging of TEM and STEM without including in the main text distracting information on basic knowledge of crystal diffraction, wave optics, electron lens, and scattering and diffraction theories, which are explained separately in the appendices. The comprehensive explanation is provided on the basis of Fourier transform theory, and this approach is unique in comparison with other advanced resources on high-resolution electron microscopy. With the present textbook, readers are led to understand the essence of the imaging theories of TEM and STEM without being diverted by various kinds of knowledge around electron microscopy. The up-to-date information in this book, particularly on imaging details of STEM and aberration corrections, is valuable worldwide for today's graduate students and professionals just starting their careers.

This edited book covers a wide range of novel scientific and engineering aspects of diamond films produced from chemical vapor deposition. It focuses on the most recent developments and achievements in this rapidly growing field from scientists and engineers across the domains of chemistry, biology, medicine, physics, and semiconductor engineering.The latest volume of this consistently well-cited book brings an updated, systematic review of the latest developments in diamond research and application. Featuring contributed chapters from a mix of highly-active international researchers, this new edition presents recent research focusing on topics such as diamond for thermal management in high-power electronics, diamond MOSFETs, water treatment, application of machine learning for nanodiamonds, theoretical aspects of diamond growth, current trends in emerging diamond technologies, and the growth of doped single-crystal diamond. This book is especially appealing to interdisciplinary researchers and industry professionals working on advanced diamond devices and applications, as well as theoretical and computational methods for predicting and designing new diamond materials.

This book highlights the fundamental concepts related to 57Fe Mössbauer spectrometry, useful for graduate students and researchers. The first three chapters present essential topics related to nuclear, quantum mechanics and magnetism. The final parts of the book focus on the fundamentals and applications of 57Fe Mössbauer spectrometry. As Mössbauer spectrometry is used by students and researchers in various disciplines, this book presents the essential aspects in the relevant subject areas. The Mössbauer parameters of Fe-based alloys, ferrimagnetic, antiferromagnetic and superconducting materials, as well as applications in earth sciences, life sciences and extraterrestrial studies, are covered.

This book includes selected peer reviewed articles presented at the 7th International Conference on Materials Engineering and Nanotechnology 2023 (ICMEN 2023) held on 04-05Nov at Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia. It highlights recent innovative approach and developments in materials engineering and nanotechnology fields. A broad range of topics and issues in modern materials science and nanotechnology are discussed, including advanced materials synthesis and characterization, nanoscale science and engineering, functional composite and nanomaterials, sustainable materials and green technologies. The importance and relevance of these proceedings lie in their contribution to the scientific community's collective knowledge and understanding of materials science/engineering and nanotechnology. By disseminating cutting-edge research findings and innovations, these proceedings foster collaboration, inspire new ideas, and push the boundaries of scientific discovery. Given its scope, this book will be of interest to a wide readership, including materials and nanotechnology engineers, scholars and researchers in science, technology and engineering disciplines.

This book offers a comprehensive review on the latest developments in the field of nanotribology. With contributed chapters covering instrumental aspects, theoretical models, and selected experimental results, this book provides a broad overview of the fundamental issues currently being investigated in the field. The updated third edition includes new topics such as molecular tribology, multiscale structural lubricity, tribofilm growth, nanoscale friction in liquids, and nanotribology at insect-plant interfaces. Written by a highly qualified group of international experts, this book aims to be a key reference on the subject for the next five to ten years, highlighting the importance of understanding the atomistic origins of friction and wear in everyday life and in technical applications.

This book presents selected articles from the 3rd International Conference on Nanomaterials and Advanced Composites (NAC 2022) held at Tokushima University in Japan. This event brought together leading researchers and professionals from academia and industry to present their latest findings and served as a platform for the exchange of ideas aiming for further collaborations. Participants from over six countries shared their most up-to-date knowledge in their respective fields covering nanotechnology, nanomaterials, and advanced composites. Even though this conference had both on-site and remotely connected attendees, the main purpose to promote the networking among academics, engineers, and students was fully achieved. This book is part of the effort to disseminate the knowledge gathered during this meeting. The collection of articles covers topics on advanced composites, nanomaterials, ecological materials, energy, microfluidics, crystal growth, and photocatalysis. This representative account of the conference is intended to provide new and useful insights for prospective studies in materials science and engineering.

This book reports on advances in fundamental and applied research at the interface between nanotechnology and biomedical engineering. Gathering peer-reviewed contributions to the 6th International Conference on Nanotechnologies and Biomedical Engineering, ICNBME held on September 20-23, 2023, in Chisinau, Republic of Moldova, this first volume of the proceedings focuses on nanotechnologies and nano-biomaterials, and their applications in medicine. With a good balance of theory and practice, the book offers a timely snapshot of multidisciplinary research at the interface between physics, chemistry, biomedicine, materials science, and engineering.

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This book highlights some aspects of processing, microstructure, and properties of materials in fibrous form, or from fibers, with wide applications for textile-oriented and technically oriented advanced products. Emphasis is placed on the physical and chemical nature of the processes, describing the behavior and properties of the investigated materials. The chapters describing the state and expected trends in selected areas summarize not only the published works but also the original results and the critical evaluation and generalization of basic knowledge. In addition to the preparation of materials with new effects, attention is focused on the development of new testing principles, the construction of special devices, and metrological aspects. Research activities cover all types of fibers with a clear shift toward synthetic and specialty fibers for non-clothing applications. This is in line with the current development trend in the field of high-performance fibers, mainly for useas reinforcement in various composite materials and functional fibers for smart textiles. The area of fibrous materials covered in this book is indeed very large. Compressing the basic available information in a reasonable space was therefore a difficult task. The goal in writing this book was to provide a broad area of different results so that the book is suitable for anyone who is generally interested in fibrous materials and their applications for various purposes.

This book is based on a course of lectures aimed at undergraduate and graduate students studying materials science and welding at the E.O. Paton Institute of Materials Science and Welding National Technical University of Ukraine'Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute.'The book is divided into four parts, each focusing on various aspects of magnetic solitons in ferromagnetic nanosystems.The first two parts of the book cover the quantum and thermodynamic properties of uniaxial ferromagnetic films with strong magnetic anisotropy and cylindrical nanowires made of different chemical compositions (ferrite-garnet, iron, nickel). These properties are related to the presence of'kink'solitons, which are vertical Bloch lines (BLs) and domain walls (DWs) of transverse type, respectively.The third part of the book discusses the effect of thermal motion of transverse-type DWs on the magnetocaloric effect in cylindrical iron and nickel nanowires. The fourth part of the book explores the conditions that lead to structural transitions between different types of DWs, including transverse, asymmetric, and DWs with a Bloch point (point soliton).Each part of the book is summarized at the end, highlighting the main results presented. Overall, the book is designed to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of magnetic solitons in ferromagnetic nanosystems and their associated quantum, thermodynamic, and structural properties.

Molecular self-assembly has been exploited by nature for developing the higher functional macromolecular structures of both the genome and proteome. Inspired by nature, there has been a surge of research, in the last two decades, for the molecular engineering of peptide-based self-assembling nanostructures, adopting the bottom-up design approach. This book gives the reader an overview on the design rules for de novo self-assembling peptide and reviews the diverse range of bioinspired peptide nanostructures such as β-sheet and β-hairpin, α-helical and coiled coil, self-assembling short peptides and peptidomimetics, collagen-based and elastin-like peptides, silk peptides, peptide amphiphiles, peptides co-polymers and others. The book also covers the wide variety of responsive and functional biomaterials that have been innovated based on those nanostructures for various applications ranging from tissue engineering, therapeutics and drug delivery to antimicrobial nanomaterials and biosensors. Finally, the book also discusses the peptide bionanomaterials global market and the future of the emerging industry.Chapter “Characterization of Peptide-Based Nanomaterials” is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

The goal of this textbook is to equip readers with as structured knowledge of soft robotics as possible. Seeking to overcome the limitations of conventional robots by making them more flexible, gentle and adaptable, soft robotics has become one of the most active fields over the last decade. Soft robotics is also highly interdisciplinary, bringing together robotics, computer science, material science, biology, etc. After the introduction, the content is divided into three parts: Design of Soft Robots; Soft Materials; and Autonomous Soft Robots. Part I addresses soft mechanisms, biological mechanisms, and soft manipulation & locomotion. In Part II, the basics of polymer, biological materials, flexible & stretchable sensors, and soft actuators are discussed from a materials science standpoint. In turn, Part III focuses on modeling & control of continuum bodies, material intelligence, and information processing using soft body dynamics. In addition, the latest research resultsand cutting-edge research are highlighted throughout the book. Written by a team of researchers from highly diverse fields, the work offers a valuable textbook or technical guide for all students, engineers and researchers who are interested in soft robotics.

This book brings together multiple aspects of the recent research conducted in the field of nanotechnology covering topics such as the synthesis of various nanoparticles, nanorods, graphene, graphene oxide-metal composites, characterization of these materials, and ample aspects of various applications including in heavy metal sensing, optoelectronic devices, gas sensing, solar cells, biomedical sensors, role in the drug delivery, and waste-water treatment. The book is of interest to early career researchers, who are trying to grasp multiple aspects of nanomaterials and nanocomposite synthesis and its potential applications.

This book highlights the morphology-property relationship of regenerated cellulose materials and composites, as morphology of materials is the key feature and corresponds to associated applications of/to the materials. It is highly essential to assimilate the literature on morphology-property relationship of cellulose materials. Being the most abundant natural polymer on earth and gateway to large number of applications, cellulose is expected to be researched for higher efficiencies. Various books and research articles have targeted the specific morphologies, the respective characteristics and application areas. This book presents literature on morphology-property relationship of cellulose materials and provides a direction to this relationship. ​

This book focuses on in-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM), an investigatory technique used to observe a sample's response to a given stimulus (including electron irradiation, thermal excitation, mechanical force, optical excitation, electric and magnetic fields) at the nanoscale in real time. The book introduces readers to the technical strategy behind the in-situ technique and its developments. It reviews the research frontiers of using in-situ TEM in energy conversion and storage, catalysis, nanomaterials synthesis, nanoelectronics, etc. Furthermore, it discusses the future prospects for in-situ TEM. The book offers a valuable guide for all undergraduate and graduate students who are interested in TEM characterization technology. It also serves as a reference source on cutting-edge in-situ techniques for researchers and engineers.

This book discusses the synthesis of catalytic materials with improved and tailored functionalities via the sol-gel method. Beginning with a general outline of traditional sol-gel chemistry, the book gradually explores surrounding topics, such as the formation of porous structures, while guiding the overall discussion toward the synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts and focusing throughout on the structure-activity relationship in catalytic materials. Featuring several case studies covering major current industrial applications, the book is an ideal guide for researchers looking to tailor catalytic materials for a specific catalytic process and thus exploiting the versatility of the “traditional” sol-gel method.

Special topic volume with invited peer-reviewed papers only

This comprehensive reference work satisfies the need for in-depth and multidisciplinary coverage of the current state of the art of magnetic hybrid nanoalloys (MHNAs) and their polymer and ceramic nanocomposites. MHNAs represent one of the most challenging research areas in modern science and technology. These materials are stiff and strong with remarkable electronic, mechanical, electrical, thermal and biocompatible properties, and a high potential for multifunctional applications ranging from industry to medicine. The peer-reviewed literature is already extensive, witnessing rapid progress in experimental and theoretical studies on fundamental properties as well as various advanced applications. Part 1 covers theory, modelling, and synthesis (growth and alloying mechanisms) of MHNAs. Formation mechanisms of magneto-electric multiferroic materials, magnetic carbon nanotube (CNTs), and perovskite materials, which are a novel class of next-generation multifunctional nanomaterials, are discussed. The second part focuses on characterization techniques for electrical and dielectrical, rheological, biocompatibility, and other properties, as well as applications in the industrial, agricultural, environmental, and biomedical sectors. Finally, life cycle assessment is considered as essential to the development of nanomaterials and nanoproducts from MHNAs. Advanced undergraduate and graduate students, researchers, and other professionals in the fields of materials science and engineering, polymer science, surface science, bioengineering, and chemical engineering will find comprehensive and authoritative information for solving fundamental and applied problems in the characterization and use of these multifunctional nanomaterials.

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This handbook presents the current state-of-knowledge in the area of epoxy fiber composites. The book emphasizes new challenges and covers synthesis, characterization, and applications of epoxy/fiber composites. Leading researchers from industry, academy, government and private research institutions across the globe have contributed to this book. The contents comprehensively cover the current status, trends, future directions, and application opportunities in the field. This highly application-oriented handbook will be of use to researchers and professionals alike.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in a wide range of biomaterials for the development of smart and advanced functional materials. It discusses the fundamentals of bio-interfacial interactions and the surface engineering of emerging biomaterials like metals and alloys, polymers, ceramics, and composites/nanocomposites. In turn, the book addresses the latest techniques and approaches to engineering material surfaces/interfaces in, e.g., implants, tissue engineering, drug delivery, antifouling, and dentistry. Lastly, it summarizes various challenges in the design and development of novel biomaterials. Given its scope, it offers a valuable source of information for students, academics, physicians and particularly researchers from diverse disciplines such as material science and engineering, polymer engineering, biotechnology, bioengineering, chemistry, chemical engineering, nanotechnology, and biomedical engineering for various commercial and scientificapplications.

This Handbook covers the fundamentals of carbon nanotubes (CNT), their composites with different polymeric materials (both natural and synthetic) and their potential advanced applications. Three different parts dedicated to each of these aspects are provided, with chapters written by worldwide experts in the field. It provides in-depth information about this material serving as a reference book for a broad range of scientists, industrial practitioners, graduate and undergraduate students, and other professionals in the fields of polymer science and engineering, materials science, surface science, bioengineering and chemical engineering.Part 1 comprises 22 chapters covering early stages of the development of CNT, synthesis techniques, growth mechanism, the physics and chemistry of CNT, various innovative characterization techniques, the need of functionalization and different types of functionalization methods as well as the different properties of CNT. A full chapter is devoted to theory and simulation aspects. Moreover, it pursues a significant amount of work on life cycle analysis of CNT and toxicity aspects.Part 2 covers CNT-based polymer nanocomposites in approximately 23 chapters. It starts with a short introduction about polymer nanocomposites with special emphasis on CNT-based polymer nanocomposites, different manufacturing techniques as well as critical issues concerning CNT-based polymer nanocomposites. The text deeply reviews various classes of polymers like thermoset, elastomer, latex, amorphous thermoplastic, crystalline thermoplastic and polymer fibers used to prepare CNT based polymer composites. It provides detailed awareness about the characterization of polymer composites. The morphological, rheological, mechanical, viscoelastic, thermal, electrical, electromagnetic shielding properties are discussed in detail. A chapter dedicated to the simulation and multiscale modelling of polymer nanocomposites is an additional attraction of this part of the Handbook.Part 3 covers various potential applications of CNT in approximately 27 chapters. It focuses on individual applications of CNT including mechanical applications, energy conversion and storage applications, fuel cells and water splitting, solar cells and photovoltaics, sensing applications, nanofluidics, nanoelectronics and microelectronic devices, nano-optics, nanophotonics and nano-optoelectronics, non-linear optical applications, piezo electric applications, agriculture applications, biomedical applications, thermal materials, environmental remediation applications, anti-microbial and antibacterial properties and other miscellaneous applications and multi-functional applications of CNT based polymer nanocomposites. One chapter is fully focussed on carbon nanotube research developments: published papers and patents. Risks associated with carbon nanotubes and competitive analysis of carbon nanotubes with other carbon allotropes are also addressed in this Handbook.

This book presents experimental as well as simulation methodologies for analysis and development of nanostructures for introducing the desirable effects through modifications in the basic structure of select nanomaterials. The initial chapters in this book focus on exploring the basic aspects of nanomaterials, e.g., distinguishing features, synthesis, processing, characterization, simulation and application dimensions, or nanostructures that enable novel/enhanced properties or functions. The chapters also cover the size-dependent electronic, optical, and magnetic properties of nanomaterials in exposing the specific properties essential for applications in nanophotonics, nanoplasmonics, nanosystems (e.g., biological, medical, chemical, catalytic, energy, and environmental applications), and nanodevices (e.g., electronic, photonic, magnetic, imaging, diagnostic, and sensor applications). This book is a useful resource for students, researchers, and technologists in gathering recent knowledge on novel nanostructures and their use in different application areas.

This book highlights the applications of nanotechnology in modern medicine. Today we are living in a world of fast-changing behavior and lifestyles. Despite health and wellbeing are often pronounced and enforced, the diseases and illnesses are emerging in different forms, at an alarming rate. Protecting the mankind is becoming ever more challenging. In this backdrop, medicine needs new approaches and technologies to build the defenses. Nanotechnology is successfully confronting the situation. It does so in two avenues, namely, nanomaterials, and, nanodevices. Nanomaterials possess extraordinary properties that are utilized to confront bacteria and viruses, and for targeted drug delivery. Nanodevices can be maneuvered inside the human body to reach extreme locations. This book presents the latest developments in these areas. ​

Nanocarbon chemistry and physics is a fast-developing, broad research area – the Nobel prizes in 1996 and 2010 awarded to two key discoveries in the field, and several other nanocarbon achievements of comparable importance. Owing to this rapid growth, the nanocarbon landscape fundamentally changes every few years, creating a need to survey the field on a regular basis to update the books that have become incomplete or even obsolete. As such, this book focuses on fullerenes and metallofullerenes and also on the related areas of nanotubes and graphenes. All the covered research topics provide important fundamental knowledge for the natural sciences, but also for applications in molecular electronics, superconductivity, catalysis, photovoltaics and medical diagnostics. The current nanocarbon research activities have particularly high application potential in the conversion of solar energy, future molecular memories, non-conventional materials for optoelectronics,and new treatments for civilization diseases. Offering a truly up-to-date critical survey of nanocarbon science, its concepts and highlights, it follows the concept of a handbook: it addresses key topics systematically, from historical background, methodological aspects, current important issues, and application potential, all supplied with extensive referencing. With individual chapters written by leading experts with extensive research experience, it is a comprehensive reference resource for graduate students and active researchers alike.

This book comprehensively summarizes the recent achievements and trends in encapsulation of micro- and nanocontainers for applications in smart materials. It covers the fundamentals of processing and techniques for encapsulation with emphasis on preparation, properties, application, and future prospects of encapsulation process for smart applications in pharmaceuticals, textiles, biomedical, food packaging, composites, friction/wear, phase change materials, and coatings. Academics, researchers, scientists, engineers, and students in the field of smart materials will benefit from this book.

This book presents the design of different switching and resonant devices using the present state-of-the-art radio frequency (RF) micromachining (MEMS) technology. Different topologies of MEMS switches have been discussed considering optimum performances over microwave to millimeter wave frequency range. Wide varieties of micromachined switching networks starting from single-pole-double-throw (SPDT) to single-pole-fourteen-throw (SP14T) are discussed utilizing vertical and lateral actuation movements of the switch. Different transduction mechanisms of micromachined resonators are highlighted that includes capacitive, piezoelectric, and piezoresistive types. The book provides major design guidelines for the development of MEMS-based digital phase shifters, tunable filters, and antennas with extensive measurement data. Apart from the radio frequency (RF) requirements, an extensive guideline is given for the improvement of the reliability of micromachined switches and digital phaseshifters where multiple switches are operating simultaneously. It takes multiple iterations and extensive characterizations to conclude with a reliable MEMS digital phase shifter, and these aspects are given one of the prime attentions in this book. Detailed performance analysis of metamaterial inspired MEMS switches is then discussed for application in millimeter wave frequency bands up to about 170 GHz. The book concludes with future research activities of RF MEMS technology and its potential in space, defense, sensors, and biomedical applications.

Since its advent, nanotechnologies are considered key enabling technologies that take advantage of a wide array of nanomaterials (NMs) for biomedical and industrial applications generating significant societal and economic benefits. However, such innovation increases human exposure to these substances through inhalation, ingestion or dermal contact raising public health concerns. Furthermore, the NMs'specific physicochemical properties, that confer them unique beneficial characteristics, can also elicit nano-bio interactions leading to toxicity and concerns for public health. In addition, such properties can be affected by the surrounding matrix, particularly when incorporated in complex matrices such as food products, leading to secondary features potentially more relevant than primary characteristics for determining their toxicological outcome. These nano specific issues raise the question of whether the NMs may produce adverse outcomes that are not accounted for when usingconventional toxicological approaches to assess their safety. Such uncertainties about the safety of NMs for human health and the environment may hamper a faster and more widespread exploration of their potentials. In response, the NMs definition has evolved, and nanotoxicology has developed towards new and more integrative approach methods to support regulatory and policy actions. This book provides a perspective on recent developments in the synthesis, application, and characterization of NMs and the related nanotechnologies, focusing on nanotoxicology for their accurate safety assessment early in the product development stage. The use of complex in vitro models, including multicellular systems and organoids, and “omics-based” approaches, such as transcriptomics or epigenomics, have greatly contributed to an in-depth understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind some NMs toxicity. Such mechanistic knowledge is equally addressed in this book and has set the basis for a predictive nanotoxicology approach building on adverse outcome pathways. In addition, considering the knowledge provided by the above-mentioned approaches, insights into risk assessment, standardization, and regulation of NMs are also included. Incorporating adequate nanosafety assessment early in the life-cycle of NMs will allow the implementation of the safe and sustainable-by-design paradigm enabling safety to keep pace with innovation. Chapters 10 and 15 are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

This book highlights a comprehensive introduction of graphene and graphene-based two-dimensional nanomaterials, covering topics from their atomic structures, electronic band structures, and fundamental properties to technological applications. The book provides fundamental physics knowledge covering quantum mechanics, the theory of relativity, solid-state physics, and topology geometry necessary to understand electronic band structure of graphene. Other topics including microscopy techniques and preparation methods of graphene are also presented. Adopting an easy-to-read style, the book is a valuable resource for researchers in physics, chemistry, materials science, and engineers who are interested in the field of graphene-based nanomaterials.

This 71st volume of the'Journal of Nano Research'contains peer-reviewed articles presenting the research results in the synthesis and properties analysis of various nanomaterials and nanostructures for industrial applications. The research results will find practical applications in micro-, optoelectronics, mechatronics, energy storage devices, chemical production, technologies of ecological restoration by the photocatalytic degradation of pollutants.

This book is the first publication to widely introduce the contributions of nanoarchitectonics to the development of functional materials and systems. The book opens up pathways to novel nanotechnology based on bottom-up techniques. In fields of nanotechnology, theoretical and practical limitations are expected in the bottom-up nanofabrication process. Instead, some supramolecular processes for nano- and microstructure formation including molecular recognition, self-assembly, and template synthesis have gained great attention as novel key technologies to break through expected limitations in current nanotechnology. This volume describes future images of nanotechnology and related materials and device science as well as practical applications for energy and biotechnology. Readers including specialists, non-specialists, graduate students, and undergraduate students can focus on the parts of the book that interest and concern them most. Target fields include materials chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, nanotechnology, and even biotechnology.

This book gathers the proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Nanotechnologies and Biomedical Engineering, held online on November 3–5, 2021, from Chisinau, Republic of Moldova. It covers fundamental and applied research at the interface between nanotechnologies and biomedical engineering. Chapters report on cutting-edge bio-micro/nanotechnologies, devices for biomedical applications, and advances in bio-imaging and biomedical signal processing, innovative nano-biomaterials as well as advances in e-health, medical robotics, and related topics. With a good balance of theory and practice, the book offers a timely snapshot of multidisciplinary research at the interface between physics, chemistry, biomedicine, materials science, and engineering.

This book provides a selection of recent developments in scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) technology and applications. In recent years, SICM has been applied in an ever-increasing number of areas in the bioanalytical sciences. SICM is based on an electrolyte-filled nanopipette with a nanometer-scale opening, over which an electric potential is applied. The induced ion current is measured, which allows to directly or indirectly quantify various physical quantities such as pipette-sample distance, ion concentration, sample elastic modulus among many others. This makes SICM well suited for applications in electrolytes - most prominently for the study of live cells.This book starts with a historic overview starting from the days of the invention of SICM by Paul Hansma at the University of California at Santa Barbara in 1989. SICM is a member of the family of scanning probe microscopies. It is related to another prominent member of the family, atomic force microscopy (AFM), which has found application in almost any field of nanoscale science. The advantages and disadvantages of SICM over AFM are also outlined. One of the most effective and break-through applications of SICM nanopipettes is in electrochemistry. The different routes and applications for doing electrochemistry using nanopipettes are also discussed. In addition the book highlights the ability of SICM for surface positioning with nanometer precision to open up new vistas in patch clamp measurements subcellular structures. Finally the book presents one research area where SICM has been making a lot of contributions, cardiac research and the endeavors to combine SICM with super-resolution optical microscopy for highest-resolution joint topography and functional imaging.

This book provides cutting-edge, up-to-date research findings on the use of bionanocomposites in biodegradable and environmental applications, while also detailing how to achieve bionanocomposites preparation, characteristics, and significant enhancements in physical, chemical, mechanical, thermal properties and applications. This book on biodegradable and environmental properties of bionanocomposites provides a comprehensive and updated review of major innovations in the field of polymer-based bionanocomposites for biodegradable and environmental applications. It covers properties and applications, including the synthesis of polymer-based bionanocomposites from different sources biomaterials-based composites and tactics on the efficacy and major challenges associated with successful scale-up fabrication on bionanocomposites.It is an essential reference for future research in bionanocomposites as topics such as sustainable, biodegradable, and environmental methods for highly innovative and applied materials are current topics of importance. The book covers a wide range of research on bionanocomposite and their biodegradable and environmental applications. Updates on the most relevant polymer-based bionanocomposite and their prodigious potential in the fields of biodegradable and the environment are presented. Leading researchers from industry, academy, government, and private research institutions across the globe contribute to this book. Scientists, engineers, and students with interest in the most important advancements in the field of bionanocomposites involving high-performance bionanocomposites will benefit from this book which is highly application-oriented.

This book presents peer-reviewed articles from the 1st International Conference on Trends in Modern Physics (TiMP 2021) held at Assam Don Bosco University in Guwahati, India, between February 26 and 27, 2021. This conference was the 3rd in a series of annual conferences of the Department of Physics, ADBU, with the 1st and 2nd being national conferences. The conference was jointly organized by the Department of Physics, ADBU, and the Indian Association of Physics Teachers (IAPT) to promote greater synergy between thematic areas of astrophysics and cosmology, plasma physics, material and nanophysics, nuclear physics, and particle physics

This book presents state-of-the-art coverage of synthesis of advanced functional materials. Unconventional synthetic routes play an important role in the synthesis of advanced materials as many new materials are metastable and cannot be synthesized by conventional methods. This book presents various synthesis methods such as conventional solid-state method, combustion method, a range of soft chemical methods, template synthesis, molecular precursor method, microwave synthesis, sono-chemical method and high-pressure synthesis. It provides a comprehensive overview of synthesis methods and covers a variety of materials, including ceramics, films, glass, carbon-based, and metallic materials. Many techniques for processing and surface functionalization are also discussed. Several engineering aspects of materials synthesis are also included. The contents of this book are useful for researchers and professionals working in the areas of materials and chemistry.

Less than a decade ago, lead halide perovskite semiconductors caused a sensation: Solar cells exhibiting astonishingly high levels of efficiency. Recently, it became possible to synthesize nanocrystals of this material as well. Interestingly; simply by controlling the size and shape of these crystals, new aspects of this material literally came to light. These nanocrystals have proven to be interesting candidates for light emission. In this thesis, the recombination, dephasing and diffusion of excitons in perovskite nanocrystals is investigated using time-resolved spectroscopy. All these dynamic processes have a direct impact on the light-emitting device performance from a technology point of view. However, most importantly, the insights gained from the measurements allowed the author to modify the nanocrystals such that they emitted with an unprecedented quantum yield in the blue spectral range, resulting in the successful implementation of this material as theactive layer in an LED. This represents a technological breakthrough, because efficient perovskite light emitters in this wavelength range did not exist before.

This book provides a general overview and current state of the art of different types of metal oxide nanomaterials, either in nanoparticles or thin film structure. It covers from the development and optimization of different nanofabrication/synthesis techniques for nanostructures which are currently the attention of the research community, the study of the structure and interactions by different characterization techniques of heterostructured materials and the final impact in different applications such as nanotherapy, data storage, super magnets, high-frequency devices. The book's 13 chapters provide deep insight into the intriguing science of oxide materials and include contributions on novel technologies to fabricate nanomaterials with a broad range of functional properties (semiconducting, magnetic, ferroelectric, thermoelectric, optical, flexible and mechanical). This book is intended to the experts for consolidation of their knowledge but also for students who aim to learn and get basics of nanostructured metal oxides in diverse forms.

This book presents selected papers from the International Conference on Advances in Materials Processing and Manufacturing Applications (iCADMA 2020), held on November 5–6, 2020, at Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India. iCADMA 2020 proceedings is divided into four topical tracks – Advanced Materials, Materials Manufacturing and Processing, Engineering Optimization and Sustainable Development, and Tribology for Industrial Application.

This book highlights the evolution of, and novel challenges currently facing, nanomaterials science, nanoengineering, and nanotechnology, and their applications and development in the biological and biomedical fields. It details different nanoscale and nanostructured materials syntheses, processing, characterization, and applications, and considers improvements that can be made in nanostructured materials with their different biomedical applications. The book also briefly covers the state of the art of different nanomaterials design, synthesis, fabrication and their potential biomedical applications. It will be particularly useful for reading and research purposes, especially for science and engineering students, academics, and industrial researchers.

This book demonstrates the basic and fundamental aspects of nanotechnology and potential application as a photocatalysis in multiple application especially in environment and energy harvesting. This book also contains methods of preparation and characterization of unique nanostructured photocatalysts, and details about their catalytic action. The book consists of seven chapters, including the principles and fundamentals of heterogeneous photocatalysis; the mechanisms and dynamics of surface photocatalysis; research on pure and composites based materials with unique nanostructures; the latest developments and advances in exploiting photocatalyst alternatives to WO3; and photocatalytic materials for applications other than the traditional degradation of pollutants, such as carbon dioxide reduction, water oxidation, a complete spectrum of selective organic transformations and water splitting by photocatalytic reduction. This book will appeal to a wide readership of the academic and industrial researchers and it can also be used in the classroom for undergraduate and graduate students focusing on heterogeneous photocatalysis, sustainable chemistry, energy conversion and storage, nanotechnology, chemical engineering, environmental protection, optoelectronics, sensors, and surface and interface science.

This book is the ultimate assembly of recent research activities on molecular architectonics and nanoarchitectonics by authors who are worldwide experts. The book proposes new ways of creating functional materials at the nano level using the concepts of molecular architectonics and nanoarchitectonics, which are expected to be the next-generation approaches beyond conventional nanotechnology. All the contents are categorized by types of materials, organic materials, biomaterials, and nanomaterials. For that reason, non-specialists including graduate and undergraduate students can start reading the book from any points they would like. Cutting-edge trends in nanotechnology and material sciences are easily visible in the contents of the book, which is highly useful for both students and experimental materials scientists.

This book presents state-of-the-art coverage of synthesis of advanced functional materials. Unconventional synthetic routes play an important role in the synthesis of advanced materials as many new materials are metastable and cannot be synthesized by conventional methods. This book presents various synthesis methods such as conventional solid-state method, combustion method, a range of soft chemical methods, template synthesis, molecular precursor method, microwave synthesis, sono-chemical method and high-pressure synthesis. It provides a comprehensive overview of synthesis methods and covers a variety of materials, including ceramics, films, glass, carbon-based, and metallic materials. Many techniques for processing and surface functionalization are also discussed. Several engineering aspects of materials synthesis are also included. The contents of this book are useful for researchers and professionals working in the areas of materials and chemistry.

This book describes crucial aspects related to the additive and subtractive manufacturing of different composites. The first half of this book mainly deals with the various types of composite fabrication methods along with the introduction, features and mechanisms and also the processing of composite materials via additive manufacturing route. Also, the thermal, mechanical, physical and chemical properties relevant to the processing of composite materials are included in the chapters. The second half of this book primarily demonstrates an extensive section on the different types of additive manufacturing processes like selective laser sintering, selective laser melting, stereolithography, fused deposition modeling and material jetting used to fabricate the metals and polymers. Also, the chapters address the complete description of fabrication processes for metal matrix composites and polymer matrix composites. Moreover, the different methods adoptedsuch as short peening, micro-machining, heat-treatment and solution treatment to improve the surface improvement are well discussed. This book gives many helps to researchers and students in the fields of the additive and subtractive manufacturing of different composites.

This textbook gradually introduces students to the statistical mechanical study of the different phases of matter and to the phase transitions between them. It uses simple yet fully detailed models of both hard and soft matter systems to demonstrate core concepts, developing the subject matter in a thorough and accessible pedagogical manner throughout. Starting from an introduction to basic thermodynamics and statistical physics, the book progresses from ideal, non-interacting systems to real systems exhibiting classical interactions and phase transitions. It concludes with a selection of more advanced topics, such as the renormalisation group approach to critical phenomena, the density functional theory of interfaces, and kinematic aspects of the phase transformation process.This updated second edition features a considerably expanded study of the topology of the phases, including applications to modern problems such as topological defects of nematic liquid crystals and the topological phase transition of a two-dimensional spin system. Along with a complete introductory overview of the theory of phase transitions, this textbook provides students with ample material for deeper study. References include suggestions for more detailed treatments and six appendices supply overviews of the mathematical tools employed in the text.

This book introduces recent progress in preparation and application of core-shell and yolk-shell structures for attractive design of catalyst materials. Core-shell nanostructures with active core particles covered directly with an inert shell can perform as highly active and selective catalysts with long lifetimes. Yolk-shell nanostructures consisting of catalytically active core particles encapsulated by hollow materials are an emerging class of nanomaterials. The enclosed void space is expected to be useful for encapsulation and compartmentation of guest molecules, and the outer shell acts as a physical barrier to protect the guest molecules from the surrounding environment. Furthermore, the tunability and functionality in the core and the shell regions can offer new catalytic properties, rendering them attractive platform materials for the design of heterogeneous catalysts. This book describes the recent development of such unique nanostructures to design effective catalysts which can lead to new chemical processes. It provides an excellent guide for design and application of core-shell and yolk-shell structured catalysts for a wide range of readers working on design of attractive catalysts, photocatalysts, and electrocatalysts for energy, environmental, and green chemical processes.

This book presents select proceedings of the International Conference on Future Learning Aspects of Mechanical Engineering (FLAME 2020). This book, in particular, focuses on characterizing materials using novel techniques. It covers a variety of advanced materials, viz. composites, coatings, nanomaterials, materials for fuel cells, biomaterials among others. The book also discusses advanced characterization techniques like X-ray photoelectron, UV spectroscopy, scanning electron, atomic power, transmission electron and laser confocal scanning fluorescence microscopy, and gel electrophoresis chromatography. This book gives the readers an insight into advanced material processes and characterizations with special emphasis on nanotechnology.

21st Century Nanoscience - A Handbook: Nanophotonics, Nanoelectronics, and Nanoplasmonics (Volume 6) will be the most comprehensive, up-to-date large reference work for the field of nanoscience. Handbook of Nanophysics by the same editor published in the fall of 2010 and was embraced as the first comprehensive reference to consider both fundamental and applied aspects of nanophysics. This follow-up project has been conceived as a necessary expansion and full update that considers the significant advances made in the field since 2010. It goes well beyond the physics as warranted by recent developments in the field. This sixth volume in a ten-volume set covers nanophotonics, nanoelectronics, and nanoplasmonics.Key Features: Provides the most comprehensive, up-to-date large reference work for the field. Chapters written by international experts in the field. Emphasises presentation and real results and applications. This handbook distinguishes itself from other works by its breadth of coverage, readability and timely topics. The intended readership is very broad, from students and instructors to engineers, physicists, chemists, biologists, biomedical researchers, industry professionals, governmental scientists, and others whose work is impacted by nanotechnology. It will be an indispensable resource in academic, government, and industry libraries worldwide. The fields impacted by nanophysics extend from materials science and engineering to biotechnology, biomedical engineering, medicine, electrical engineering, pharmaceutical science, computer technology, aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, food science, and beyond.

This bookshows how to enhance somebamboopropertiesandthesurface treatmentsforobtaininghigh strength nanocomposites. It describes the tensile, flexural and impact strength, surface behaviour, morphological analysis, infrared spectral functional analysis and thermal properties analysis of manufacture nanocomposites. It also investigates the optimization of fabrication techniquesto prepare bamboo nanocomposites reinforcedwithvarious polymers. The book alsodescribesenvironmental impact analysis of bamboo nanocomposites. This book concludes with the nano-enhancement on bamboo species to produce nanocomposites and possibleusage of nanocomposites materials in terms of sustainability and economics.

This book highlights the fundamentals of ferrites and multiferroic materials with special attention to their structure, types, and properties. It presents a comprehensive survey about ferrite and multiferroic materials, in areas significant to research and development in academia as well as in industry. The book discusses various types of methods applied for their synthesis and characterizations. This book is concerned with the fascinating class of materials with the promise for wide-ranging applications, including electromagnets, magnetic fluid hyperthermia, antenna applications, memory devices, switching circuits, bio-medical applications, actuators, magnetic field sensors and water purification, etc.