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One cannot overemphasize the importance of studying fluids in motion or at rest for a variety of scientific and engineering endeavors. Fluid mechanics as an art reaches back into antiquity, but its rational formulation is a relatively recent undertaking. Much of the physics of a particular flow situation can be understood by conducting appropriate experiments. Flow visualization techniques offer a useful tool to establish an overall picture of a flow field and to delineate broadly its salient features before embarking on more detailed quantitative measurements. Among the single-point measurements that are particularly difficult are those in separated flows, non-Newtonian fluids, rotating flows, and nuclear aerosols. Pressure, shear stress, vorticity, and heat transfer coefficient are also difficult quantities to measure, particularly for time-dependent flows. These and other special situations are among the topics covered in this volume. Each article emphasizes the development of a particular measuring technique. The topics covered were chosen because of their importance to the field, recent appeal, and potential for future development. The articles are comprehensive and coverage is pedagogical with a bias towards recent developments.

This is the seventh volume in the series'Mathematics in Industrial Prob­ lems.'The motivation for these volumes is to foster interaction between Industry and Mathematics at the'grass roots level;'that is, at the level of specific problems. These problems come from Industry: they arise from models developed by the industrial scientists in ventures directed at the manufacture of new or improved products. At the same time, these prob­ lems have the potential for mathematical challenge and novelty. To identify such problems, I have visited industries and had discussions with their scientists. Some of the scientists have subsequently presented their problems in the IMA Seminar on Industrial Problems. The book is based on the seminar presentations and on questions raised in subse­ quent discussions. Each chapter is devoted to one of the talks and is self­ contained. The chapters usually provide references to the mathematical literature and a list of open problems which are of interest to the industrial scientists. For some problems a partial solution is indicated briefly. The last chapter of the book contains a short description of solutions to some of the problems raised in previous volumes, as well as references to papers in which such solutions have been published. The speakers in the Seminar on Industrial Problems have given us at the IMA hours of delight and discovery. My thanks to David K. Lambert (Gen­ eral Motors Research and Development), David S.