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Produced water contributes to the largest volume waste stream associated with oil and gas (O&G) exploration and production (E&P) operations. It is usually a complex mixture of inorganics and organics that is formed underground and brought to the surface during O&G production. Traditionally, produced water has been considered as a waste to the O&G industry. The conventional management strategies include disposal (typically by injection into depleted wells or permitted disposal wells), recycle (direct reuse within the E&P operation), and reuse (treatment and reuse offsite for food crop irrigation, livestock watering or industrial use). The O&G industry is going through a paradigm shift, where scarcity of water, economics of water management, declining oil costs, and increasing focus on environmental and ecological stewardship are shifting the focus toward integrated water management in E&P operations. Water is no longer a problem to be delegated to a third-party disposal or treatment vendor, but is becoming a cornerstone of O&G production. In this review, we summarize produced water characteristics, regulations and management options, produced water treatment fundamentals, and a detailed discussion of process equipment and advantages/disadvantages of currently available treatment processes. These results in peer-reviewed publications could provide a guide for the selection of appropriate technologies based on the desired application. Major research efforts in the future could focus on the optimization of current technologies and use of combined treatment processes of produced water in order to comply with reuse and discharge limits, under more stringent environmental regulations.

Over the past half century, reverse osmosis (RO) has grown from a nascent niche technology into the most versatile and effective desalination and advanced water treatment technology available. However, there remain certain challenges for improving the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of RO desalination plants in various applications. In low-pressure RO applications, both capital (CAPEX) and operating (OPEX) costs are largely influenced by product water recovery, which is typically limited by mineral scale formation. In seawater applications, recovery tends to be limited by the salinity limits on brine discharge and cost is dominated by energy demand. The combination of water scarcity and sustainability imperatives, in many locations, is driving system designs towards minimal and zero liquid discharge (M/ZLD) for inland brackish water, municipal and industrial wastewaters, and even seawater desalination. Herein, we review the basic principles of RO processes, the state-of-the-art for RO membranes, modules and system designs as well as methods for concentrating and treating brines to achieve MLD/ZLD, resource recovery and renewable energy powered desalination systems. Throughout, we provide examples of installations employing conventional and some novel approaches towards high recovery RO in a range of applications from brackish groundwater desalination to oil and gas produced water treatment and seawater desalination.

Vielleicht machst auch du dir Sorgen darüber, wohin die vielen ökologischen und sozialen Probleme führen werden, von welcher Art und Ausmaß die Konsequenzen sein können und wie diese das Leben von Menschen betreffen werden? Dann könnte dieses Buch interessant für Dich sein: Es beschreibt anhand der 17 UN-Nachhaltigkeitsziele eine Vision für eine lebenswerte Zukunft. Du erfährst kurz und verständlich zu jedem der Ziele konkrete Hintergründe, Zusammenhänge und Herausforderungen, die es auf dem Weg dorthin noch zu meistern gilt. Es macht die Themen greifbar - sowohl global als auch bezogen auf Deutschland. Gleichzeitig liefert Dir das Buch Anregungen, wie Du selbst dazu beitragen kannst, die großen Probleme der Menschheit zu lösen: Klimawandel, Energie, Plastikmüll, Artenvielfalt, Umweltschutz, Hunger, Armut, etc.Zusammen können wir es schaffen, die 17 Ziele umzusetzen, indem wir sie mit konkreten Inhalten füllen. Falls uns das gelingt fragen unsere Kinder vielleicht einesTages: „Wie habt ihr damals die Erde gerettet und die Menschheit in das Zeitalter der sozialen Gerechtigkeit geführt?“

Der Band dokumentiert ein Lebensprojekt: Für Alexander von Humboldt war die Geographie der Pflanzen empirisches Forschungsprogramm und ästhetische Anschauungswissenschaft zugleich. Seine in den amerikanischen Tropen gewonnenen biogeographischen Erkenntnisse verstand er als Grundlage einer Wissenschaft der gesamten Erde. Zahlreiche nun erstmals ediert vorliegende Manuskripte, Notizen und Briefe veranschaulichen Humboldts jahrzehntelange Arbeit an diesem Vorhaben. Sie dokumentieren Humboldts Lektüre- und Schreibpraktiken und zeigen wie er weltweit Daten sammelte sowie Forschungen und Gelehrte vernetzte. Wissenschaftshistorische Beiträge begleiten die Edition. Sie gehen Ursprüngen und Kontexten der Humboldt'schen Biogeographie nach und fragen nach weniger bekannten Vorläufern, Zeitgenossen und Kritikern.

In this book, Professor Anatoly Buchachenko gives a brief and informative description of the most striking achievements and discoveries made in the major natural sciences at the turn of the century – in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The author has a rare ability to describe scientific discoveries so that these achievements and their significance are understandable not only by professionals and scientists of all specialities, but for any reader interested in modern science, its role in the existence of mankind, and its impact on human society. Originally published in Russian, Professor Buchachenko's book describes the interaction of natural sciences with social ones—philosophy and history—as well as the part played by the human factor in the development of science, especially the role of the great scientists.

In Naturschutzgebieten geschieht vieles, das auf den ersten Blick widersprüchlich ist. So werden beim Pflegeeinsatz Blumenwiesen abgemäht, wo doch alle dort wachsenden Pflanzen unter Naturschutz stehen. An anderer Stelle werden im Flachmoor geschützte Schilfbestände abgebrannt oder in einem Dünenschutzgebiet die oberste Bodenschicht mit Planierraupen abgetragen. Wiederum andere Flächen sollen völlig unberührt von menschlichen Eingriffen bleiben. Der Autor Klaus-Dieter Hupke zeigt die verschiedenen Strategien von Naturschutz auf. Er zeigt auch, dass Naturschutz zumeist gerade das nicht ist, was der Begriff im Kern aussagt: „Schutz der Natur“. In Mitteleuropa handelt es sich bei Naturschutzgebieten im Gegenteil überwiegend um die Relikte alter Agrar- und damit Kulturlandschaften. Oftmals stehen auch ästhetische Aspekte eines Landschaftsausschnitts bei der Ausweisung als Naturdenkmal oder Naturschutzgebiet im Vordergrund. Darüber hinaus läuft der Naturschutz Gefahr, zur Ersatzhandlung undzum Alibi für eine in Mitteleuropa wie global immer noch wachsende Zerstörung traditioneller und naturnaher Landschaftssysteme zu werden.Die aktualisierte zweite Auflage bezieht die Folgen des Klimawandels für den Naturschutz nun explizit ein und hat auch an einigen Stellen für die entsprechenden Leser einen stärkeren Bezug auf Österreich sowie auf den zentralalpinen Raum eingearbeitet.

This collection of nine essays provides an entertaining and thoughtful glimpse into trending topics in our lives. The author, Dr. Akula, tackles questions on life, science, and society from a biologist's perspective. The book covers a broad range of topics, including common questions with complex answers intermixed with some religion and humor, making it a great read to give your brain cells a boost. The field of Science is massive - in fact, it's the size of the universe, which means picking just a few topics to discuss is no mean feat. This book is a start, but there is more to come as Dr. Akula explores various subjects to discuss and shed new light on. This collection of essays will appeal to scientists, and to lay readers with an interest in the natural sciences. Its goal is to ensure that science isn't accessible to only a few people, but is instead disseminated to many. After all, a Smart World is the key to a Better Tomorrow and a Brighter Future.

Verstehen wir die Welt? Wie ist unsere Welt entstanden? Warum gibt es so viel Materie und so wenig Antimaterie? Wie bildeten sich die weiträumigen Strukturen in unserem Universum? Und wie entstanden aus der unbelebten Materie die ersten reproduktionsfähigen Lebewesen? Welcher Anpassungsdruck erzeugte die Artenvielfalt und letztlich die Hominiden? Wie entwickelten sich Bewusstsein, Kreativität, Religion? In dem vorliegenden Buch beantworten herausragende Wissenschaftler diese und viele weitere spannende Fragen und erklären, wie aus einfachen Anfängen und simplen Regeln immer wieder komplizierte Strukturen entstanden sind. Diese sogenannte Selbstorganisation wird an Beispielen aus den verschiedensten Disziplinen demonstriert – sei es bei der Geburt des Universums, auf der Ebene der Quarks und der Atome, bei der Entstehung des Lebens und bei seiner Ausdifferenzierung in die Vielzahl der Lebensformen bis hin zum Menschen selbst, mit seinen kulturell und wissenschaftlich immer höher entwickelten Gesellschaften. Interessierte Leser können mit Hilfe dieses Buches nachvollziehen, mit welchen Erkenntnissen und Thesen die Wissenschaft heute erklärt, wie die Natur mit einfachen Grundbausteinen und Gesetzen solch komplexe Gefüge geschaffen hat.

This is an open access book. Lewis F Richardson (1981-1953), a physicist by training, was a pioneer in meteorology and peace research and remains a towering presence in both fields. This edited volume reviews his work and assesses its influence in the social sciences, notably his work on arms races and their consequences, mathematical models, the size distribution of wars, and geographical features of conflict. It contains brief bibliographies of his main publications and of articles and books written about Richardson and his work and discusses his continuing influence in peace research and international relations as well as his attitude to the ethical responsibilities of a scientist. It will be of interest to a wide range of scholars. This book includes 11 chapters written by Nils Petter Gleditsch, Dina A Zinnes, Ron Smith, Paul F Diehl, Kelly Kadera, Mark Crescenzi, Michael D Ward, Kristian Skrede Gleditsch, Nils B Weidmann, Jürgen Scheffran, Niall MacKay, Aaron Clauset, Michael Spagat and Stijn van Weezel.Lewis F Richardson occupied an important position in two academic fields as different as meteorology and peace research, with academic prizes awarded in both disciplines.In peace research, he pioneered the use of mathematical models and the meticulous compilation of databases for empirical research.As a quaker and pacifist, he refused to work in preparations for war, paid a heavy prize in terms of his career, and (at least in the social sciences) was fully recognized as a pioneering scholar only posthumously with the publication of two major books.Lewis Fry Richardson is one of the 20th century's greatest but least appreciated thinkers—a creative physicist, psychologist, meteorologist, applied mathematician, historian, pacifist, statistician, and witty stylist. If you've heard of weather prediction, chaos,fractals, cliometrics, peace science, big data, thick tails, or black swans, then you have benefited from Richardson's prescience in bringing unruly phenomena into the ambit of scientific understanding. Richardson's ideas continue to be relevant today, and this collection is a superb retrospective on this brilliant and lovable man.Steven Pinker, Johnstone Professor, Harvard University, and the author of The Better Angels of Our Nature and Enlightenment Now

In 1922 Barnes Wallis FRS, who later invented the transatlantic airship and the bouncing bomb immortalized in the movie The Dam Busters, fell in love for the first and last time - aged 35. The object of his affection, Molly Bloxam, was 17 and setting off to study science at University College London. Her father decreed that the two could correspond only if Barnes taught Molly mathematics in his letters. Mathematics with Love presents, for the first time, the result of this curious diktat: a series of witty, tender and totally accessible introductions to calculus, trigonometry and electrostatic induction that remarkably, wooed and won the girl. Deftly narrated by Barnes and Molly's daughter Mary, Mathematics with Love is an evocative tale of a twenties courtship, a surprising insight into the early life of an engineering genius - and a great way to learn a little mathematics.

As science and technology have pervaded modern life to an ever greater degree, social scientists have been led to find questions of the causes and consequences of'expert'knowledge arising in places that would have been felt unlikely hitherto. Varcoe, McNeil and Yearley's book assembles nine exemplary studies by sociologists, each of which explores an aspect of the current scientific-technological'revolution'. Some popular ideas are challenged. So, too, implicitly, are certain large-scale social scientific theories claiming to have discerned in science and technology an overall meaning.

Bislang sieht die Wissenschaftsforschung in der Literaturwissenschaft keinen besonders zu beachtenden Gegenstand; das bevorzugte Untersuchungsfeld sind die Naturwissenschaften. Um solche Konstellationen zu verändern, sind Initiativen aus den vernachlässigten Disziplinen notwendig. Dieser Band dokumentiert die Beiträge und Diskussionen eines interdisziplinären und internationales Symposions. Ausgehend von Problemen der germanistischen Literaturwissenschaft erkunden die Autoren/innen die Möglichkeiten einer disziplinspezifischen Wissenschaftsforschung, erarbeiten entsprechende Modelle und Kategorien, erproben die Verfahrensweisen in abgrenzbaren Fallstudien und berücksichtigen normative Aspekte, die sich aus der Wissenschaftsforschung für die Wissenschaftsentwicklung ergeben.

The Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of Eastern Europe is a lucid and authoritative guide to a full understanding of the complicated history of Eastern Europe. Addressing the need for a comprehensive map collection for reference and classroom use, this volume includes fifty two two-colour full page maps which are each accompanied by a facing page of explanatory text to provide a useful aid in physical geography and in an area's political development over time. The maps illustrate key moments in East European history from the Middle Ages to the present, in a way that is immediate and comprehensible. Lecturers and students will find it to be an indispensable and affordable classroom and reference tool, and general readers will enjoy it for its clarity and wealth of information.

Can we re-imagine divine power as deeply related to the changing world? Can we re-imagine the creation of the world as an ongoing process of co-creation in which every individual from particles of atoms to human beings plays a part? Can we re-imagine Goddess/God as the most relational of all relational beings? Can we re-imagine the world as the body of Goddess/God? If we can, then we can understand the deeper meaning of female images of divine power, including Goddess, God-She, Sophia, and Shekhina. Many traditional understandings of divine power begin with thinly disguised rejections of the female body and connection to the natural world. Women theologians from Jewish, Christian, Goddess, and other traditions are re-imagining divine and human power as embodied, embedded in a changing world, and deeply related to all beings in the web of life. Drawing on the work of process philosopher Charles Hartshorne - whose insights deserve a wider hearing - Carol P. Christ offers intellectual foundations for deeply held feelings about the meanings of female images of divine power. Her gift is the ability to make complex ideas seem simple and radically new ideas seem familiar. This book is addressed to everyone who has ever wondered about the implications of re-imagining God as female.

Sustainable wine businesses are being crafted around the world, leaving the land in better shape for the next generation. In this book, four case studies reveal that sustainability in the wine industry it is tied tightly to long-term profitability.

This collection focuses attention on theoretical approaches to travel writing, with the aim to advance the discourse. Internationally renowned, as well as emerging, scholars establish a critical milieu for travel writing studies, as well as offer a set of exemplars in the application of theory to travel writing.

Our understanding of nature, and in particular of physics and the laws governing it, has changed radically since the days of the ancient Greek natural philosophers. This book explains how and why these changes occurred, through landmark experiments as well as theories that - for their time - were revolutionary. The presentation covers Mechanics, Optics, Electromagnetism, Thermodynamics, Relativity Theory, Atomic Physics and Quantum Physics. The book places emphasis on ideas and on a qualitative presentation, rather than on mathematics and equations. Thus, although primarily addressed to those who are studying or have studied science, it can also be read by non-specialists. The author concludes with a discussion of the evolution and organization of universities, from ancient times until today, and of the organization and dissemination of knowledge through scientific publications and conferences.

aufgezeigt und auch die Auswirkungen geometrischer Erkenntnisse und Metho­ den auf diese Bereiche beschrieben. Aus diesem Grunde ist auch die Entwick­ lung der Geometrie in anderen Kulturen - vornehmlich in den orientalischen Kulturen der Antike, in den islamischen Ländern sowie in Indien, China und Japan - ausführlicher als üblich behandelt. Tabellen am Anfang der Kapitel geben Einblick in wichtige politische und kulturelle Ereignisse der behandelten Kulturkreise bzw. Epochen, in Tabellen am Ende sind jeweils die wesentlichen Inhalte der darin entwickelten Geometrie stichwort artig zusammengefaßt. Darüber hinaus werden Sichtweisen von Mathematikern des Altertums oder des Mittelalters mit mathematischen Erkenntnissen der Neuzeit verglichen und Bezüge zur zeitgenössischen Mathematik und verwandten Wissenschaften her­ gestellt, z. B. Bezüge zur Informatik in der Beschreibung der'algorithmischen Leistung'Euklids. Zum anderen werden die Spezifika geometrischer Betrach­ tung in verschiedenen Epochen und Kulturkreisen herausgestellt und der Wan­ del von Inhalten, Methoden und Betrachtungsweisen der Geometrie im Laufe der Jahrhunderte anschaulich beschrieben, etwa der Wandel der Geometrie als Protophysik im dreidimensionalen Raum zur Theorie n-dimensionaler oder gar unendlich-dimensionaler Räume. Die Zusammenhänge der Geometrie mit an­ deren Teilgebieten der Mathematik - z. B. mit Algebra, Analysis und Stocha­ stik - werden erörtert. Erfrischende Einschübe mit biographischen Schlaglich­ tern und Hinweisen auf unerwartete Zusammenhänge sowie die Textauszüge im Anhang beleben die Lektüre dieses Buches. Die Kapitel 1 bis 4 mit Ausnahme des Teilkapitels 2. 3 (Euklid) stammen aus der Feder des Mathematikhistorikers Dr. Christoph J.

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfängen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen für die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfügung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden müssen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

Dieses nunmehr in sechster Auflage erscheinende Lehrbuch über internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen führt in die grundlegenden Probleme der Theorie und Politik der Außenwirtschaft ein. Im ersten Teil des Lehrbuches wird der theoretische Gesamtkomplex der internationalen Wirtschaftsbeziehungen vorgestellt, im zweiten Teil die Anwendung der Theorie in der Politik. Verzeichnis: Dieses Lehrbuch vermittelt ein Gesamtkonzept der Außenwirtschaftslehre als Theorie und Politik der internationalen Wirtschaftsbeziehungen. Zu den neueren Entwicklungen zählen der Internationale Währungsfonds und die Europäische Währungsunion, die Neue Makroökonomie und die'new international economics'(Strategische Handelspolitik). Die Grundlagen zur Außenwirtschaftstheorie und Außenwirtschaftspolitik wurden vom Autor überarbeitet.

Carbon Dioxide Recovery and Utilization is a complete and informative resource on the carbon dioxide sources and market at the European Union level, with reference to the world situation. The book covers the following themes: - Sources of carbon dioxide and their purity, - Market of carbon dioxide and its uses, - Separation techniques of carbon dioxide from flue gases, - Analysis of the potential of each technique and application, - Basic science and technology of supercritical CO2, - Reactions in supercritical CO2 and its use as reactive solvent, - Utilization of CO2 in the synthesis of chemicals with low energy input, - Conversion of CO2 into fuels: existing techniques, - Dry reforming of methane, - Assessment of the use of carbon dioxide for the synthesis of methanol. This book is unique in providing integrated information and a perspective on innovative technologies for the use of carbon dioxide. The book is suitable for use as a textbook for courses in chemical engineering and chemistry. It is also of great interest as a general reference for those involved with technologies for avoiding carbon dioxide production and for economists. This is an invaluable reference for specialists on synthetic chemistry, gas separation, supercritical fluids, carbon dioxide marketing, renewable energy and sustainable development. In addition, it will be useful for those working in the chemical industry and for policy makers for carbon dioxide mitigation, innovative technologies, carbon recycling, and power generation.

The twentieth century is the period during which the history of Greek mathematics reached its greatest acme. Indeed, it is by no means exaggerated to say that Greek mathematics represents the unique field from the wider domain of the general history of science which was included in the research agenda of so many and so distinguished scholars, from so varied scientific communities (historians of science, historians of philosophy, mathematicians, philologists, philosophers of science, archeologists etc.), while new scholarship of the highest quality continues to be produced. This volume includes 19 classic papers on the history of Greek mathematics that were published during the entire 20th century and affected significantly the state of the art of this field. It is divided into six self-contained sections, each one with its own editor, who had the responsibility for the selection of the papers that are republished in the section, and who wrote the introduction of the section. It constitutes a kind of a Reader book which is today, one century after the first publications of Tannery, Zeuthen, Heath and the other outstanding figures of the end of the 19th and the beg- ning of 20th century, rather timely in many respects.

We have designed and written this book. not as a text nor for the professional mathematician. but for the general reader who is naturally attracted to mathematics as a great intellec­ tual challenge. and for the special reader whose work requires him to have a deeper understanding of mathematics than he acquired in school. Readers in the first group are drawn to mental recreational activities such as chess. bridge. and various types of puzzles. but they generally do not respond enthusiastically to mathematics because of their unhappy learning experiences with it during their school days. The readers in the secondgrouptum to mathematics as a necessity. but with painful resignation and considerable apprehension regarding their abilities to master the branch ofmathematics they need in their work. In either case. the fear of and revulsion to mathematics felt by these readers usually stem from their earlier frustrating encounters with it. vii viii PREFACE This book will show these readers that these fears, frustrations, and general antipathy are unwarranted, for, as stated, it is not a textbook full of long, boring proofs and hundreds of problems, rather it is an intellectual adventure, to be read with pleasure. It was written to be easily accessible and with concern for the mental tranquilityofthe reader who willexperience considerable fulfillment when he/she sees the simplicity of basic mathematics. The emphasis throughout this book is on the clear explanation of mathematical con­ cepts.

There are many unanswered questions regarding the molecular nature of antibodies, components of complement, and other substances which participate in the immune response. The list of substances which need to be analyzed chemically is increasing. Plasma cell products, of course, have long been of great interest because the most prevalent ones are immunoglobulins. Other cell types, however, are the source of the broad spectrum of additional substances which classically fall into the sanctum of the molecular immunologist. It is these substances, and especially those more recently discovered, which are responsible for the broadening investigative interests of immunologists. In this volume we have provided you with descriptions of research being done with immunoglobulins and with complement. Additionally, we have in­ cluded two reports that deal with molecules which are among the more recent acquisitions of the molecular immunologist. The components of complement are known to react in a cascading manner which results in the lysis of cellular antigens. The first step in the classical pathway requires the activation of CI by the antibody-antigen aggregates. This volume of Contemporary Topics in Molecular Immunology begins with the report of Reid and Porter which describes their investigation of the mechanism of activation of C I. Their descriptions of C I q and of the reaction of C I with immunoglobulins are especially intriguing. It is clearly apparent from their report that activation of the components of complement is a complex phenome­ non.

In October 1984, the weak writing in a scientific report made national news. The report, which outlined safety procedures during a nuclear attack, advised industrial workers'to don heavy clothes and immerse themselves in a large body of water.'The logic behind this advice was sound: Water is a good absorber of heat, neutrons, and gamma rays. Unfortunately, the way the advice was worded was unclear. Was everyone supposed to com­e up for air? Be­ completely submerged? The writing conveyed the wrong im­pression to the public. The report came across as saying'go jump in a lake'-- not the impression you want to give someone spending thousands of dollars to fund your­ research. Chances are that Dan Rather will not quote your documents on national television. Still, your writing is important. On a personal level, your writing is the way in which people learn about your work. When you commu­nicate, you receive credit for your work. When you do not communicate, or are too slow to communi­cate, the credit often goes to someone else. On a larger level, your writing and the writing of other scientists influence public policy about science and engineering.

To paraphrase Saul Bellow, it is extremely difficult to escape from the conceptual bottles into which we have been processed, or even to become aware that we are confined within them. Anthro­ pocentrism, an ancient tradition, is an intellectual constraint that has continually impeded objective probing of the universe around and within us. We are probably born with that constriction, perhaps as a result of evolutionary selection or because each of us has been created in the image of the Deity. But it is only the core of our mental'gestalt.'Around it we find additional shells of intellectual obstruc­ tions deposited by accretion from our family, our teachers, our experi­ ences and the society in which we are immersed. It is very hazardous to embrace novel scientific ideas. Personal and social experiences show that the vast majority turn out to be failures. What standards can one use to make judgments? There is a universal tendency to rely on'common sense;'but as Einstein pointed out, this is a collection of views, sensible or not, imprinted in us before the age of sixteen. I have found it a challenge to convince young students that much of what they are certain about and, in fact, correct about, is actually contrary to common sense. For example, on any bright day, anyone who is not blind or an idiot can see the sun literally moving around the earth, from east to west.

Thirty years ago Albert Einstein died, his dream of a theory that would unify the universe unfulfilled. He spent the last decades of his life searching for such a theory-a theory that would explain everything from elementary particles and their interac­ tions to the overall structure of the universe. But he failed, not because he didn't try hard enough, but because the attempt was ahead of its time. When Einstein worked on the problem liter­ ally nothing was known about black holes, white holes, sin­ gularities, the Big Bang explosion and the early universe, quarks, gauge invariance, and weak and strong nuclear forces. Today we know that all these things are important in relation to a unified theory, and that they must be incorporated in and explained by such a theory. Thus, in a sense, our problem is much more complex today than it was in Einstein's day. But scientists have persevered and as a result we are now tan­ talizingly close to achieving this long-sought goal. Important breakthroughs have been made. In this book we will look at these breakthroughs and at recent unified theories-theories that go by the names supergravity, superstrings, GUTs, and twistor theory. In order to understand the problem, however, we must begin at the beginning.

In recent years public awareness of the long term toxic affects heavy metal ions in waters and wastewaters has increased significantly. Environmental agencies have been imposing more and more stringent discharge limits on industries involved in processes using metal ions. Numerous industries produce aqueous effluents con­ taining metal ions and particularly copper and cadmium. Copper sulfate is used on a large scale in the electroplating industries. In addition, copper salts are used as fungicides, timber preservatives, insecticides, paint corrosion inhibitors and in dyestuffs. Cadmium is used in the manufacture of nickel-cadmium batteries, as a corrosion inhibitor and control rods in the nuclear industry. The European Com­ munity has listed cadmium as one of the most dangerous metal due to its toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation in List 1 of its Directive 76/464/EEC. Therefore, it is important that methods for the removal of these metal ions are found and that the mechanism of removal is characterized and understood. A number of adsorb­ ents have been identified which are capable of removing copper (Panday et aI., 1985; Ho et aI., 1996; Low and Lee, 1987; Low et aI., 1993; Quek et aI., 1998) and cadmium (Battacharya and Venkobachar, 1984; Namasivayam and Ranganathan, 1995; Periasamy and Namasivayam, 1994) from aqueous solutions. Sorption kin­ etic models have been proposed for some systems.

ie ältesten uns bekannten mathematischen Schriftta­ D feln stammen aus der Zeit um 2400 v. ehr. ; aber wir dürfen davon ausgehen, daß das Bedürfnis, Mathematik zu schaffen, ein Ausdruck der menschlichen Zivilisation an sich ist. In vier bis fünf Jahrtausenden hat sich ein gewalti­ ges System von Praktiken und Begriffen - die Mathematik­ herangebildet, die in vielfältiger Weise mit unserem Alltag verknüpft ist. Was ist Mathematik? Was bedeutet sie? Wo­ mit befaßt sie sich? Was sind ihre Methoden? Wie wird sie geschaffen und benützt? Wo ist ihr Platz in der Vielgestalt der menschlichen Erfahrung? Welchen Nutzen bringt sie? Was für Schaden richtet sie an? Welches Gewicht kommt ihr zu? Diese schwierigen Fragen werden noch zusätzlich kompliziert durch die Fülle des Materials und die weitver­ zweigten Querverbindungen, die es dem einzelnen verun­ möglichen, alles zu begreifen, geschweige denn, es in seiner Gesamtheit zu erfassen und zwischen den Deckeln eines normalen Buches unterzubringen. Um von dieser Material­ fülle nicht erdrückt zu werden, haben sich die Autoren für eine andere Betrachtungsweise entschieden. Die Mathema­ tik ist seit Tausenden von Jahren ein Feld menschlicher Ak­ tivität. In begrenztem Rahmen ist jeder von uns ein Mathe­ matiker und betreibt bewußt Mathematik, wenn er zum Beispiel auf dem Markt einkauft, Tapeten ausmißt oder ei­ nen Keramiktopf mit einem regelmäßigen Muster verziert. In bescheidenem Ausmaß versucht sich auch jeder von uns als mathematischer Denker. Schon mit dem Ausruf «Aber Zahlen lügen nicht!» befinden wir uns in der Gesellschaft von Plato oder Lakatos.

'…can be thoroughly recommended to any reader who is curious about the physical world and the intellectual underpinnings that have lead to our expanding understanding of our physical environment and to our halting steps to control it. Everyone who uses instruments that are based on harmonic analysis will benefit from the clear verbal descriptions that are supplied.'(R.N. Bracewell, Stanford University)A sweeping exploration of essential concepts and applications in modern mathematics and science through the unifying framework of Fourier analysis! This unique, extensively illustrated book describes the evolution of harmonic analysis, integrating theory and applications in a way that requires only some general mathematical sophistication and knowledge of calculus in certain sections.

Consumer markets for foods and beverages in developed countries are well supplied and highly fragmented. Yet, the question being asked is how close retailers actually come to fulfilling their customers'requirements. The concept of consumer value is one of the main pillars underpinning the theory of market differentiation. This book takes an interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of satisfaction in relation to the consumption of food, with both food science and consumer science playing central parts. It approaches food quality from both the technical and the consumer satisfaction perspectives, and assesses the roles of management and regulatory tools in delivering food quality for all. Each area is discussed in detail, using the appropriate technical terminology, but keeping the text accessible to readers from both academic traditions, as well as to non-specialist readers.

Bedauerlicherweise scheint es heutzutage notwendig, die Wissenschaftler vor ihren unattraktiven Klischees und Karikaturen zu retten, mit denen man sie identifiziert. Phy­ sik, die grundlegende Wissenschaft, scheint am meisten einer Humanisierung zu bedürfen. Altere physikalische Theorien erweckten den Anschein, daß die Physik von einer Ge­ wißheit zur nächsten fortschreitet, indem wesentliche, entscheidende Experimente durchgeführt und eindeutig interpretiert werden. Dies schuf den Eindruck, daß die Phy­ siker selbst dem Zweifel keinen Raum lassen, daß sie keine Emotionen und keine Zeit zum Lachen haben - kurz, daß sie unmenschlich sind. Viel zum Mißverständnis des Wissenschaftlers und seiner Arbeitsweise trägt das übliche Erscheinungsbild von Artikeln in wissenschaftlichen Zeitschriften bei. Mit ihren knappen Berichten von erfolgreichen Experimenten und wohlbegründeten Schlußfolge­ rungen zeigen sie wenig von der unsystematischen Weise der Forschung an den Grenzen des Wissens. Als eine Antwort darauf hat sich eine spöttische, gelegentlich zynische, selbstkritische Haltung bei Wissenschaftlern entwickelt, sozusagen eine Subkultur, die geographische und politische Schranken überschreitet. Experimentatoren spotten über die Nutzlosigkeit von Theoretikern, Glossare entlarven die wahre Bedeutung von oft ge­ droschenen Phrasen, der korrumpierende Effekt der Riesensummen an Geld wird deut­ lich, die sich auf die öffentlichen Forschungslabors ergießen, dies alles kann man in Arti­ keln aus Rußland oder Amerika, Großbritannien oder dem europäischen Kontinent finden.

Komplexe dynamische Systeme werden in verschiedenen Wissenschaftsdisziplinen untersucht - von Physik, Chemie, Biologie und Medizin über Kognitionswissenschaften und Psychologie bis zu Soziologie und Ökonomie. Dieser Band zieht Bilanz und zeigt künftige Forschungsperspektiven auf. Gemeinsames methodisches Thema ist die Modellierung komplexer Systeme, deren Dynamik durch Nichtlinearität bestimmt ist. Mathematische Methoden und Computersimulationen machen aber nur Sinn, wenn sie mit konkreten einzelwissenschaftlichen Analysen verbunden sind. Das Buch liefert nicht nur fachübergreifende Informationen über den aktuellen Forschungsstand, sondern kann auch von Nichtspezialisten als Einführung in das spannende Gebiet komplexer Systeme und nichtlinearer Dynamik in Natur und Gesellschaft gelesen werden.

Mit Beiträgen aus Wissenschaft, Kultur, Wirtschaft und Politik

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfängen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen für die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfügung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden müssen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.