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This book presents possible solutions for a circuler economy (CE) in the water and wastewater sector through an inventory of multidisciplinary knowledge with high scientific and practical importance which can contribute to support the transition to the CE model in water and wastewater sector. Water in modern studies exceeds being an important source for irrigation and drinking. It is now a significant source of renewable energy and a catalyst in most industrial and manufacturing products. The protection and sustainable management of water resources and water-based waste (as wastewater, sewage sludge, or sewage sludge ash) are important aspects of the CE, which is defined as a regenerative growth model that gives back to the planet more than it takes. Our book, entitled'Water in Circular Economy', delivers a comprehensive overview of the latest research covering the following aspects of water management from the perspective of the CE implementation: · Water as a key resource in the circular economy; · Innovative solutions in transition to the circular economy in water and wastewater sector; · Monitoring of circular economy implementation in water and wastewater sector.

Petroleum Industry Wastewater: Advanced and Sustainable Treatment Methods discusses the status of different approaches and advanced processes involved in the treatment of petrochemical and petroleum industry wastewater. The book focuses on advanced, sustainable, and environmentally friendly technologies for removing toxic pollutants from contaminated waters. The book also explores the environmental aspects and impacts of the petroleum industry discharge wastewater, their effect on aquatic life, and possible ways to deal with these effects. Keeping the global water crisis and fast depletion of natural fresh water in mind, more immediate knowledge, information, implication, and effective utilization of available resources are required than we anticipated. The book brings a wide range of methodologies and perspectives under one roof in a comprehensive manner. - Describes advanced strategies and methods involved in petroleum industry water treatment - Deals with ways to treat discharged water through cutting-edge technologies - Presents an overview of pollutant degradation in industrial wastewater - Highlights advanced and technological know-how for a variety of applications

In this compilation, the authors open with an address of alternative advanced technologies that effectively meet the desired level of removal of recalcitrant contaminants from water. They discuss the advantages and disadvantages of different state of the art technologies, assess the need for further development, as well as estimate the potential for large scale applications based on technological advancement and availability. Next, the book delves into the origin of chitin, which can be traced back to 1811 when it was first discovered in mushrooms by Henri Braconnot while he was Professor of Natural History and Director of the Botanical Gardens at the Academy of Science in France. Twenty years later, chitin was isolated in insects. In 1878, Ledderhose determined that chitin was constructed of glucosamine and acetic acid. The subsequent chapter presents results of an experiment analyzing the concentration of dissolved substances as a major factor that determines the efficiency of membrane separation for wastewater treatment. The results show that selectivity of different types of semi-permeable membranes in a wide range of concentrations can be predicted with sufficient accuracy. Another paper deals with aerobic treatment, i.e. the activated sludge method and the anaerobic process. Activated sludge is the most widely used method to bring about stabilization in wastewater having organic matter constituents. The possibilities of function are analysed in this sludge system, and a short outline is given about the human's plans in the future with connection of the biological waste water treatment. The closing paper discusses the treatment of wastewater from surfactants, as its application has increased markedly both in everyday life and in many industrial branches. Water containing surfactants is fatal for the environment and has a toxic impact on the human body, causing cancerogenic, mutagenic and allergenic effects. Thus, there is a great need for reliable water treatment in chemically developed countries.

In diesem Band werden unter anderem Handlungsempfehlungen für die Überflutungsvorsorge gegeben, die Hebung des energetischen Potenzials von Abwasser besprochen und Praxisbeispiele zur ökologischen Sanierung oder ökologischen Baubegleitung dargestellt. Er umfasst die kommunale Abwasserbehandlung, Energiegewinnung aus Abwässern, Diskussionstand zu Mikroschadstoffen in Gewässern sowie deren Ökosystemfunktionen und Klimaanpassungsstrategien.

The research presented in this report was performed in order to compile and better understand the total costs of some commonplace wastewater pipeline condition assessment and renewal engineering methodologies and technologies in the U.S. An extensive literature review was performed, covering all pertinent sources from the body of knowledge. Additionally, detailed case studies describing utility wastewater pipeline condition assessment and renewal engineering project costs were created using information data mined directly from participating utilities. The information gathered through literature review and data mining was compiled and synthesized, resulting in the presentation of conclusions regarding the financial, social, and environmental costs of condition assessment and renewal engineering of domestic wastewater pipelines, recommendations for further research and industry needs, and a description of trends found. Trends in costs as driven by pipeline diameter, project length, and supplemental direct costs were summarized, social and environmental cost issues were discussed, and the gaps between current cost data capture practices and future needs were presented. Furthermore, a standard data structure is proposed for wastewater utilities to use for cost reporting purposes when performing condition assessment and renewal engineering work on their buried pipelines. The collection of the information presented in the proposed standard data structure for utility reporting would provide the data needed to greatly improve utility cost estimating processes and to more easily direct research toward industry needs. The standard data structure was utilized to gather the desired cost data as a pilot; once data is gathered using the standard method and structure, robust cost trend analyses can be performed.

Accurate prediction of wastewater pipe structural and functional deterioration plays an essential role in the utility asset management process and capital investment planning. The key to implementing an asset management strategy is a comprehensive understanding and prediction of asset condition and performance. The primary objective of this research is therefore to develop protocols and methods for predicting the remaining economic life of wastewater pipe assets. The limits of deterioration prediction capabilities are not in mathematical models or statistical analysis methods, but in lack of accurate and consistent data. This report presented the short-term phase-1 which has been completed with results from intensive literature reviews, various interviews with utilities, and pipe associations. In this phase, the research team investigated the life cycle of wastewater pipeline and identified the causes of pipe failure in different phases including design, manufacture, construction, operation and maintenance, and repair/rehabilitation/replacement. The research team has prepared various modes and mechanisms of pipe failure in wastewater infrastructure system as well as identified environmental and societal consequences of the failure. After reviewing all relevant reports and utility databases, the research team has developed a set of standard pipe parameter list (data structure) and pipe data collection methodology. The data structure has been classified into Gold, Silver, Bronze and Wood standard.

Except in schoolboy jokes, the subject of human waste is rarely aired. We talk aboutwater-related diseases when most are sanitation-related - in short, we don‘t mention the shit. A century and a half ago, a long, hot summer reduced the Thames flowing past the UK Houses of Parliament to aGreat Stink thereby inducing MPs to legislate sanitary reform. Today, another sanitary reformation is needed, one that manages to spread cheaper and simpler systems to people everywhere. In the byways of the developing world, much is quietly happening on the excretory frontier. In 2008, the International Year of Sanitation, the authors bring this awkward subject to a wider audience than the world of international filth usually commands. They seek the elimination of theGreat Distaste so that people without political clout or economic muscle can claim their right to a dignified and hygienic place togo. Published with UNICEF