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This volume consists of contributions spanning a wide spectrum of harmonic analysis and its applications written by speakers at the February Fourier Talks from 2002 – 2013. Containing cutting-edge results by an impressive array of mathematicians, engineers and scientists in academia, industry and government, it will be an excellent reference for graduate students, researchers and professionals in pure and applied mathematics, physics and engineering. Topics covered include: Special Topics in Harmonic AnalysisApplications and Algorithms in the Physical SciencesGabor TheoryRADAR and Communications: Design, Theory, and ApplicationsThe February Fourier Talks are held annually at the Norbert Wiener Center for Harmonic Analysis and Applications. Located at the University of Maryland, College Park, the Norbert Wiener Center provides a state-of- the-art research venue for the broad emerging area of mathematical engineering.

This is the second edition of a well-received book providing the fundamentals of the theory hyperbolic conservation laws. Several chapters have been rewritten, new material has been added, in particular, a chapter on space dependent flux functions and the detailed solution of the Riemann problem for the Euler equations.Hyperbolic conservation laws are central in the theory of nonlinear partial differential equations and in science and technology. The reader is given a self-contained presentation using front tracking, which is also a numerical method. The multidimensional scalar case and the case of systems on the line are treated in detail. A chapter on finite differences is included.From the reviews of the first edition:'It is already one of the few best digests on this topic. The present book is an excellent compromise between theory and practice. Students will appreciate the lively and accurate style.'D. Serre, MathSciNet'I have read the book with great pleasure, and I can recommend it to experts as well as students. It can also be used for reliable and very exciting basis for a one-semester graduate course.'S. Noelle, Book review, German Math. Soc.'Making it an ideal first book for the theory of nonlinear partial differential equations...an excellent reference for a graduate course on nonlinear conservation laws.'M. Laforest, Comp. Phys. Comm.

Differential Geometry is a wide field. We have chosen to concentrate upon certain aspects that are appropriate for an introduction to the subject; we have not attempted an encyclopedic treatment. In Book I, we focus on preliminaries. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to multivariable calculus and treats the Inverse Function Theorem, Implicit Function Theorem, the theory of the Riemann Integral, and the Change of Variable Theorem. Chapter 2 treats smooth manifolds, the tangent and cotangent bundles, and Stokes'Theorem. Chapter 3 is an introduction to Riemannian geometry. The Levi-Civita connection is presented, geodesics introduced, the Jacobi operator is discussed, and the Gauss-Bonnet Theorem is proved. The material is appropriate for an undergraduate course in the subject. We have given some different proofs than those that are classically given and there is some new material in these volumes. For example, the treatment of the Chern-Gauss-Bonnet Theorem for pseudo-Riemannian manifolds with boundary is new. Table of Contents: Preface / Acknowledgments / Basic Notions and Concepts / Manifolds / Riemannian and Pseudo-Riemannian Geometry / Bibliography / Authors'Biographies / Index

This monograph presents the state of the art in aeroservoelastic (ASE) modeling and analysis and develops a systematic theoretical and computational framework for use by researchers and practicing engineers. It is the first book to focus on the mathematical modeling of structural dynamics, unsteady aerodynamics, and control systems to evolve a generic procedure to be applied for ASE synthesis. Existing robust, nonlinear, and adaptive control methodology is applied and extended to some interesting ASE problems, such as transonic flutter and buffet, post-stall buffet and maneuvers, and flapping flexible wing.The author derives a general aeroservoelastic plant via the finite-element structural dynamic model, unsteady aerodynamic models for various regimes in the frequency domain, and the associated state-space model by rational function approximations. For more advanced models, the full-potential, Euler, and Navier-Stokes methods for treating transonic and separated flows are also briefly addressed. Essential ASE controller design and analysis techniques are introduced to the reader, and an introduction to robust control-law design methods of LQG/LTR and H2/H∞ synthesis is followed by a brief coverage of nonlinear control techniques of describing functions and Lyapunov functions. Practical and realistic aeroservoelastic application examples derived from actual experiments are included throughout.Aeroservoelasiticity fills an important gap in the aerospace engineering literature and will be a valuable guide for graduate students and advanced researchers in aerospace engineering, as well as professional engineers, technicians, and test pilots in the aircraft industry and laboratories.

The book introduces the concept of “generalized interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy soft sets”. It presents the basic properties of these sets and also, investigates an application of generalized interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy soft sets in decision making with respect to interval of degree of preference. The concept of “interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy soft rough sets” is discussed and interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy soft rough set based multi criteria group decision making scheme is presented, which refines the primary evaluation of the whole expert group and enables us to select the optimal object in a most reliable manner. The book also details concept of interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets of type 2. It presents the basic properties of these sets. The book also introduces the concept of “interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy soft topological space (IVIFS topological space)” together with intuitionistic fuzzy soft open sets (IVIFS open sets) and intuitionistic fuzzy soft closed sets (IVIFS closed sets).

The book is intended as an advanced undergraduate or first-year graduate course for students from various disciplines, including applied mathematics, physics and engineering. It has evolved from courses offered on partial differential equations (PDEs) over the last several years at the Politecnico di Milano. These courses had a twofold purpose: on the one hand, to teach students to appreciate the interplay between theory and modeling in problems arising in the applied sciences, and on the other to provide them with a solid theoretical background in numerical methods, such as finite elements. Accordingly, this textbook is divided into two parts. The first part, chapters 2 to 5, is more elementary in nature and focuses on developing and studying basic problems from the macro-areas of diffusion, propagation and transport, waves and vibrations. In turn the second part, chapters 6 to 11, concentrates on the development of Hilbert spaces methods for the variational formulation and the analysis of (mainly) linear boundary and initial-boundary value problems.

This volume consists of contributions spanning a wide spectrum of harmonic analysis and its applications written by speakers at the February Fourier Talks from 2002 – 2013. Containing cutting-edge results by an impressive array of mathematicians, engineers, and scientists in academia, industry, and government, it will be an excellent reference for graduate students, researchers, and professionals in pure and applied mathematics, physics, and engineering. Topics covered include· spectral analysis and correlation;· radar and communications: design, theory, and applications;· sparsity · special topics in harmonic analysis.The February Fourier Talks are held annually at the Norbert Wiener Center for Harmonic Analysis and Applications. Located at the University of Maryland, College Park, the Norbert Wiener Center provides a state-of- the-art research venue for the broad emerging area of mathematical engineering.

This book presents the works and research findings of physicists, economists, mathematicians, statisticians, and financial engineers who have undertaken data-driven modelling of market dynamics and other empirical studies in the field of Econophysics. During recent decades, the financial market landscape has changed dramatically with the deregulation of markets and the growing complexity of products. The ever-increasing speed and decreasing costs of computational power and networks have led to the emergence of huge databases. The availability of these data should permit the development of models that are better founded empirically, and econophysicists have accordingly been advocating that one should rely primarily on the empirical observations in order to construct models and validate them. The recent turmoil in financial markets and the 2008 crash appear to offer a strong rationale for new models and approaches. The Econophysics community accordingly has an important future role to play in market modelling. The Econophys-Kolkata VIII conference proceedings are devoted to the presentation of many such modelling efforts and address recent developments. A number of leading researchers from across the globe report on their recent work, comment on the latest issues, and review the contemporary literature.

This book explores the extent to which fuzzy set logic can overcome some of the shortcomings of public choice theory, particularly its inability to provide adequate predictive power in empirical studies. Especially in the case of social preferences, public choice theory has failed to produce the set of alternatives from which collective choices are made. The book presents empirical findings achieved by the authors in their efforts to predict the outcome of government formation processes in European parliamentary and semi-presidential systems. Using data from the Comparative Manifesto Project (CMP), the authors propose a new approach that reinterprets error in the coding of CMP data as ambiguity in the actual political positions of parties on the policy dimensions being coded. The range of this error establishes parties'fuzzy preferences. The set of possible outcomes in the process of government formation is then calculated on the basis of both the fuzzy Pareto set and the fuzzy maximal set, and the predictions are compared with those made by two conventional approaches as well as with the government that was actually formed. The comparison shows that, in most cases, the fuzzy approaches outperform their conventional counterparts.

Designed to provide tools for independent study, this book contains student-tested mathematical exercises joined with MATLAB programming exercises.Most chapters open with a review followed by theoretical and programming exercises, with detailed solutions provided for all problems including programs. Many of the MATLAB exercises are presented as Russian dolls: each question improves and completes the previous program and results are provided to validate the intermediate programs.The book offers useful MATLAB commands, advice on tables, vectors, matrices and basic commands for plotting. It contains material on eigenvalues and eigenvectors and important norms of vectors and matrices including perturbation theory; iterative methods for solving nonlinear and linear equations; polynomial and piecewise polynomial interpolation; Bézier curves; approximations of functions and integrals and more. The last two chapters considers ordinary differential equations including two point boundary value problems, and deal with finite difference methods for some partial differential equations.The format is designed to assist students working alone, with concise Review paragraphs, Math Hint footnotes on the mathematical aspects of a problem and MATLAB Hint footnotes with tips on programming.

This textbook, now in its second edition, provides a broad introduction to both continuous and discrete dynamical systems, the theory of which is motivated by examples from a wide range of disciplines. It emphasizes applications and simulation utilizing MATLAB®, Simulink®, the Image Processing Toolbox® and the Symbolic Math toolbox®, including MuPAD. Features new to the second edition include· sections on series solutions of ordinary differential equations, perturbation methods, normal forms, Gröbner bases, and chaos synchronization;· chapters on image processing and binary oscillator computing;· hundreds of new illustrations, examples, and exercises with solutions; and· over eighty up-to-date MATLAB program files and Simulink model files available online. These files were voted MATLAB Central Pick of the Week in July 2013.The hands-on approach of Dynamical Systems with Applications using MATLAB, Second Edition, has minimal prerequisites, only requiring familiarity with ordinary differential equations. It will appeal to advanced undergraduate and graduate students, applied mathematicians, engineers, and researchers in a broad range of disciplines such as population dynamics, biology, chemistry, computing, economics, nonlinear optics, neural networks, and physics. Praise for the first editionSumming up, it can be said that this text allows the reader to have an easy and quick start to the huge field of dynamical systems theory. MATLAB/SIMULINK facilitate this approach under the aspect of learning by doing.—OR News/Operations Research SpectrumThe MATLAB programs are kept as simple as possible and the author's experience has shown that this method of teaching using MATLAB works well with computer laboratory classes of small sizes…. I recommend ‘Dynamical Systems with Applications using MATLAB'as a good handbook for a diverse readership: graduates and professionals in mathematics, physics, science and engineering.—Mathematica

This collection of 23 articles is the output of lectures in special sessions on “The History of Theoretical, Material and Computational Mechanics” within the yearly conferences of the GAMM in the years 2010 in Karlsruhe, Germany, 2011 in Graz, Austria, and in 2012 in Darmstadt, Germany; GAMM is the “Association for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics”, founded in 1922 by Ludwig Prandtl and Richard von Mises. The contributions in this volume discuss different aspects of mechanics. They are related to solid and fluid mechanics in general and to specific problems in these areas including the development of numerical solution techniques. In the first part the origins and developments of conservation principles in mechanics and related variational methods are treated together with challenging applications from the 17th to the 20th century. Part II treats general and more specific aspects of material theories of deforming solid continua and porous soils. and Part III presents important theoretical and engineering developments in fluid mechanics, beginning with remarkable inventions in old Egypt, the still dominating role of the Navier-Stokes PDEs for fluid flows and their complex solutions for a wide field of parameters as well as the invention of pumps and turbines in the 19th and 20th century. The last part gives a survey on the development of direct variational methods – the Finite Element Method – in the 20th century with many extensions and generalizations.

During the last two decades the boundary element method has experienced a remarkable evolution. Contemporary concepts and techniques leading to the advancements of capabilities and understanding of the mathematical and computational aspects of the method in mechanics are presented. The special emphasis on theoretical and numerical issues, as well as new formulations and approaches for special and important fields of solid and fluid mechanics are considered. Several important and new mathematical aspects are presented: singularity and hypersingular formulations, regularity, errors and error estimators, adaptive methods, Galerkin formulations, coupling of BEM-FEM and non-deterministic (stochastic and fuzzy) BEM formulations. Novel developments and applications of the boundary element method in various fields of mechanics of solids and fluids are considered: heat conduction, diffusion and radiation, non-linear problems, dynamics and time-depending problems, fracture mechanics, thermoelasticity and poroelasticity, aerodynamics and acoustics, contact problems, biomechanics, optimization and sensitivity analysis problems, ill posed and inverse problems, and identification problems.

The concept of temporal networks is an extension of complex networks as a modeling framework to include information on when interactions between nodes happen. Many studies of the last decade examine how the static network structure affect dynamic systems on the network. In this traditional approach the temporal aspects are pre-encoded in the dynamic system model. Temporal-network methods, on the other hand, lift the temporal information from the level of system dynamics to the mathematical representation of the contact network itself. This framework becomes particularly useful for cases where there is a lot of structure and heterogeneity both in the timings of interaction events and the network topology. The advantage compared to common static network approaches is the ability to design more accurate models in order to explain and predict large-scale dynamic phenomena (such as, e.g., epidemic outbreaks and other spreading phenomena). On the other hand, temporal networkmethods are mathematically and conceptually more challenging. This book is intended as a first introduction and state-of-the art overview of this rapidly emerging field.

Hemivariational inequalities represent an important class of problems in nonsmooth and nonconvex mechanics. By means of them, problems with nonmonotone, possibly multivalued, constitutive laws can be formulated, mathematically analyzed and finally numerically solved. The present book gives a rigorous analysis of finite element approximation for a class of hemivariational inequalities of elliptic and parabolic type. Finite element models are described and their convergence properties are established. Discretized models are numerically treated as nonconvex and nonsmooth optimization problems. The book includes a comprehensive description of typical representants of nonsmooth optimization methods. Basic knowledge of finite element mathematics, functional and nonsmooth analysis is needed. The book is self-contained, and all necessary results from these disciplines are summarized in the introductory chapter. Audience: Engineers and applied mathematicians at universities and working in industry. Also graduate-level students in advanced nonlinear computational mechanics, mathematics of finite elements and approximation theory. Chapter 1 includes the necessary prerequisite materials.

This is the fourth edition of the Mathematics handbook for science and engineering (BETA). Compared to the previous editions a number of additions and corrections have been made. The Mathematics handbook covers basic areas of mathematics, numerical analysis, probability and statistics and various applications. The handbook is intended for students and teachers of mathematics, science and engineering and for profession­ als working in these areas. The aim of the handbook is to provide useful informa­ tion in a lucid and accessible form in a moderately large volume. The handbook concentrates on definitions, results, formulas, graphs, figures and tables and emphasizes concepts and methods with applications in technology and science. The Mathematics handbook is organised in 19 chapters starting with basic concepts in discrete mathematics and ending with chapters on probability and statistics and a miscellaneous chapter. Crossreferences and an extensive index help the user to find required information. We have not included numerical tables of functions which are available on most scientific calculators and pocket computers. We have treated one variable and multi variable calculus in different chapters, because students, usu­ ally, meet these areas in different courses. In formulating theorems and results sometimes all assumptions are not explicitely stated.

During the last decade physicists, engineers and computer scientists have joined in an enormously fruitful dialogue about traffic and granular flow. Cars and sand grains have in common, that they interact irreversibly, which is the reason for similar jamming phenomena. The main difference is that car drivers choose their destination and route individually, while grains follow external driving forces. This book gives an overview about the progress in modelling, computer simulation, experiments and field observations, which was reached within the last two years. The contributions are based on the International Workshop Traffic and Granular Flow'01, which took place in Nagoya, 15 - 17 October 2001. Topics include a critical classification of models for highway traffic, new technological applications, friction and arching phenomena in pedestrian traffic, scale free networks and internet traffic, instabilities and fluctuations in avalanches and granular pipe flow.

This monograph is devoted to recent advances in nonlinear dynamics of continuous elastic systems. A major part of the book is dedicated to the analysis of non-homogeneous continua, e.g. plates and shells characterized by sudden changes in their thickness, possessing holes in their bodies or/and edges, made from different materials with diverse dynamical characteristics and complicated boundary conditions. New theoretical and numerical approaches for analyzing the dynamics of such continua are presented, such as the method of added masses and the method of proper orthogonal decomposition. The presented hybrid approach leads to results that cannot be obtained by other standard theories in the field. The demonstrated methods are illustrated by numerous examples of application.

Elements of Continuum Mechanics and Conservation Laws presents a systematization of different models in mathematical physics, a study of the structure of conservation laws, thermodynamical identities, and connection with criteria for well-posedness of the corresponding mathematical problems. The theory presented in this book stems from research carried out by the authors concerning the formulations of differential equations describing explosive deformations of metals. In such processes, elasticity equations are used in some zones, whereas hydrodynamics equations are stated in other zones. Plastic deformations appear in transition zones, which leads to residual stresses. The suggested model contains some relaxation terms which simulate these plastic deformations. Certain laws of thermodynamics are used in order to describe and study differential equations simulating the physical processes. This leads to the special formulation of differential equations using generalized thermodynamical potentials.

Hyperbolic conservation laws are central in the theory of nonlinear partial differential equations and in science and technology. The reader is given a self-contained presentation using front tracking, which is also a numerical method. The multidimensional scalar case and the case of systems on the line are treated in detail. A chapter on finite differences is included.'It is already one of the few best digests on this topic. The present book is an excellent compromise between theory and practice. Students will appreciate the lively and accurate style.'D. Serre, MathSciNet'I have read the book with great pleasure, and I can recommend it to experts as well as students. It can also be used for reliable and very exciting basis for a one-semester graduate course.'S. Noelle, Book review, German Math. Soc.'Making it an ideal first book for the theory of nonlinear partial differential equations...an excellent reference for a graduate course on nonlinear conservation laws.'M. Laforest, Comp. Phys. Comm.

Applied Mathematics: Body & Soul is a mathematics education reform project developed at Chalmers University of Technology and includes a series of volumes and software. The program is motivated by the computer revolution opening new possibilities of computational mathematical modeling in mathematics, science and engineering. It consists of a synthesis of Mathematical Analysis (Soul), Numerical Computation (Body) and Application. Volumes I-III present a modern version of Calculus and Linear Algebra, including constructive/numerical techniques and applications intended for undergraduate programs in engineering and science. Further volumes present topics such as Dynamical Systems, Fluid Dynamics, Solid Mechanics and Electro-Magnetics on an advanced undergraduate/graduate level. The authors are leading researchers in Computational Mathematics who have written various successful books.

Over the past decades, the Boundary Element Method has emerged as a ver­ satile and powerful tool for the solution of engineering problems, presenting in many cases an alternative to the more widely used Finite Element Method. As with any numerical method, the engineer or scientist who applies it to a practical problem needs to be acquainted with, and understand, its basic principles to be able to apply it correctly and be aware of its limitations. It is with this intention that we have endeavoured to write this book: to give the student or practitioner an easy-to-understand introductory course to the method so as to enable him or her to apply it judiciously. As the title suggests, this book not only serves as an introductory course, but also cov­ ers some advanced topics that we consider important for the researcher who needs to be up-to-date with new developments. This book is the result of our teaching experiences with the Boundary Element Method, along with research and consulting activities carried out in the field. Its roots lie in a graduate course on the Boundary Element Method given by the authors at the university of Stuttgart. The experiences gained from teaching and the remarks and questions of the students have contributed to shaping the'Introductory course'(Chapters 1-8) to the needs of the stu­ dents without assuming a background in numerical methods in general or the Boundary Element Method in particular.

In recent years approximation theory and the theory of orthogonal polynomials have witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of solutions of difficult and previously untouchable problems. This is due to the interaction of approximation theoretical techniques with classical potential theory (more precisely, the theory of logarithmic potentials, which is directly related to polynomials and to problems in the plane or on the real line). Most of the applications are based on an exten­ sion of classical logarithmic potential theory to the case when there is a weight (external field) present. The list of recent developments is quite impressive and includes: creation of the theory of non-classical orthogonal polynomials with re­ spect to exponential weights; the theory of orthogonal polynomials with respect to general measures with compact support; the theory of incomplete polynomials and their widespread generalizations, and the theory of multipoint Pade approximation. The new approach has produced long sought solutions for many problems; most notably, the Freud problems on the asymptotics of orthogonal polynomials with a respect to weights of the form exp(-Ixl); the'l/9-th'conjecture on rational approximation of exp(x); and the problem of the exact asymptotic constant in the rational approximation of Ixl. One aim of the present book is to provide a self-contained introduction to the aforementioned'weighted'potential theory as well as to its numerous applications. As a side-product we shall also fully develop the classical theory of logarithmic potentials.

​​Since the parameters in dynamical systems of biological interest are inherently positive and bounded, bounded noises are a natural way to model the realistic stochastic fluctuations of a biological system that are caused by its interaction with the external world. Bounded Noises in Physics, Biology, and Engineering is the first contributed volume devoted to the modeling of bounded noises in theoretical and applied statistical mechanics, quantitative biology, and mathematical physics. It gives an overview of the current state-of-the-art and is intended to stimulate further research. The volume is organized in four parts. The first part presents the main kinds of bounded noises and their applications in theoretical physics. The theory of bounded stochastic processes is intimately linked to its applications to mathematical and statistical physics, and it would be difficult and unnatural to separate the theory from its physical applications. The second is devoted to framing bounded noises in the theory of random dynamical systems and random bifurcations, while the third is devoted to applications of bounded stochastic processes in biology, one of the major areas of potential applications of this subject. The final part concerns the application of bounded stochastic processes in mechanical and structural engineering, the area where the renewed interest for non-Gaussian bounded noises started. Pure mathematicians working on stochastic calculus will find here a rich source of problems that are challenging from the point of view of contemporary nonlinear analysis. Bounded Noises in Physics, Biology, and Engineering is intended for scientists working on stochasticprocesses with an interest in both fundamental issues and applications. It will appeal to a broad range of applied mathematicians, mathematical biologists, physicists, engineers, and researchers in other fields interested in complexity theory. It is accessible to anyone with a working knowledge of stochastic modeling, from advanced undergraduates to senior researchers.

'An exceptionally complete overview. There are numerous examples and the emphasis is on applications to almost all areas of science and engineering. There is truly something for everyone here. This reviewer feels that it is a very hard act to follow, and recommends it strongly. [This book] is a jewel.'- Applied Mechanics Review (Review of First Edition) This expanded and revised second edition is a comprehensive and systematic treatment of linear and nonlinear partial differential equations and their varied applications. Building upon the successful material of the first book, this edition contains updated modern examples and applications from areas of fluid dynamics, gas dynamics, plasma physics, nonlinear dynamics, quantum mechanics, nonlinear optics, acoustics, and wave propagation. Methods and properties of solutions are presented, along with their physical significance, making the book more useful for a diverse readership.

We now apply the algorithm above to find the 121 orbits of norm -2 vectors from the (known) nann 0 vectors, and then apply it again to find the 665 orbits of nann -4 vectors from the vectors of nann 0 and -2. The neighbors of a strictly 24 dimensional odd unimodular lattice can be found as follows. If a norm -4 vector v E II. corresponds to the sum 25 1 of a strictly 24 dimensional odd unimodular lattice A and a!-dimensional lattice, then there are exactly two nonn-0 vectors of ll25,1 having inner product -2 with v, and these nann 0 vectors correspond to the two even neighbors of A. The enumeration of the odd 24-dimensional lattices. Figure 17.1 shows the neighborhood graph for the Niemeier lattices, which has a node for each Niemeier lattice. If A and B are neighboring Niemeier lattices, there are three integral lattices containing A n B, namely A, B, and an odd unimodular lattice C (cf. [Kne4]). An edge is drawn between nodes A and B in Fig. 17.1 for each strictly 24-dimensional unimodular lattice arising in this way. Thus there is a one-to-one correspondence between the strictly 24-dimensional odd unimodular lattices and the edges of our neighborhood graph. The 156 lattices are shown in Table 17.I. Figure I 7. I also shows the corresponding graphs for dimensions 8 and 16.

The book aims at surveying results in the application of fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic to economics and engineering. New results include fuzzy non-linear regression, fully fuzzified linear programming, fuzzy multi-period control, fuzzy network analysis, each using an evolutionary algorithm; fuzzy queuing decision analysis using possibility theory; fuzzy differential equations; fuzzy difference equations; fuzzy partial differential equations; fuzzy eigenvalues based on an evolutionary algorithm; fuzzy hierarchical analysis using an evolutionary algorithm; fuzzy integral equations. Other important topics covered are fuzzy input-output analysis; fuzzy mathematics of finance; fuzzy PERT (project evaluation and review technique). No previous knowledge of fuzzy sets is needed. The mathematical background is assumed to be elementary calculus.

Innovations in Intelligent Systems is a rare collection of the latest developments in intelligent paradigms such as knowledge-based systems, computational intelligence and hybrid combinations as well as practical applications in engineering, science, business and commerce. The book covers central topics such as intelligent multi-agent systems, data mining, case-based reasoning, and rough sets. Essential techniques to the development of intelligent machines are investigated such as pattern recognition and classification, machine learning, natural language processing, grammar, evolutionary schemes, fuzzy-neural procedures, and intelligent vision. The book also includes useful applications ranging from medical diagnosis and technical/medical language translation, to power demand forecasting and manufacturing plants. Due to its depth and breadth of the coverage and the usefulness of the techniques and applications, this book is a valuable reference for experts and students alike.

During last decade significant progress has been made in the oil indus­ try by using soft computing technology. Underlying this evolving technology there have, been ideas transforming the very language we use to describe problems with imprecision, uncertainty and partial truth. These developments offer exciting opportunities, but at the same time it is becoming clearer that further advancements are confronted by funda­ mental problems. The whole idea of how human process information lies at the core of the challenge. There are already new ways of thinking about the problems within theory of perception-based information. This theory aims to understand and harness the laws of human perceptions to dramatically im­ prove the processing of information. A matured theory of perception-based information is likely to be proper positioned to contribute to the solution of the problems and provide all the ingredients for a revolution in science, technology and business. In this context, Berkeley Initiative in Soft Computing (BISC), Univer­ sity of California, Berkeley from one side and Chevron-Texaco from another formed a Technical Committee to organize a Meeting entitled'State of the Art Assessment and New Directions for Research'to understand the signifi­ cance of the fields accomplishments, new developments and future directions. The Technical Committee selected and invited 15 scientists (and oil indus­ try experts as technical committee members) from the related disciplines to participate in the Meeting, which took place at the University of California, Berkeley, and March 15-17, 2002.

The ongoing increase in scale of integration of electronics makes storage and computational power affordable to many applications. Also image process­ ing systems can benefit from this trend. A variety of algorithms for image processing tasks becomes close at hand. From the whole range of possible approaches, those based on fuzzy logic are the ones this book focusses on. A particular useful property of fuzzy logic techniques is their ability to represent knowledge in a way which is comprehensible to human interpretation. The theory of fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic was initiated in 1965 by Zadeh, and is one of the most developed models to treat imprecision and uncertainty. Instead of the classical approach that an object belongs or does not belong to a set, the concept of a fuzzy set allows a gradual transition from mem­ bership to nonmembership, providing partial degrees of membership. Fuzzy techniques are often complementary to existing techniques and can contribute to the development of better and more robust methods, as has already been illustrated in numerous scientific branches. The present book resulted from the workshop'Fuzzy Filters for Image Processing'which was organized at the 10th FUZZ-IEEE Conference in Mel­ bourne, Australia. At this event several speakers have given an overview of the current state-of-the-art of fuzzy filters for image processing. Afterwards, the book has been completed with contributions of other international re­ searchers.

rii application of linear operators on a Hilbert space. We begin with a chapter on the geometry of Hilbert space and then proceed to the spectral theory of compact self adjoint operators; operational calculus is next presented as a nat­ ural outgrowth of the spectral theory. The second part of the text concentrates on Banach spaces and linear operators acting on these spaces. It includes, for example, the three'basic principles of linear analysis and the Riesz­ Fredholm theory of compact operators. Both parts contain plenty of applications. All chapters deal exclusively with linear problems, except for the last chapter which is an introduction to the theory of nonlinear operators. In addition to the standard topics in functional anal­ ysis, we have presented relatively recent results which appear, for example, in Chapter VII. In general, in writ­ ing this book, the authors were strongly influenced by re­ cent developments in operator theory which affected the choice of topics, proofs and exercises. One of the main features of this book is the large number of new exercises chosen to expand the reader's com­ prehension of the material, and to train him or her in the use of it. In the beginning portion of the book we offer a large selection of computational exercises; later, the proportion of exercises dealing with theoretical questions increases. We have, however, omitted exercises after Chap­ ters V, VII and XII due to the specialized nature of the subject matter.

In the nearly five years since the publication of what we refer to as The Hitchhiker's Guide, we have been the recipients of much advice and many complaints. That, combined with the economics of the publishing industry, convinced us that the world would be a better place if we published a second edition of our book, and made it available in paperback at a more modest price. The most obvious difference between the second and the original edition is the reorganization of material that resulted in three new chapters. Chap­ ter 4 collects many of the purely set-theoretical results about measurable structures such as semirings and a-algebras. The material in this chapter is quite independent from notions of measure and integration, and is easily ac­ cessible, so we thought it should come sooner. We also divided the chapter on correspondences into two separate chapters, one dealing with continuity, the other with measurability. The material on measurable correspondences is more detailed and, we hope, better written. We also put many of the representation theorems into their own Chapter 13. This arrangement has the side effect of forcing the renumbering of almost every result in the text, thus rendering the original version obsolete. We feel bad about that, but like Humpty Dumpty, we doubt we could put it back the way it was. The second most noticeable change is the addition of approximately seventy pages of new material.

Optimierung ist eine Aufgabe von besonderer Bedeutung für Unternehmen und Organisationen. Durch wachsenden Wettbewerb wird dieses Thema immer wichtiger. Hier wird es in einer Darstellungsform behandelt, die den Praktiker ohne große mathematische Vorkenntnisse in dieses komplexe Sachgebiet einführt. Hierbei werden theoretische (algorithmische) Aspekte konzeptionell behandelt und in Beziehung zu Aspekten der Datenverarbeitung (Software) sowie zu den Anwendungsgebieten gestellt, wie z.B. Standort-, Personal-, Produktions- und Vertriebsplanung von Unternehmen. Das Buch führt den Leser von den klassischen Methoden und Anwendungen bis zu den neuesten Verfahren und Problemstellungen betriebswirtschaftlicher und technischer Art. Es trägt dazu bei, dem großen Interessentenkreis aus den verschiedensten Branchen den Blick für die Möglichkeiten des rechnergestützten Optimierens zu öffnen. Von besonderem Wert für den Leser ist der einführende Charakter der Darstellung und das reichhaltige, strukturierte Literaturverzeichnis.

​​Advances in science and technology are driven by the development of rigorous mathematical foundations for the study of both theoretical and experimental models. With certain methodological variations, this type of study always comes down to the application of analytic or computational integration procedures, making such tools indispensible. With a wealth of cutting-edge research in the field, Integral Methods in Science and Engineering: Progress in Numerical and Analytic Techniques provides a detailed portrait of both the construction of theoretical integral techniques and their application to specific problems in science and engineering. The chapters in this volume are based on talks given by well-known researchers at the Twelfth International Conference on Integral Methods in Science and Engineering, July 23–27, 2012, in Porto Alegre, Brazil. They address a broad range of topics, from problems of existence and uniqueness for singular integral equations on domain boundaries to numerical integration via finite and boundary elements, conservation laws, hybrid methods, and other quadrature-related approaches. The contributing authors bring their expertise to bear on a number of topical problems that have to date resisted solution, thereby offering help and guidance to fellow professionals worldwide. Integral Methods in Science and Engineering: Progress in Numerical and Analytic Techniques will be a valuable resource for researchers in applied mathematics, physics, and mechanicaland electrical engineering, for graduate students in these disciplines, and for various other professionals who use integration as an essential tool in their work.​

'Artificial Boundary Method'systematically introduces the artificial boundary method for the numerical solutions of partial differential equations in unbounded domains. Detailed discussions treat different types of problems, including Laplace, Helmholtz, heat, Schrödinger, and Navier and Stokes equations. Both numerical methods and error analysis are discussed. The book is intended for researchers working in the fields of computational mathematics and mechanical engineering.Prof. Houde Han works at Tsinghua University, China; Prof. Xiaonan Wu works at Hong Kong Baptist University, China.

Nonconvexity and nonsmoothness arise in a large class of engineering applica­ tions. In many cases of practical importance the possibilities offered by opti­ mization with its algorithms and heuristics can substantially improve the per­ formance and the range of applicability of classical computational mechanics algorithms. For a class of problems this approach is the only one that really works. The present book presents in a comprehensive way the application of opti­ mization algorithms and heuristics in smooth and nonsmooth mechanics. The necessity of this approach is presented to the reader through simple, represen­ tative examples. As things become more complex, the necessary material from convex and nonconvex optimization and from mechanics are introduced in a self-contained way. Unilateral contact and friction problems, adhesive contact and delamination problems, nonconvex elastoplasticity, fractal friction laws, frames with semi­ rigid connections, are among the applications which are treated in details here. Working algorithms are given for each application and are demonstrated by means of representative examples. The interested reader will find helpful references to up-to-date scientific and technical literature so that to be able to work on research or engineering topics which are not directly covered here.

From the Preface:'The material in this book is based on notes for a course which I gave several times at Brown University. The target of the course was juniors and seniors majoring in applied mathematics, engineering and other sciences. My basic goal in the course was to teach standard methods, or what I regard as a basic'bag of tricks'. In my opinion the material contained here, for the most part, does not depart widely from traditional subject matter. One such departure is the discussion of discrete linear systems. Besides being interesting in its own right, this topic is included because the treatment of such systems leads naturally to the use of discrete Fourier series, discrete Fourier transforms, and their extension, the Z-transform. On making the transition to continuous systems we derive their continuous analogues, viz., Fourier series, Fourier transforms, Fourier integrals and Laplace transforms. A main advantage to the approach taken is that a wide variety of techniques are seen to result from one or two very simple but central ideas. Above all, this course is intended as being one which gives the student a'can-do'frame of mind about mathematics. Students should be given confidence in using mathematics and not be made fearful of it. I have, therefore, forgone the theorem-proof format for a more informal style. Finally, a concerted effort was made to present an assortment of examples from diverse applications with the hope of attracting the interest of the student, and an equally dedicated effort was made to be kind to the reader.'

The steady increase in computational power induces an equally steady increase in the complexity of the engineering models and associated computer codes. This particularly affects the modeling of the mechanical response of materials. Material behavior is nowadays modeled in the strongly nonlinear range by tak­ ing into account finite strains, complex hysteresis effects, fracture phenomena and multiscale features. Progress in this field is of fundamental importance for many engineering disciplines, especially those concerned with material testing, safety, reliability and serviceability analyses of engineering structures. In recent years many important achievements have been made in the field of the theoretical formulation, the mathematical analysis and the numerical im­ plementation of deformation processes in solids. Computational methods and simulation techniques today play a central role in advancing the understanding of complex material behavior. Research in the field of'ComputationalMechan­ ics of Materials'is concerned with the development of mathematical models and numerical solution techniques for the simulation of material response. It is a very broad interdisciplinary field of science with inputs from traditional fields such as Applied Mechanics, Applied Mathematics, Materials Science, Solid State Physics and Information Technology. The intention of the IUTAM Symposium'Computational Mechanics of Solid Materials at Large Strains', held at the University of Stuttgart, Germany, from August 20-24, 200I, was to give a state of the art and a survey about recent developments in this field and to create perspectives for future research trends.

As one of the oldest natural sciences, mechanics occupies a certain pioneering role in determining the development of exact sciences through its interaction with mathematics. As a matter of fact, there is hardly an area in mathematics that hasn't found an application of some form in mechanics. It is thus almost inevitable that theoretical methods in mechanics are highly developed and laid out on different levels of abstraction. With the spread of digital processors this goes as far as the implementation in commercial computer codes, where the user is merely con­ fronted on the surface with the processes that run in the background, i. e. mechan­ ics as such: in teaching and research, as well as in the context of industry, me­ chanics is much more, and must remain much more than the mere production of data with the help of a processor. Mechanics, as it is talked about here, tradition­ ally includes a wide spectrum, ranging from applied mechanics, analytical and technical mechanics to modeling. and experimental mechanics, as well as technical realization. It also includes the subdisciplines of rigid body mechanics, continuum mechanics, or fluid mechanics, to mention only a few. One of the fundamental and most important concepts used by nearly all natural sciences is the concept of linearization, which assumes the differentiability of mappings. As a matter of fact, all of classical mechanics is based on the avail­ ability of this quality.

Beginning with a tutorial guide to MATLAB®, the text thereafter is divided into two main areas. In Part I, both real and complex discrete dynamical systems are considered, with examples presented from population dynamics, nonlinear optics, and materials science. Part II includes examples from mechanical systems, chemical kinetics, electric circuits, economics, population dynamics, epidemiology, and neural networks. Common themes such as bifurcation, bistability, chaos, fractals, instability, multistability, periodicity, and quasiperiodicity run through several chapters. Chaos control and multifractal theories are also included along with an example of chaos synchronization. Some material deals with cutting-edge published research articles and provides a useful resource for open problems in nonlinear dynamical systems. Readers are guided through theory via example, and the graphical MATLAB® interface. The Simulink® accessory is used to simulate real-world dynamical processes. Examples from: mechanics, electric circuits, economics, population dynamics, epidemiology, nonlinear optics, materials science, and neural networks. Over 330 illustrations, 300 examples, and exercises with solutions. Aimed at senior undergraduates, graduate students, and working scientists in various branches of engineering, applied mathematics, and the natural sciences.

This volume comprises a carefully selected collection of articles emerging from and pertinent to the 2010 CFL-80 conference in Rio de Janeiro, celebrating the 80th anniversary of the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) condition. A major result in the field of numerical analysis, the CFL condition has influenced the research of many important mathematicians over the past eight decades, and this work is meant to take stock of its most important and current applications.The Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) Condition: 80 Years After its Discovery will be of interest to practicing mathematicians, engineers, physicists, and graduate students who work with numerical methods.

In diesem Buch, erstmals 1924 bzw. 1937 erschienen, spürt man noch wie am ersten Tag die Frische und Inspiration zweier großer Mathematiker und Lehrer. Hilbert kann man mit Fug und Recht als den letzten Mathematiker bezeichnen, der in allen Gebieten seiner Wissenschaft zu Hause war und in den verschiedensten Bereichen der Mathematik grundlegende neue Erkenntnisse gewann. Seine Resultate haben entscheidend die moderne Auffassung vom Wesen der Mathematik geprägt. Sein Schüler Courant galt und gilt auch heute noch als ein ausgezeichneter Lehrer, der auch schwierigste Materien verständlich darstellen konnte. Das bei Springer erschienene Buch von Courant/Robbins: Was ist Mathematik, kann in diesem Zusammenhang als beispielhaft genannt werden. Alles in allem eine großartige Zusammenfassung der mathematischen Hilfsmittel des Physikers, die auch heute noch viele enthusiastische Leser finden wird.

M. LUCERTINI, A. MILLAN GASCA, AND F. NICOLO 1 Technology as Knowledge: The Case of Modern Engineering Systems In recent years scholars coming from the fields of history and philosophy of sci­ ence and technology have devoted much attention to the problem of'technology as knowledge'and to the emergence of an autonomous engineering science in the Industrial Agel. This interest echoes a growing awareness among engineers of the independence of their conceptual approach with respect to other forms of knowl­ edge, linked to the consolidation of autonomous academic engineering research in th the 20 century. A careful examination of the nature of technological knowledge appears particularly valuable in view of the pervasive presence of technology in contemporary life and culture, not only as a result of its impressive achievements, but through the less obvious influence of its concepts and viewpoints as well. The activity of engineers and technicians has been traditionally based on the practical ability to cope with specific situations and to attain the corresponding specific goal by means of the design and realization of an artifact or structure, on the basis of past experience handed down by tradition and applied by means of trial-and-error and rule-of-thumb procedures. But the existence of a theoreti­ cal background and of principles underpinning this activity can be traced back to classical antiquity.

This monograph is a self-contained, coherent presentation of the background and progress of the stability of time-delay systems. Focusing on techniques, tools, and advances in numerical methods and optimization algorithms, the authors developed material which, up until now, has been scattered in technical journals and conference proceedings. Special emphasis is placed on systems with uncertainty and stability criteria which can be computationally implemented. The second edition is major update to reflect the state of art in this field greatly expanding on the original material in addition to two new chapters on Systems of Neutral Type and an Introduction to Frequency Domain Method. Requiring only basic knowledge of linear systems and Lyapunov stability theory, Stability of Time-Delay Systems, 2nd ed is accessible to a broad audience of researchers, professional engineers, and graduate students. It may be used for self-study or as a reference; portions of the text may be used in advanced graduate courses and seminars.

Developed from the cooperation between mathematicians and industrial scientists on the'grass roots'level of specific problems, this book is the most recent in a collection of self-contained volumes which present industrial problems to mathematicians. Topics include: imaging and visualization, diffusion in glassy and swelling polymers, composite materials, plastic flows, coating of fiber optics, communications, colloidal dispersion, stress in semiconductors, micromagnetics, photobleaching, and machine vision. Many chapters offer open problems and references, while the last chapter contains solutions to problems raised in previous volumes of Mathematics in Industrial Problems, Parts 2, 3, and 4, published in the IMA series as Volumes 24, 31, and 38 respectively.

Weak convergence is a basic tool of modern nonlinear analysis because it enjoys the same compactness properties that finite dimensional spaces do: basically, bounded sequences are weak relatively compact sets. Nonetheless, weak conver­ gence does not behave as one would desire with respect to nonlinear functionals and operations. This difficulty is what makes nonlinear analysis much harder than would normally be expected. Parametrized measures is a device to under­ stand weak convergence and its behavior with respect to nonlinear functionals. Under suitable hypotheses, it yields a way of representing through integrals weak limits of compositions with nonlinear functions. It is particularly helpful in comprehending oscillatory phenomena and in keeping track of how oscilla­ tions change when a nonlinear functional is applied. Weak convergence also plays a fundamental role in the modern treatment of the calculus of variations, again because uniform bounds in norm for se­ quences allow to have weak convergent subsequences. In order to achieve the existence of minimizers for a particular functional, the property of weak lower semicontinuity should be established first. This is the crucial and most delicate step in the so-called direct method of the calculus of variations. A fairly large amount of work has been devoted to determine under what assumptions we can have this lower semicontinuity with respect to weak topologies for nonlin­ ear functionals in the form of integrals. The conclusion of all this work is that some type of convexity, understood in a broader sense, is usually involved.

The dimmed outlines of phenomenal things all into one another unless we put on the merge focusing-glass of theory, and screw it up some­ times to one pitch of definition and sometimes to another, so as to see down into different depths through the great millstone of the world James Clerk Maxwell (1831 - 1879) For a long time after the foundation of the modern theory of electromag­ netism by James Clerk Maxwell in the 19th century, the mathematical ap­ proach to electromagnetic field problems was for a long time dominated by the analytical investigation of Maxwell's equations. The rapid development of computing facilities during the last century has then necessitated appropriate numerical methods and algorithmic tools for the simulation of electromagnetic phenomena. During the last few decades, a new research area'Computational Electromagnetics'has emerged com­ prising the mathematical analysis, design, implementation, and application of numerical schemes to simulate all kinds of relevant electromagnetic pro­ cesses. This area is still rapidly evolving with a wide spectrum of challenging issues featuring, among others, such problems as the proper choice of spatial discretizations (finite differences, finite elements, finite volumes, boundary elements), fast solvers for the discretized equations (multilevel techniques, domain decomposition methods, multipole, panel clustering), and multiscale aspects in microelectronics and micromagnetics.

Sapere aude! Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Numerical simulations playa key role in many areas of modern science and technology. They are necessary in particular when experiments for the underlying problem are too dangerous, too expensive or not even possible. The latter situation appears for example when relevant length scales are below the observation level. Moreover, numerical simulations are needed to control complex processes and systems. In all these cases the relevant problems may become highly complex. Hence the following issues are of vital importance for a numerical simulation: - Efficiency of the numerical solvers: Efficient and fast numerical schemes are the basis for a simulation of'real world'problems. This becomes even more important for realtime problems where the runtime of the numerical simulation has to be of the order of the time span required by the simulated process. Without efficient solution methods the simulation of many problems is not feasible.'Efficient'means here that the overall cost of the numerical scheme remains proportional to the degrees of freedom, i. e., the numerical approximation is determined in linear time when the problem size grows e. g. to upgrade accuracy. Of course, as soon as the solution of large systems of equations is involved this requirement is very demanding.