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The implementation of networks-on-chip (NoC) technology in VLSI integration presents a variety of unique challenges. To deal with specific design solutions and research hurdles related to intra-chip data exchange, engineers are challenged to invoke a wide range of disciplines and specializations while maintaining a focused approach. Leading Researchers Present Cutting-Edge Designs Tools Networks-on-Chips: Theory and Practice facilitates this process, detailing the NoC paradigm and its benefits in separating IP design and functionality from chip communication requirements and interfacing. It starts with an analysis of 3-D NoC architectures and progresses to a discussion of NoC resource allocation, processor traffic modeling, and formal verification, with an examination of protocols at different layers of abstraction. An exploration of design methodologies, CAD tool development, and system testing, as well as communication protocol, the text highlights important emerging research issues, such as Resource Allocation for Quality of Service (QoS) on-chip communication Testing, verification, and network design methodologies Architectures for interconnection, real-time monitoring, and security requirements Networks-on-Chip Protocols Presents a flexible MPSoC platform to easily implement multimedia applications and evaluate future video encoding standards This useful guide tackles power and energy issues in NoC-based designs, addressing the power constraints that currently limit the embedding of more processing elements on a single chip. It covers traffic modeling and discusses the details of traffic generators. Using unique case studies and examples, it covers theoretical and practical issues, guiding readers through every phase of system design.

Embedded systems take over complex control and data processing tasks in diverse application?elds such as automotive, avionics, consumer products, and telec- munications. They are the primary driver for improving overall system safety, ef?ciency, and comfort. The demand for further improvement in these aspects can only be satis?ed by designing embedded systems of increasing complexity, which in turn necessitates the development of new system design methodologies based on speci?cation, design, and veri?cation languages. The objective of the book at hand is to provide researchers and designers with an overview of current research trends, results, and application experiences in c- puter languages for embedded systems. The book builds upon the most relevant contributions to the 2008 conference Forum on Design Languages (FDL), the p- mier international conference specializing in this?eld. These contributions have been selected based on the results of reviews provided by leading experts from - search and industry. In many cases, the authors have improved their original work by adding breadth, depth, or explanation.

Considered a standard industry resource, the Embedded Systems Handbook provided researchers and technicians with the authoritative information needed to launch a wealth of diverse applications, including those in automotive electronics, industrial automated systems, and building automation and control. Now a new resource is required to report on current developments and provide a technical reference for those looking to move the field forward yet again. Divided into two volumes to accommodate this growth, the Embedded Systems Handbook, Second Edition presents a comprehensive view on this area of computer engineering with a currently appropriate emphasis on developments in networking and applications. Those experts directly involved in the creation and evolution of the ideas and technologies presented offer tutorials, research surveys, and technology overviews that explore cutting-edge developments and deployments and identify potential trends. This second self-contained volume of the handbook, Network Embedded Systems, focuses on select application areas. It covers automotive field, industrial automation, building automation, and wireless sensor networks. This volume highlights implementations in fast-evolving areas which have not received proper coverage in other publications. Reflecting the unique functional requirements of different application areas, the contributors discuss inter-node communication aspects in the context of specific applications of networked embedded systems.Those looking for guidance on preliminary design of embedded systems should consult the first volume: Embedded Systems Design and Verification.

Welcome to the proceedings of PATMOS 2008, the 18th in a series of int- national workshops. PATMOS 2008 was organized by INESC-ID / IST - TU Lisbon, Portugal, with sponsorship by Cadence, IBM, Chipidea, and Tecmic, and technical co-sponsorship by the IEEE. Over the years, PATMOS has evolved into an important European event, where researchers from both industry and academia discuss and investigate the emerging challenges in future and contemporary applications, design meth- ologies, and tools required for the development of the upcoming generations of integrated circuits and systems. The technical program of PATMOS 2008 c- tained state-of-the-art technical contributions, three invited talks, and a special session on recon?gurable architectures. The technical program focused on t- ing, performance and power consumption, as well as architectural aspects with particular emphasis on modeling, design, characterization, analysis and op- mization in the nanometer era. The Technical Program Committee, with the assistance of additional expert reviewers, selected the 41 papers presented at PATMOS. The papers were - ganized into 7 oral sessions (with a total of 31 papers) and 2 poster sessions (with a total of 10 papers). As is customary for the PATMOS workshops, full papers were required for review, and a minimum of three reviews were received per manuscript.

Low Power Design Essentials contains all the topics of importance to the low power designer. The book lays the foundation with background chapters entitled “Advanced MOS Transistors and Their Models” and “Power Basics”. These chapters are followed by chapters on the design process including: optimization, architecture and algorithm level, memory, run time, standby logic, and standby memory. Chapters on special topics are also included: power management and modal design, ultra low power, and low power design methodology and flows. The book concludes with a chapter on case studies as well as a chapter on “Projection into the Future”.These chapters are all based on the extensive amount of teaching that the author has carried out both at universities and companies worldwide. All chapters have been drawn up specifically for self-study. They aim, however, at different levels of understanding. All the chapters start with elementary material, but most also contain advanced material.

With the rapid advances in technology, the conventional academic and research departments of Electronics engineering, Electrical Engineering, Computer Science, Instrumentation Engineering over the globe are forced to come together and update their curriculum with few common interdisciplinary courses in order to come out with the engineers and researchers with muli-dimensional capabilities. The gr- ing perception of the ‘Hardware becoming Soft'and ‘Software becoming Hard'with the emergence of the FPGAs has made its impact on both the hardware and software professionals to change their mindset of working in narrow domains. An interdisciplinary field where ‘Hardware meets the Software'for undertaking se- ingly unfeasible tasks is System on Chip (SoC) which has become the basic pl- form of modern electronic appliances. If it wasn't for SoCs, we wouldn't be driving our car with foresight of the traffic congestion before hand using GPS. Without the omnipresence of the SoCs in our every walks of life, the society is wouldn't have evidenced the rich benefits of the convergence of the technologies such as audio, video, mobile, IPTV just to name a few. The growing expectations of the consumers have placed the field of SoC design at the heart of at variance trends. On one hand there are challenges owing to design complexities with the emergence of the new processors, RTOS, software protocol stacks, buses, while the brutal forces of deep submicron effects such as crosstalk, electromigration, timing closures are challe- ing the design metrics.

During the past few years there has been an dramatic upsurge in research and development, implementations of new technologies, and deployments of actual solutions and technologies in the diverse application areas of embedded systems. These areas include automotive electronics, industrial automated systems, and building automation and control. Comprising 48 chapters and the contributions of 74 leading experts from industry and academia, the Embedded Systems Handbook, Second Edition presents a comprehensive view of embedded systems: their design, verification, networking, and applications. The contributors, directly involved in the creation and evolution of the ideas and technologies presented, offer tutorials, research surveys, and technology overviews, exploring new developments, deployments, and trends. To accommodate the tremendous growth in the field, the handbook is now divided into two volumes.New in This Edition: Processors for embedded systems Processor-centric architecture description languages Networked embedded systems in the automotive and industrial automation fields Wireless embedded systems Embedded Systems Design and VerificationVolume I of the handbook is divided into three sections. It begins with a brief introduction to embedded systems design and verification. The book then provides a comprehensive overview of embedded processors and various aspects of system-on-chip and FPGA, as well as solutions to design challenges. The final section explores power-aware embedded computing, design issues specific to secure embedded systems, and web services for embedded devices. Networked Embedded SystemsVolume II focuses on selected application areas of networked embedded systems. It covers automotive field, industrial automation, building automation, and wireless sensor networks. This volume highlights implementations in fast-evolving areas which have not received proper coverage in other publications. Reflecting the unique functional requirements of different application areas, the contributors discuss inter-node communication aspects in the context of specific applications of networked embedded systems.

Green Software De?ned Radios, the title of this book may have originated from a lackofinspiration,andthecombinationofhardwork,jetlag,anddrinkinggreentea. The message we want to convey however, is that SDRs are a promising technology for the future, providing they are designed for ef?cient usage of scarce resources: energy and spectrum. In the last years, the R&D teams focusing on wireless c- munication (around the world and at IMEC speci?cally), have realized great bre- throughs. It is our honor, building on this knowledge, to bring a comprehensive overview of the essential technologies. We are grateful that Springer is willing to publish in their collection on radio technologies, a book on green SDRs, a weird species still today, yet maybe the baseline for the day after tomorrow. Dear reader, we wish that you?nd in the following pages, including the references, some int- esting insights, and that this book may live more or less up to your expectations (and hopefully more than less). Thisbook'sclosingstatesthatthequestforGreenSDRshasnotended,thisisjust the beginning. Concerning this book however, we are happy that today the opposite is true. We want to acknowledge our colleagues at IMEC for their great scienti?c contribution, and even more for the enjoyable cooperation.

Embedded System Design: Modeling, Synthesis and Verification introduces a model-based approach to system level design. It presents modeling techniques for both computation and communication at different levels of abstraction, such as specification, transaction level and cycle-accurate level. It discusses synthesis methods for system level architectures, embedded software and hardware components. Using these methods, designers can develop applications with high level models, which are automatically translatable to low level implementations. This book, furthermore, describes simulation-based and formal verification methods that are essential for achieving design confidence. The book concludes with an overview of existing tools along with a design case study outlining the practice of embedded system design. Specifically, this book addresses the following topics in detail:. System modeling at different abstraction levels. Model-based system design. Hardware/Software codesign. Software and Hardware component synthesis. System verification This book is for groups within the embedded system community: students in courses on embedded systems, embedded application developers, system designers and managers, CAD tool developers, design automation, and system engineering.

This book covers technologies, applications, tools, languages, procedures, advantages, and disadvantages of reconfigurable supercomputing using Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). The target audience is the community of users of High Performance Computers (HPC) who may benefit from porting their applications into a reconfigurable environment. As such, this book is intended to guide the HPC user through the many algorithmic considerations, hardware alternatives, usability issues, programming languages, and design tools that need to be understood before embarking on the creation of reconfigurable parallel codes. We hope to show that FPGA acceleration, based on the exploitation of the data parallelism, pipelining and concurrency remains promising in view of the diminishing improvements in traditional processor and system design. Table of Contents: FPGA Technology / Reconfigurable Supercomputing / Algorithmic Considerations / FPGA Programming Languages / Case Study: Sorting / Alternative Technologies and Concluding Remarks

Dynamic System Reconfiguration in Heterogeneous Platforms defines the MORPHEUS platform that can join the performance density advantage of reconfigurable technologies and the easy control capabilities of general purpose processors. It consists of a System-on-Chip made of a scalable system infrastructure hosting heterogeneous reconfigurable accelerators, providing dynamic reconfiguration capabilities and data-stream management capabilities.

Adopting a groundbreaking approach, the highly regarded author shows how to design methods for planning increasingly complex experiments. He begins with a brief introduction to standard quality methods and the technology in standard electric circuits. The book then gives numerous examples of how to apply the proposed methodology in a series of real-life case studies. Although these case studies are taken from the printed circuit board industry, the methods are equally applicable to other fields of engineering.

Increasing complexity of modern embedded systems demands system designers to ramp up their design productivity without compromising performance goals. This is promoted by modern Electronic System Level (ESL) techniques. Language-driven Exploration and Implementation of Partially Re-configurable ASIPs addresses an important segment of the ESL area by modeling partially re-configurable processors via high-level Architecture Description Language (ADL). This approach also hints an imminent evolution in the area of re-configurable system design.

Cryptographic Engineering is the first book that discusses the design techniques and methods. The material of this book is scattered in journal and conference articles, and authors'lecture notes. This is a first attempt by top cryptographic engineers to bring this material in a book form and make it available to electrical engineering and computer science students and engineers working for the industry. This book is intended for a graduate-level course in Cryptographic Engineering to be taught in Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering, and Computer Science departments. Students will have to have the knowledge of basic cryptographic algorithms before taking this course which will teach them how to design cryptographic hardware (FPGA, ASIC, custom) and embedded software to be used in secure systems. Additionally, engineers working in the industry will be interested in this book to learn how to design cryptographic chips and embedded software. Engineers working on the design of cellular phones, mobile computing and sensor systems, web and enterprise security systems which rely upon cryptographic hardware and software will be interested in this book. Essential and advanced design techniques for cryptography will be covered by this book.

RFID Security: Techniques, Protocols and System-On-Chip Design is an edited book covering fundamentals, security theories and protocols, and hardware implementations for cryptography algorithms and security techniques in RFID. The volume is structured in three parts. Part 1 deals with RFID fundamentals, including system architectures and applications. Part 2 addresses RFID security protocols and techniques with a comprehensive collection of the recent state-of-art protocols and techniques to secure RFID avoiding all potential security forces and cracks. Finally, the book discusses hardware implementation of security algorithms. This section deals with the hardware implementations of cryptography algorithms and protocols dedicated to RFID platforms and chips.

What is exactly “Safety”? A safety system should be defined as a system that will not endanger human life or the environment. A safety-critical system requires utmost care in their specification and design in order to avoid possible errors in their implementation that should result in unexpected system's behavior during his operating “life”. An inappropriate method could lead to loss of life, and will almost certainly result in financial penalties in the long run, whether because of loss of business or because the imposition of fines. Risks of this kind are usually managed with the methods and tools of the “safety engineering”. A life-critical system is designed to 9 lose less than one life per billion (10). Nowadays, computers are used at least an order of magnitude more in safety-critical applications compared to two decades ago. Increasingly electronic devices are being used in applications where their correct operation is vital to ensure the safety of the human life and the environment. These application ranging from the anti-lock braking systems (ABS) in automobiles, to the fly-by-wire aircrafts, to biomedical supports to the human care. Therefore, it is vital that electronic designers be aware of the safety implications of the systems they develop. State of the art electronic systems are increasingly adopting progr- mable devices for electronic applications on earthling system. In particular, the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) devices are becoming very interesting due to their characteristics in terms of performance, dimensions and cost.

Over the past several decades, applications permeated by advances in digital signal processing have undergone unprecedented growth in capabilities. The editors and authors of High Performance Embedded Computing Handbook: A Systems Perspective have been significant contributors to this field, and the principles and techniques presented in the handbook are reinforced by examples drawn from their work. The chapters cover system components found in today's HPEC systems by addressing design trade-offs, implementation options, and techniques of the trade, then solidifying the concepts with specific HPEC system examples. This approach provides a more valuable learning tool, Because readers learn about these subject areas through factual implementation cases drawn from the contributing authors'own experiences. Discussions include: Key subsystems and components Computational characteristics of high performance embedded algorithms and applications Front-end real-time processor technologies such as analog-to-digital conversion, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays, and intellectual property–based design Programmable HPEC systems technology, including interconnection fabrics, parallel and distributed processing, performance metrics and software architecture, and automatic code parallelization and optimization Examples of complex HPEC systems representative of actual prototype developments Application examples, including radar, communications, electro-optical, and sonar applications The handbook is organized around a canonical framework that helps readers navigate through the chapters, and it concludes with a discussion of future trends in HPEC systems. The material is covered at a level suitable for practicing engineers and HPEC computational practitioners and is easily adaptable to their own implementation requirements.

Adaptive Nonlinear System Identification: The Volterra and Wiener Model Approaches introduces engineers and researchers to the field of nonlinear adaptive system identification. The book includes recent research results in the area of adaptive nonlinear system identification and presents simple, concise, easy-to-understand methods for identifying nonlinear systems. These methods use adaptive filter algorithms that are well known for linear systems identification. They are applicable for nonlinear systems that can be efficiently modeled by polynomials. After a brief introduction to nonlinear systems and to adaptive system identification, the author presents the discrete Volterra model approach. This is followed by an explanation of the Wiener model approach. Adaptive algorithms using both models are developed. The performance of the two methods are then compared to determine which model performs better for system identification applications. Adaptive Nonlinear System Identification: The Volterra and Wiener Model Approaches is useful to graduates students, engineers and researchers in the areas of nonlinear systems, control, biomedical systems and in adaptive signal processing.

Fine- and Coarse-Grain Reconfigurable Computing gives the basic concepts and building blocks for the design of Fine- (or FPGA) and Coarse-Grain Reconfigurable Architectures. Recently-developed integrated architecture design and software-supported design flow of FPGA and coarse-grain reconfigurable architecture are also described. Part I consists of two extensive surveys of FPGA and Coarse-Grain Reconfigurable Architectures. In Part II, case studies, innovative research results about reconfigurable architectures and design frameworks from three projects AMDREL, MOLEN and ADRES and DRESC, and, a new classification according to microcoded architectural criteria are described. Fine- and Coarse-Grain Reconfigurable Computing is an essential reference for researchers and professionals and can be used as a textbook by undergraduate, graduate students and professors.

Thecomplexityofembeddedsystems-on-a-chipisrapidlygrowing.Di?erentexpertsareinvolvedin the design process: application software designers, programmable core architects, on-chip com- nication engineers, analog and digital designers, deep submicron specialists and process engineers. In order to arrive at an optimum implementation compromises are needed across boundaries of the di?erent domains of expertise. Therefore, the authors of this book take the point of view of the system architect who is a generalist rather than an expert. He is responsible for the de?nition of a high level architecture, whichisgloballyoptimal.Findinganoptimumrequiresaproperbalancebetweenarea,performance and last but not least energy consumption. The challenge is not only the size of the design space but also the fact that the most important decisions are taken during the early design phases. The advantage of an early decision is that the impact on area, performance and energy consumption is large. But the disadvantage is that the available information is often limited, incomplete and inaccurate. The task of the system architect is to take the correct early decisions despite the uncertainties.

Processor Design provides insight into a number of different flavors of processor architectures and their design, software tool generation, implementation, and verification. After a brief introduction to processor architectures and how processor designers have sometimes failed to deliver what was expected, the authors introduce a generic flow for embedded on-chip processor design and start to explore the vast design space of on-chip processing. The types of processor cores covered include general purpose RISC cores, traditional DSP, a VLIW approach to signal processing, processor cores that can be customized for specific applications, reconfigurable processors, protocol processors, Java engines, and stream processors. Co-processor and multi-core design approaches that deliver application-specific performance over and above that which is available from single-core designs are also described.

This book contains extended and revised versions of the best papers that were presented during the thirteenth edition of the IFIP TC10/WG10.5 International Conference on Very Large Scale Integration, a Global System-on-a-Chip Design & CAD conference. The 13th conference was held at the Parmelia Hilton Hotel, Perth, Western Australia (October 17-19, 2005). Previous conferences have taken place in Edinburgh, Trondheim, Vancouver, Munich, Grenoble, Tokyo, Gramado, Lisbon, Montpellier and Darmstadt. The purpose of this conference, sponsored by IFIP TC 10 Working Group 10.5, is to provide a forum to exchange ideas and show industrial and academic research results in the field of mic- electronics design. The current trend toward increasing chip integ- tion and technology process advancements brings about stimulating new challenges both at the physical and system-design levels, as well in the test of these systems. VLSI-SOC conferences aim to address these exciting new issues. The 2005 edition of VLSI-SoC maintained the traditional structure, which has been successful at the previous VLSI-SOC conferences. The quality of submissions (107 papers from 26 countries) made the selection process difficult, but finally 63 papers and 25 posters were accepted for presentation in VLSI-SoC 2005. Out of the 63 full papers presented at the conference, 20 were chosen by a selection committee to have an extended and revised version included in this book. These selected papers came from Australia, Brazil, France, Germany, Italy, Korea, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and the United States of America. x Preface

Dear Reader, Thank you for investing your time into this book devoted to the fascinating world of Digital Satellite Communications. This is an Edited book which possesses some peculiarities that we believe make it different from other books of the kind. In fact, this book is the result of the joint effort of some sixty co- Authors who took part to a common European Research Project, named SatNEx, i.e. the European Network of Excellence (NoE) in Satellite Communications. This NoE is an instrument funded by the European Commission under the sixth Framework Programme (FP6), within the thematic priority Mobile and Wireless Systems beyond 3G of the Information Society and Technology (1ST) area. In brief, the objectives of the SatNEx NoE are the integration of knowledge and facilities, the pursuit of jointly executed research, and the spreading of excellence beyond the boundary of the SatNEx community. Within SatNEx, several joint activities have been launched on different areas of interest; among these, the Flexwave ]omi activity has been devoted to the study of all aspects related to the physical layer of a satellite communication system. This book is the output of two years of collaboration among the Flexwave partners.

th Welcome to the proceedings of PATMOS 2007, the 17 in a series of international workshops. PATMOS 2007 was organized by Chalmers University of Technology with IEEE Sweden Chapter of the Solid-State Circuit Society technical - sponsorship and IEEE CEDA sponsorship. Over the years, PATMOS has evolved into an important European event, where - searchers from both industry and academia discuss and investigate the emerging ch- lenges in future and contemporary applications, design methodologies, and tools - quired for the development of the upcoming generations of integrated circuits and systems. The technical program of PATMOS 2007 consisted of state-of-the-art te- nical contributions, three invited talks and an industrial session on design challenges in real-life projects. The technical program focused on timing, performance and power consumption, as well as architectural aspects with particular emphasis on m- eling, design, characterization, analysis and optimization in the nanometer era. The Technical Program Committee, with the assistance of additional expert - viewers, selected the 55 papers presented at PATMOS. The papers were organized into 9 technical sessions and 3 poster sessions. As is always the case with the PATMOS workshops, full papers were required, and several reviews were received per manuscript.

Introduction in Reconfigurable Computing provides a comprehensive study of the field Reconfigurable Computing. It provides an entry point to the novice willing to move in the research field reconfigurable computing, FPGA and system on programmable chip design. The book can also be used as teaching reference for a graduate course in computer engineering, or as reference to advance electrical and computer engineers. It provides a very strong theoretical and practical background to the field of reconfigurable computing, from the early Estrin's machine to the very modern architecture like coarse-grained reconfigurable device and the embedded logic devices. Apart from the introduction and the conclusion, the main chapter of the book are the following: Architecture of reconfigurable systems, which presents the technology and the architecture used in fined-grained and those used in coarse-grained reconfigurable devices. Design and implementation: This section deals with the implementation on reconfigurable system. It briefly covers the steps needed to implement application on today's FPGAs. And focus on the logic synthesis for FPGA, in particular LUT technology mapping. High-Level Synthesis for Reconfigurable Devices: The high-level synthesis for reconfigurable systems, also known as temporal partitioning is presented here. Several temporal partitioning techniques are presented and explained. Temporal placement: This section considers stand alone reconfigurable systems. Its assume that a kind of operating systems for reconfigurable systems is in charge of managing the resources of a given system and allocate space on a device for the computation of incoming tasks., and therefore presents several temporal placement approaches for off-line as well as on-line placement. On-line and Dynamic Interconnection: This chapter reviews andexplains the different approaches for allowing communication between modules dynamically placed at run-time on a given device. Designing a reconfigurable application on Xilinx Virtex FPGA: In this section, the different design approaches of partial reconfigurable systems on the Xilinx FPGAs that are one of the few one on the market with this feature, is explained. System on programmable chip: System on programmable chip is a hot topic in reconfigurable computing. This is mainly the integration of a system made upon some peripheral (UART, Ethernet, VGA, etc.), but also computational (Coding, filter, etc.) hardware modules on one programmable chip. The current usable solutions are presented: The book furthermore focusses on the development of adaptive multiprocessors on chip, i.e. systems consisting of a set of Processors and exchangeable hardware accelerators. Applications: This part covers the use of reconfigurable system in computer architecture (rapid prototyping, reconfigurable supercomputer, reconfigurable massively parallel computers) and algorithm better adapted for reconfigurable systems (distributed arithmetic, network packet processing, etc...)

As we embrace the world of personal, portable, and perplexingly complex digital systems, it has befallen upon the bewildered designer to take advantage of the available transistors to produce a system which is small, fast, cheap and correct, yet possesses increased functionality. Increasingly, these systems have to consume little energy. Designers are increasingly turning towards small processors, which are low power, and customize these processors both in software and hardware to achieve their objectives of a low power system, which is verified, and has short design turnaround times. Designing Embedded Processors examines the many ways in which processor based systems are designed to allow low power devices. It looks at processor design methods, memory optimization, dynamic voltage scaling methods, compiler methods, and multi processor methods. Each section has an introductory chapter to give a breadth view, and have a few specialist chapters in the area to give a deeper perspective. The book provides a good starting point to engineers in the area, and to research students embarking upon the exciting area of embedded systems and architectures.

Today's wireless services have come a long way since the roll out of the conventional voice-centric cellular systems. The demand for wireless access in voice and high rate data multi-media applications has been increasing. New generation wireless communication systems are aimed at accommodating this demand through better resource management and improved transmission technologies. The interest in increasing Spectrum Access and improving Spectrum Efficiency combined with both the introduction of Software Defined Radios and the realization that machine learning can be applied to radios has created new intriguing possibilities for wireless radio researchers. This book is aimed to discuss the cognitive radio, software defined radio (SDR), and adaptive radio concepts from several aspects. Cognitive radio and cognitive networks will be investigated from a broad aspect of wireless communication system enhancement while giving special emphasis on better spectrum utilization. Applications of cognitive radio, SDR and cognitive radio architectures, spectrum efficiency and soft spectrum usage, adaptive wireless system design, measurements and awareness of various parameters including interference temperature and geo-location information are some of the important topics that will be covered in this book. Cognitive Radio, Software Defined Radio, and Adaptive Wireless Systems is intended to be both an introductory technology survey/tutorial for beginners and an advanced mathematical overview intended for technical professionals in the communications industry, technical managers, and researchers in both academia and industry.

During the 1980s and early 1990s there was signi?cant work in the design and implementation of hardware neurocomputers. Nevertheless, most of these efforts may be judged to have been unsuccessful: at no time have have ha- ware neurocomputers been in wide use. This lack of success may be largely attributed to the fact that earlier work was almost entirely aimed at developing custom neurocomputers, based on ASIC technology, but for such niche - eas this technology was never suf?ciently developed or competitive enough to justify large-scale adoption. On the other hand, gate-arrays of the period m- tioned were never large enough nor fast enough for serious arti?cial-neur- network (ANN) applications. But technology has now improved: the capacity and performance of current FPGAs are such that they present a much more realistic alternative. Consequently neurocomputers based on FPGAs are now a much more practical proposition than they have been in the past. This book summarizes some work towards this goal and consists of 12 papers that were selected, after review, from a number of submissions. The book is nominally divided into three parts: Chapters 1 through 4 deal with foundational issues; Chapters 5 through 11 deal with a variety of implementations; and Chapter 12 looks at the lessons learned from a large-scale project and also reconsiders design issues in light of current and future technology.

This book contains extended and revised versions of the best papers that have been presented during the twelfth edition of the IFIP TC10/WG10.5 International Conference on Very Large Scale Integration, a Global System-on-a-Chip Design & CAD Conference. The 12• edition was held at the Lufthansa Training Center in Seeheim-Jugenheim, south of Darmstadt, Germany (December 1-3, 2003). Previous conferences have taken place in Edinburgh (81), Trondheim (83), Tokyo (85), Vancouver (87), Munich (89), Edinburgh (91), Grenoble (93), Tokyo (95), Gramado (97), Lisbon (99)andMontpellier(01). The purpose of this conference, sponsored by IFIP TC 10 Working Group 10.5, is to provide a forum to exchange ideas and show research results in the field of microelectronics design. The current trend toward increasing chip integration brings about exhilarating new challenges both at the physical and system-design levels: this conference aims to address these exciting new issues. The 2003 edition of VLSI-SoC conserved the traditional structure, which has been successful in previous editions. The quality of submissions (142 papers) made the selection process difficult, but finally 57 papers and 14 posters were accepted for presentation in VLSI-SoC 2003. Submissions came from Austria, Bulgaria, Brazil, Canada, Egypt, England, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan and the United States of America. From 57 papers presented at the conference, 18 were selected to have an extended and revised version included in this book.

Presenting a comprehensive overview of the design automation algorithms, tools, and methodologies used to design integrated circuits, the Electronic Design Automation for Integrated Circuits Handbook is available in two volumes. The second volume, EDA for IC Implementation, Circuit Design, and Process Technology, thoroughly examines real-time logic to GDSII (a file format used to transfer data of semiconductor physical layout), analog/mixed signal design, physical verification, and technology CAD (TCAD). Chapters contributed by leading experts authoritatively discuss design for manufacturability at the nanoscale, power supply network design and analysis, design modeling, and much more. Save on the complete set.

Radio Design in Nanometer Technologies addresses current trends and future directions in radio design for wireless applications. As radio transceivers constitute the major bottleneck in a wireless chipset in terms of power consumption and die size, the radio must be designed in the context of the entire system, end to end. Therefore the book will address wireless systems as well as the DSP parts before it gets into coverage of radio design issues. As such, the book is the first volume that looks at the integrated radio design problem as a'piece of a big puzzle', namely the entire chipset or single chip that builds an entire wireless system. This is the only way to successfully design radios to meet the stringent demands of today's increasingly complex wireless systems.

The power consumption of microprocessors is one of the most important challenges of high-performance chips and portable devices. In chapters drawn from Piguet's recently published Low-Power Electronics Design, this volume addresses the design of low-power microprocessors in deep submicron technologies. It provides a focused reference for specialists involved in systems-on-chips, from low-power microprocessors to DSP cores, reconfigurable processors, memories, ad-hoc networks, and embedded software.Low-Power Processors and Systems on Chips is organized into three broad sections for convenient access. The first section examines the design of digital signal processors for embedded applications and techniques for reducing dynamic and static power at the electrical and system levels. The second part describes several aspects of low-power systems on chips, including hardware and embedded software aspects, efficient data storage, networks-on-chips, and applications such as routing strategies in wireless RF sensing and actuating devices. The final section discusses embedded software issues, including details on compilers, retargetable compilers, and coverification tools.Providing detailed examinations contributed by leading experts, Low-Power Processors and Systems on Chips supplies authoritative information on how to maintain high performance while lowering power consumption in modern processors and SoCs. It is a must-read for anyone designing modern computers or embedded systems.

Embedded systems are nearly ubiquitous, and books on individual topics or components of embedded systems are equally abundant. Unfortunately, for those designers who thirst for knowledge of the big picture of embedded systems there is not a drop to drink. Until now. The Embedded Systems Handbook is an oasis of information, offering a mix of basic a

A new approach to the study of arithmetic circuits In Synthesis of Arithmetic Circuits: FPGA, ASIC and Embedded Systems, the authors take a novel approach of presenting methods and examples for the synthesis of arithmetic circuits that better reflects the needs of today's computer system designers and engineers. Unlike other publications that limit discussion to arithmetic units for general-purpose computers, this text features a practical focus on embedded systems. Following an introductory chapter, the publication is divided into two parts. The first part, Mathematical Aspects and Algorithms, includes mathematical background, number representation, addition and subtraction, multiplication, division, other arithmetic operations, and operations in finite fields. The second part, Synthesis of Arithmetic Circuits, includes hardware platforms, general principles of synthesis, adders and subtractors, multipliers, dividers, and other arithmetic primitives. In addition, the publication distinguishes itself with: • A separate treatment of algorithms and circuits-a more useful presentation for both software and hardware implementations • Complete executable and synthesizable VHDL models available on the book's companion Web site, allowing readers to generate synthesizable descriptions • Proposed FPGA implementation examples, namely synthesizable low-level VHDL models for the Spartan II and Virtex families • Two chapters dedicated to finite field operations This publication is a must-have resource for students in computer science and embedded system designers, engineers, and researchers in the field of hardware and software computer system design and development. An Instructor Support FTP site is available from the Wiley editorial department.

Until the late eighties, information processing was associated with large mainframe computers and huge tape drives. During the nineties, this trend shifted towards information processing with personal computers, or PCs. The trend towards miniaturization continues. In the future, most of the information processing systems will be quite small and embedded into larger products such as transportation and fabrication equipment. Hence, these kinds of systems are called embedded systems. It is expected that the total market volume of embedded systems will be significantly larger than that of traditional information processing systems such as PCs and mainframes. Embedded systems share a number of common characteristics. For example, they must be dependable, efficient, meet real-time constraints and require customized user interfaces (instead of generic keyboard and mouse interfaces). Therefore, it makes sense to consider common principles of embedded system design. EmbeddedSystem Design starts with an introduction into the area and a survey of specification languages for embedded systems. A brief overview is provided of hardware devices used for embedded systems and also presents the essentials of software design for embedded systems. Real-time operating systems and real-time scheduling are covered briefly. Techniques for implementing embedded systems are also discussed, using hardware/software codesign. It closes with a survey on validation techniques. Embedded System Design can be used as a text book for courses on embedded systems and as a source which provides pointers to relevant material in the area for PhD students and teachers. The book assumes a basic knowledge of information processing hardware and software.

System-on-Chip (SoC) is believed to represent the next major market for microelectronics, and there is a considerable interest world-wide in developing effective methods and tools to support the SoC paradigm. The field of SoC is broad and expanding and at present the technical and technological literature about the overall state-of-the-art in SoC is dispersed across a wide spectrum of books, journals, and conference proceedings. This edited book is an attempt to provide a comprehensive and accessible source of state-of-the-art information on existing and emerging SoC key research areas. In particular, the book covers the general principles and ideas of designing, validating and testing complex embedded computing systems and their underlying tradeoffs. Twenty-five international research groups have contributed to the book. Each contribution has an up-to-date survey highlighting the key achievements and future trends. To facilitate the understanding of the various topics covered in the book, each chapter has some background covering the basic principles, and extensive list of references. To enhance the book readability, the chapters are grouped into eight parts, each part examining a particular theme of SoC, including system design, embedded software, power management, reconfigurable computing, network-on-chip, verification and test. The book will be of interest to graduate students, designers and managers working in Electronic and Computer engineering.

Microprocessors of today contain close to a billion transistors, while achieving the performance of super-computers just a decade ago. Designing such processors takes hundreds of people organized into large teams. High Performance Energy Efficient Microprocessor Design is written by the world's most prominent microprocessor design leaders from the industry and academia. It provides a complete coverage of all the aspects of a complex microprocessor design process from technology, power management, clocking, high-performance architecture, design methodologies, memory and I/O design, computer aided design, testing and design for testability. The chapters are written to provide the latest state of the art knowledge of particular aspects of microprocessor design, while including sufficient tutorial content in order to bring non-experts up to speed. High Performance Energy Efficient Microprocessor Design is intended to be a useful companion book for every design engineer working in the related areas and a source of technical information as well as a comprehensive reference in the field. It should also serve as the source book for technical and business managers involved in microprocessor based design and manufacture. The chapters are organized in a way which makes it possible to use this book as a textbook for graduate courses in advanced digital and system design. The book is intended to highlight practical problems encountered in designing state of the art processors, while yet covering fundamental principles that are independent of technology.

System Level Design of Reconfigurable Systems-on-Chip provides insight in the challenges and difficulties encountered during the design of reconfigurable Systems-on-Chip (SoCs). Reconfiguration is becoming an important part of System-on-Chip design to cope with the increasing demands for simultaneous flexibility and computational power. The book focuses on system level design issues for reconfigurable SoCs, and provides information on reconfiguration aspects of complex SoCs and how they can be implemented in practice. It is divided in three parts. The first part provides background information and requirements on reconfigurable technologies and systems. The second one identifies existing methodological gaps, and introduces a design flow for developing reconfigurable Systems-on-Chip. The high level part of the design flow can be covered by two C++ based methodologies: one based on SystemC and one based on OCAPI-XL, both including appropriate extensions to handle reconfiguration issues. Finally, the third part of the book presents reconfigurable SoCs from the perspective of the designer, through three indicative case studies from the wireless and multimedia communication domain.

Communication between engineers, their managers, suppliers and customers relies on the existence of a common understanding for the meaning of terms. While this is not normally a problem, it has proved to be a significant roadblock in the EDA industry where terms are created as required by any number of people, multiple terms are coined for the same thing, or even worse, the same term is used for many different things. This taxonomy identifies all of the significant terms used by an industry and provides a structural framework in which those terms can be defined and their relationship to other terms identified. The origins of this work go back to 1995 with a government-sponsored program called RASSP. At the termination of their work, VSIA picked up their work and developed it further. Three new taxonomies were introduced by VSIA for additional facets of the system design and development process. Since role of VSIA has now changed so that it no longer maintains these taxonomies, the baton is being passed on again through a group of interested people and manifested in this key reference work.

A tutorial approach to using the UML modeling language in system-on-chip design Based on the DAC 2004 tutorial, applicable for students and professionals Contributions by top-level international researchers The best work at the first UML for SoC workshop Unique combination of both UML capabilities and SoC design issues Condenses research and development ideas that are only found in multiple conference proceedings and many other books into one place Will be the seminal reference work for this area for years to come

Presents a selection of the articles from the Forum on Specification and Design Languages (FDL'04). The Analog and Mixed-Signal Systems contributions bring some answers to the difficult problem of co-simulating discrete and continuous models of computation.

The power consumption of integrated circuits is one of the most problematic considerations affecting the design of high-performance chips and portable devices. The study of power-saving design methodologies now must also include subjects such as systems on chips, embedded software, and the future of microelectronics. Low-Power Electronics Design covers all major aspects of low-power design of ICs in deep submicron technologies and addresses emerging topics related to future design. This volume explores, in individual chapters written by expert authors, the many low-power techniques born during the past decade. It also discusses the many different domains and disciplines that impact power consumption, including processors, complex circuits, software, CAD tools, and energy sources and management. The authors delve into what many specialists predict about the future by presenting techniques that are promising but are not yet reality. They investigate nanotechnologies, optical circuits, ad hoc networks, e-textiles, as well as human powered sources of energy. Low-Power Electronics Design delivers a complete picture of today's methods for reducing power, and also illustrates the advances in chip design that may be commonplace 10 or 15 years from now.

An Experimental Approach to CDMA and Interference Mitigation was written with the admittedly ambitious intent of filling the gap between communication theory and VLSI implementation, and thus to provide a more general/theoretical approach to the design, development, and testing of a CDMA receiver. As a consequence, the concepts and techniques that are presented turn out to be applicable to a more general kind of digital wireless modems in terms of receiver architecture design and implementation. As the reader will easily find out, the subject of digital modem design and implementation is addressed in the book starting from a theoretical approach (supported by proper bibliographic references), and is followed by application issues, with reference to an ESA experiment assumed as a case study. A complete design flow, from specification to implementation, including testing and final verification is then presented. This leads the reader step-by-step to a thorough understanding of CDMA transmission and detection, and constitutes a practical guidance for the design of VLSI wireless mobile terminals.

One of the grand challenges in the nano-scopic computing era is guarantees of robustness. Robust computing system design is confronted with quantum physical, probabilistic, and even biological phenomena, and guaranteeing high reliability is much more difficult than ever before. Scaling devices down to the level of single electron operation will bring forth new challenges due to probabilistic effects and uncertainty in guaranteeing'zero-one'based computing. Minuscule devices imply billions of devices on a single chip, which may help mitigate the challenge of uncertainty by replication and redundancy. However, such device densities will create a design and validation nightmare with the shear scale. The questions that confront computer engineers regarding the current status of nanocomputing material and the reliability of systems built from such miniscule devices, are difficult to articulate and answer. We have found a lack of resources in the confines of a single volume that at least partially attempts to answer these questions. We believe that this volume contains a large amount of research material as well as new ideas that will be very useful for some one starting research in the arena of nanocomputing, not at the device level, but the problems one would face at system level design and validation when nanoscopic physicality will be present at the device level.

Power consumption is a key limitation in many high-speed and high-data-rate electronic systems today, ranging from mobile telecom to portable and desktop computing systems, especially when moving to nanometer technologies. Ultra Low-Power Electronics and Design offers to the reader the unique opportunity of accessing in an easy and integrated fashion a mix of tutorial material and advanced research results, contributed by leading scientists from academia and industry, covering the most hot and up-to-date issues in the field of the design of ultra low-power devices, systems and applications.

Contributions on UML address the application of UML in the specification of embedded HW/SW systems. C-Based System Design embraces the modeling of operating systems, modeling with different models of computation, generation of test patterns, and experiences from case studies with SystemC. Analog and Mixed-Signal Systems covers rules for solving general modeling problems in VHDL-AMS, modeling of multi-nature systems, synthesis, and modeling of Mixed-Signal Systems with SystemC. Languages for formal methods are addressed by contributions on formal specification and refinement of hybrid, embedded and real-time stems. Together with articles on new languages such as SystemVerilog and Software Engineering in Automotive Systems the contributions selected for this book embrace all aspects of languages and models for specification, design, modeling and verification of systems. Therefore, the book gives an excellent overview of the actual state-of-the-art and the latest research results.

SystemC has received a wide acceptance by users and tool vendors as the next generation system description language in order to deal with higher levels of abstraction for complex SoC designs. SystemC Methodologies and Applications gives a comprehensive survey on the state of the art of SystemC in industry and research. Organised into 11 self-contained chapters, selected SystemC experts present their approaches in the domains of -modelling, -analysis, -synthesis. Their contributions range from mixed signal and discrete system to embedded software. The chapters give a broad overview of recent advances in SystemC methodologies and applications and are mainly based on presentations given at the European SystemC User Group meetings.

The evolution of electronic systems is pushing traditional silicon designers into areas that require new domains of expertise. In addition to the design of complex hardware, System-on-Chip (SoC) design requires software devel- ment, operating systems and new system architectures. Future SoC designs will resemble a miniature on-chip distributed computing system combining many types of microprocessors, re-configurable fabrics, application-specific hardware and memories, all communicating via an on-chip inter-connection network. Designing good SoCs will require insight into these new types of architectures, the embedded software, and the interaction between the embedded software, the SoC architecture, and the applications for which the SoC is designed. This book collects contributions from the Embedded Software Forum of the Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference (DATE 03) that took place in March 2003 in Munich, Germany. The success of the Embedded Software Forum at DATE reflects the increasing importance of embedded software in the design of a System-on-Chip. Embedded Software for SoC covers all software related aspects of SoC design Embedded and application-domain specific operating systems, interplay between application, operating system, and architecture. System architecture for future SoC, application-specific architectures based on embedded processors and requiring sophisticated hardware/software interfaces. Compilers and interplay between compilers and architectures. Embedded software for applications in the domains of automotive, avionics, multimedia, telecom, networking,...

Welcome to the proceedings of PATMOS 2003. This was the 13th in a series of international workshops held in several locations in Europe. Over the years, PATMOS has gained recognition as one of the major European events devoted to power and timing aspects of integrated circuit and system design. Despite its signi?cant growth and development, PATMOS can still be considered as a very informal forum, featuring high-level scienti?c presentations together with open discussions and panel sessions in a free and relaxed environment. This year, PATMOS took place in Turin, Italy, organized by the Politecnico di Torino, with technical co-sponsorship from the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society and the generous support of the European Commission, as well as that of several industrial sponsors, including BullDAST, Cadence, Mentor Graphics, STMicroelectronics, and Synopsys. The objective of the PATMOS workshop is to provide a forum to discuss and investigate the emerging problems in methodologies and tools for the design of new generations of integrated circuits and systems. A major emphasis of the technical program is on speed and low-power aspects, with particular regard to modeling, characterization, design, and architectures.

From the explosion of interest, research, and applications of evolutionary computation a new field emerges-evolutionary electronics. Focused on applying evolutionary computation concepts and techniques to the domain of electronics, many researchers now see it as holding the greatest potential for overcoming the drawbacks of conventional design techniques.Evolutionary Electronics: Automatic Design of Electronic Circuits and Systems by Genetic Algorithms formally introduces and defines this area of research, presents its main challenges in electronic design, and explores emerging technologies. It describes the evolutionary computation paradigm and its primary algorithms, and explores topics of current interest, such as multi-objective optimization. The authors examine numerous evolutionary electronics applications, draw conclusions about those applications, and sketch the future of evolutionary computation and its applications in electronics. In coming years, the appearance of more and more advanced technologies will increase the complexity of optimization and synthesis problems, and evolutionary electronics will almost certainly become a key to solving those problems. Evolutionary Electronics is your key to discovering and unlocking the potential of this promising new field.