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The introduction of mechatronic components for the powertrain, steering and braking systems opens the way to automatic driving functions. Together with internal and environmental sensors, various driver assistance systems are going to be developed for improving driving comfort and safety. Automatic driving control functions suppose a well-designed vehicle behavior. In order to develop and implement the software-based control functions mathematical vehicle models for the stationary and dynamic behavior are required. The book first introduces basic theoretically derived models for the tire traction and force transfer, the longitudinal, lateral, roll and pitch dynamic behavior and related components, like suspensions, steering systems and brakes. These models have to be tailored to allow an identification of the many unknown parameters during driving, also in dependence of different road conditions, velocity and vehicle load. Based on these mathematical models drive dynamiccontrol systems are developed for semi-active and active suspensions, hydraulic and electromechanical brakes including ABS, traction and steering control. Then driver assistance systems like adaptive cruise control (ACC), electronic stability control (ESC), electronic course control and anti-collision control systems are considered. The anti-collision systems are designed and tested for emergency braking, emergency steering and avoiding of overtaking accidents. The book is dedicated to automotive engineers as well as to graduate students of mechanical, electrical and mechatronic engineering and computer science.

Ein hohes Potential, die Unfallzahlen zukünftig weiter zu reduzieren, wird der Unterstützung des Fahrers durch neue elektronische Zusatzeinrichtungen zugesprochen, den modernen Fahrerassistenzsystemen. So können bereits heute in Serie befindliche Notbremsassistenten überschlägig 28-prozentige Reduktion schwerer Unfälle mit Personenschaden vorweisen. Bei Lkw wird gar die Wirkung eines Spurhalteassistenten auf 49 Prozent weniger Unfälle durch Spurverlassen auf Autobahnen beziffert. Ungeachtet der Zahlen tritt beim emotionsgeprägten Autokauf allerdings häufig die Bequemlichkeit in den Vordergrund. Die seit einigen Jahren verfügbaren Komfortsysteme wie Einparkassistent und stop-and-go-fähiger Abstandsregeltempomat erfreuen sich immer größerer Beliebtheit und sind längst ein bedeutendes Differenzierungsmerkmal der Fahrzeughersteller geworden. Dabei subventioniert, als bemerkenswerter Nebeneffekt, die für die Komfortassistenzsysteme erforderliche Umfeldsensorik langfristig die Verkehrssicherheit. Schließlich können die bereits im Fahrzeug befindlichen Radare, Kameras und Laserscanner von den Sicherheitssystemen mit genutzt werden. In ähnlicher Weise leisten auch zukünftige Sicherheitssysteme wiederum ihren Beitrag zur Reduzierung des Fahrzeuggewichts und damit zu einer Effizienzsteigerung, wenn Unfallpräventionssysteme wie der aktive Fußgängerschutz derart verlässlich geworden sind, dass gewichtige passive Sicherheitsmaßnahmen ersetzt werden können. Das aus technischer Sicht hervorstechendste Merkmal der zuvor aufgeführten Sicherheits- und Komfortassistenzsysteme ist der aktive Fahreingriff. So wird beim Notbremsassistenten zur Beeinflussung der Fahrzeuglängsbewegung automatisch die Bremse betätigt, falls es aufgrund der Reaktionszeit des Fahrers für eine Warnung zu spät ist. Der Parkassistent wiederum steuert die elektromechanische Lenkung an und zirkelt damit selbständig in enge Parklücken. Noch sind die serienmäßigen Eingriffe entweder auf niedrige Geschwindigkeiten, geringe Intensitäten oder eine kurze Aktivierungsdauer beschränkt. Die nationalen und internationalen Forschungs- und Entwicklungsaktivitäten bei Fahrzeugherstellern und Automobilzulieferern zeugen allerdings vom Bestreben, langfristig über eine rein unterstützende Assistenzfunktion hinaus zu einer Teil-, Hoch- oder gar Vollautomatisierung zu gehen. Das erfordert allerdings die Aufhebung der zuvor aufgeführten Fahreingriffsbeschränkungen, sodass das volle Dynamikpotential des Fahrzeugs ausgeschöpft werden kann. Das Buch behandelt die Optimierung und Realisierung dieser aktiven Fahreingriffe sowie deren Zusammenspiel bei der Umsetzung von Sicherheits- und Komfortfunktionen unterschiedlicher Automatisierungsgrade. Im Fokus stehen hierbei ausgewählte mathematische Methoden und Verfahren aus dem Ingenieursbereich (Regelungstechnik) und der Informatik (Robotik), die eine hochgradige Relevanz für die behandelte Thematik aufweisen oder gar bereits erfolgreich in Serien- und Prototypensystemen zur Anwendung gekommen sind. Anhand ebendieser Anwendungen aber auch neuer Funktionen wird die methodische Umsetzung der Verfahren praktisch erläutert, wodurch parallel ein tiefer Einblick in die Herausforderungen aktueller Forschungssysteme gegeben wird.

This book tackles some of the most challenging problems in state estimation and traction coordinated control systems to improve the dynamic control performance of Distributed Electric Vehicles. The developed methods make it possible to gain more accurate information regarding the vehicle states, ensure more desirable vehicle motions and better robustness in unforeseeable driving environments. Given the impressive features of Distributed Electric Vehicles, including their simple and compact structure, short transmission chains, fast and accurate control response, modular drivetrain design etc., it is widely recognized that they represent an important future development direction and attract many of the brightest engineers and scientists. This book makes a significant contribution to the design of safer and more efficient vehicles.

Extremum-seeking control tracks a varying maximum or minimum in a performance function such as output or cost. It attempts to determine the optimal performance of a control system as it operates, thereby reducing downtime and the need for system analysis. Extremum-seeking Control and Applications is divided into two parts. In the first, the authors review existing analog-optimization-based extremum-seeking control including gradient-, perturbation- and sliding-mode-based control designs. They then propose a novel numerical-optimization-based extremum-seeking control based on optimization algorithms and state regulation. This control design is developed for simple linear time-invariant systems and then extended for a class of feedback linearizable nonlinear systems. The two main optimization algorithms – line search and trust region methods – are analyzed for robustness. Finite-time and asymptotic state regulators are put forward for linear and nonlinear systems respectively. Further design flexibility is achieved using the robustness results of the optimization algorithms and the asymptotic state regulator by which existing nonlinear adaptive control techniques can be introduced for robust design. The approach used is easier to implement and tends to be more robust than those that use perturbation-based extremum-seeking control. The second part of the book deals with a variety of applications of extremum-seeking control: a comparative study of extremum-seeking control schemes in antilock braking system design; source seeking, formation control, collision and obstacle avoidance for groups of autonomous agents; mobile radar networks; and impedance matching. MATLAB®/Simulink® code which can be downloaded from www.springer.com/ISBN helps readers to reproduce the results presented in the text and gives them a head start for implementing the algorithms in their own applications. Extremum-seeking Control and Applications will interest academics and graduate studentsworking in control, and industrial practitioners from a variety of backgrounds: systems, automotive, aerospace, communications, semiconductor and chemical engineering.

This engineering textbook is designed to introduce advanced control systems for vehicles, including advanced automotive concepts and the next generation of vehicles for ITS. For each automotive control problem considered, the authors emphasise the physics and underlying principles behind the control system concept and design. This is an exciting and rapidly developing field for which many articles and reports exist but no modern unifying text. An extensive list of references is provided at the end of each chapter for all the topics covered. It is currently the only textbook, including problems and examples, that covers and integrates the topics of automotive powertrain control, vehicle control, and intelligent transportation systems. The emphasis is on fundamental concepts and methods for automotive control systems, rather than the rapidly changing specific technologies. Many of the text examples, as well as the end-of-chapter problems, require the use of MATLAB and/or SIMULINK.

Nonlinear and Adaptive Control with Applications provides a detailed treatment of the design of robust adaptive controllers for nonlinear systems with uncertainties. The authors employ a new tool based on the ideas of system immersion and manifold invariance. Departing, in part, from the Lyapunov-function approach of classical control, new algorithms are delivered for the construction of robust asymptotically-stabilising and adaptive control laws for nonlinear systems. The methods proposed lead to modular schemes. These algorithms cater for nonlinear systems with both parametric and dynamic uncertainties. This innovative strategy is illustrated with several examples and case studies from real applications: power converters, electrical machines, mechanical systems, autonomous aircraft and computer vision. Researchers working on adaptive and nonlinear control theory or on control applications will find this monograph of interest.

1.1 Motivation Throughout the last decade, major car manufacturers have introduced a great - riety of di?erent assistance systems to make driving safer and more comfortable. Mechatronic systems like dynamic stability control, situation dependant suspension adjustment or the recently introduced night vision cameras are just a few examples among a range of helpful developments. The current focus of research is on cognitive assistance systems for high-level p- ception of the environment. Rather than present mere images to the driver, these future systems extract all relevant information and provide a reduced set that alerts to possible dangers or, in a further stage, directly takes over control of the vehicle to prevent accidents. TheseStepsTowardstheSeeingCar were presented as a keynote speech at theAdvancedMicrosystemsforAutomotiveApplications2007 conference byVolkswagen [87]. In addition to radar, ultrasonic and laser sensors, concepts include video cameras for the perception of the medium and far range. Video will play an especially important role in future driver assistance, since the tra?c environment is designed for human needs, and thus relies predominantly on visual cues. For the visual assessment of the environment, two aspects are crucial and will be covered in this book. First, the vehicle has to know its own motion in space in order to reliably di?erentiate visual motion caused by other objects, such as moving pedestrians, from that of the static environment generated by the car's own movement. Second, the visual sensor needs to cover a wide range with high resolution and precision.

One of the next challenges in vehicular technology field is to improve drastically the road safety. Current developments are focusing on both vehicle platform and diverse assistance systems. This book presents a new engineering approach based on lean vehicle architecture ready for the drive-by-wire technology. Based on a cognitive functionality split, execution and command levels are detailed. The execution level centralized over the stability control performs the motion vector coming from the command level. At this level the driver generates a motion vector which is continuously monitored by a virtual co-pilot. The integration of assistance systems in a safety relevant multi-agent system is presented here to provide first an adequate feedback to the driver to let him recover a dangerous situation. Robust strategies are also presented for the intervention phase once the command vehicle has to be optimized to stay within the safety envelope.

Mechanical engineering, and engineering discipline born of the needs of the ind- trial revolution, is once again asked to do its substantial share in the call for ind- trial renewal. The general call is urgent as we face profound issues of productivity and competitiveness that require engineering solutions, among others. The - chanical Engineering Series is a series featuring graduate texts and research mo- graphs intended to address the need for information in contemporary areas of - chanical engineering. The series is conceived as a comprehensive one that covers a broad range of concentrations important to mechanical engineering graduate education and - search. We are fortunate to have a distinguished roster of consulting editors, each an expert in one of the areas of concentration. The names of the consulting editors are listed on page vi of this volume. The areas of concentration are applied - chanics, biomechanics, computational mechanics, dynamic systems and control, energetics, mechanics of materials, processing, thermal science, and tribology. As a research advisor to graduate students working on automotive projects, I have frequently felt the need for a textbook that summarizes common vehicle control systems and the dynamic models used in the development of these control systems. While a few different textbooks on ground vehicle dynamics are already available in the market, they do not satisfy all the needs of a control systems engineer.

Advances in automotive control systems continue to enhance safety and comfort and to reduce fuel consumption and emissions. Reflecting the trend to optimization through integrative approaches for engine, driveline, and vehicle control, this valuable book enables control engineers to understand engine and vehicle models necessary for controller design, and also introduces mechanical engineers to vehicle-specific signal processing and automatic control. The emphasis on measurement, comparisons between performance and modeling, and realistic examples derive from the authors'unique industrial experience (e.g. Bosch) and interactions within IFAC and SAE. The second edition offers new or expanded topics such as diesel-engine modeling, diagnosis and anti-jerking control, and vehicle modeling and parameter estimation. The book addresses professional engineers as well as students. With only a few exceptions, the approaches are close to those utilized in actual vehicles, rather than being theoretical constructs.