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Perspectives on Modernization is published in memory of Ian Weinberg, a sociologist of brilliant promise who died at the age of thirty. It consists of essays by his colleagues, students, and teachers which reflect upon and carry further Ian Weinberg's major scholarly concerns – the processes of industrialization and modernization of societies. The book begins with an essay by Ian Weinberg which was presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, 1968. It is followed by a paper of wide scope and interest, Wilbert E. Moore's'Normative Conflict in Stages of Cultural Change.'Noting that the study of rapid social change can no longer be confined to the so-called modernizing countries, Moore argues that comparable normative conflicts occur at comparable stages of cultural change. Rainer C. Baum and Charles Tilly are concerned with the serious gaps in the theory of modernization and politics. Baum is specifically concerned with developing a political analogue to the theory of economic development; Tilly concentrates on a longitudinal study of the relationship between modernization and collective political conflicts. S.D. Clark writes of patterns of urban growth, looking at two exceptions to the well-studied outward movement of immigrants in Canadian cities. Edward Shorter studies the modernization of sexual attitudes by analysing illegitimacy. The last three papers approach modernization through economic changes and development: H. Nishio analyses the relationships between political control and economic development in Japan over two centuries; Stanely R. Barrett studies the transition of the economy in a Nigerian utopian community from communalism to partial private enterprise; and L.R. Marsden, E.B. Harvey, and J. Bulcock explore the relationship of literacy and economic development in thirty-nine African countries. The volume includes an introduction by the editor and an outline of Ian Weinberg's short but brilliant career. These essays are, like the work of the man they seek to honour, wide ranging and intellectually provocative in their approach to a complex question. The volume is a fitting tribute to both the man and the spirit of intellectual vitality to which he was committed.

In Toronto, in April 1975, three Canadians and one American each presented a paper at a conference on what has become the key issue in current industrial relations – collective bargaining in the essential and public service sectors. This book presents those papers along with transcripts of the substantial and lively discussions that followed each one and involved many of the leading Canadian figures in this field. The status of government employees is one of the most prominent of the issues discussed. The speakers, Ben Aaron, University of California, Jean Boivin, Université Laval, James Matkin, Government of British Columbia, and Paul Phillips, University of Manitoba, deal with the causes of unrest in the essential and service sectors of the economy, the interrelationship of market and political forces, the results of various forms of government intervention, and also with international comparison of procedures for dispute settlement. There was a considerable diversity of opinion expressed, yet there emerged from the discussions a sense of agreement as to which policies should be followed and those that definitely should not. The debate on collective bargaining in the essential and public sectors is current in legislatures and elsewhere. This work will be helpful in advancing that debate and in encouraging the adoption of measures conducive to social harmony. It will interest students of industrial relations, all those involved in public and essential service negotiations and legislation, and members of the general public affected by the disputes and interested in their resolution. The conference was organized by David Beatty and chaired by John Crispoo, and the papers edited by Morley Gunderson, all of the University of Toronto.

Capitalism is the accepted, and so intellectually an almost invisible, way of life in Canada. Very little has been thought or published about Canada that uses a Marxist critique of capitalism and its dynamics, and this book aims to advance such thinking by analysing the reasons for the openness of the dominion to capitalist domination, first by Europeans and then by Americans, to labour domination from the United States, and to a sell-out policy in regard to its land and farms. The dependency of the Canadian ruling class on foreign capitalists is an important factor in Canada's continued colonial-mindedness, and the rise of nationalism in Quebec is based on the inevitabilities of the class antagonisms set up by capitalism. The authors believe that it is only through such Marxist theory and practice that a way can be found for Canada to escape at last from imperialist exploitation and that a way can be found to shape a socialist future for the whole country.

Social workers tend to regard the exercise of authority as inimical to the values and ethnics of their profession, yet authority is inherent in every social work relationship. This collection of readings brings together the best, published articles bearing on this basic problem which continues to concern social scientists. It contains twenty-six articles and essays examining in depth, and from different points of view, the concept and use of authority. The articles were carefully selected from the voluminous literature on the topic, and are presented here in a form that will be meaningful and interesting to student and field worker alike. The readings are organized into two parts: in the first, an analysis of the concept of authority is made with the help of social and behavioural science literature; in the second, the conceptual understanding is related to social work practice. Among the authors represented are Erich Fromm, Carl J. Friedrich, Chester I. Barnard, Max Weber, Elliot Study, Kurt and Elizabeth de Schweinitz, and Fritz Redl. The collection was designed as a text for students of social work, but it will be of equal benefit to practising social workers, and to others in the humanitarian professions.

In the 1880s Canadians began to cope with the meaning of their emerging industrial society. During that decade the federal government first investigated industrial conditions and provincial governments passed Canada's first factory legislation. The same period saw the resurgence of an articulate and angry labor movement protesting against the excesses of modern industry. Through the Royal Commission on the Relations of Labor and Capital we can perhaps gain our best insight into the everyday world of workers and capitalists in late nineteenth-century Canada. The commission gathered evidence in Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick and talked to thousands of workers, businessmen, and other concerned citizens. This edited version of its investigation includes much of the best testimony; it describes working class living conditions, the emergence of organized labor, and the attitudes of businessmen to industrial capitalism. The testimony takes us with the commissioners on their tour of New Brunswick cotton mills, Capre Breton coal pits, Ontario shops and foundries, and Quebec City wharves; it explores as well the darkest corners of Montreal cigar factories. Industrialists discuss profits, markets, sources of raw material, and problems with labor. But what is perhaps more important, the working people themselves are also heard, men and women who in most historical records appear as little more than cold statistics. The warmth and humanity of these Canadians reflecting on their lives and on the society around them bring the commission documents to life. Aging craftsmen, ten-year-old saw-mill hands, girls from the spindles and looms, describe their workplaces, wages, hours, and aspects of their lives away from the job. These almost unique interviews allow us to enter their intellectual and cultural world – to learn of their past and present and of some of their hopes and aspirations. The Labor Commission reports and testimony are essential for an understanding of the Canadian working class as it was being transformed by the new techniques of industrial production.

This study of Newfoundland is a brilliant combination of first-hand observation, and of research into fascinating source materials. Professor Fay made tours of Newfoundland and of Labrador and examined documentary material in London and the West Country. Both his observations and his source-material are fresh and stimulating, and he writes in his usual lively provocative style. Professor Fay relates the economic history of Newfoundland to the seafaring and commercial background of the Island's first inhabitants. Many parallels can be drawn between life in early Newfoundland and in the west of England where the enterprises which first discovered Newfoundland and its resources were founded. Despite legal restrictions on the growth of permanent settlements, Newfoundland developed inexorably from a simple fishery to a full-fledged colony. And just as Newfoundland could not help its progression from fishery to established settlement, so today it is inevitably pressing towards industrial maturity. The material in this volume is based upon a series of lectures first delivered in 1953 at Memorial University, St. John's Newfoundland.

To encourage an understanding of the issues in what is becoming a matter of public policy, Professor Schlessinger has compiled the first Canadian collection on family planning. It contains thirty-three articles, of which seventeen have never been published, written by doctors, psychiatrists, nurses, psychologists, sociologists, and social workers. The articles have been arranged in six sections.'An Overview'contains articles on family planning from the perspectives of medicine, sociology, religion, and women's rights groups.'Professionals and Volunteers'examines the roles of medical personnel, social workers, and volunteers in family planning.'Government Reports'includes the recommendations of the First national Conference on Family Planning, and excerpts from the Senate Report on Poverty and the report of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women.'Contraception'surveys methods of birth control and services, and reports on a few selected studies in this area.'Adolescents and Young Adults'deals with the problem of pregnancy and contraceptive services for teenagers and single university students.'Abortion'presents the views and attitudes of various Canadian groups towards abortion, and includes an analysis of abortion as a public health problem. There is, in addition, a section on resources, with a glossary of terms, an annotated bibliography of Canadian articles, a list of films and teaching aids, and the addresses of major Canadian agencies dealing with family planning. This book will be of considerable use to all engaged in counselling, research, or professional training, as well as to those with a personal interest in the whys and wherefores of family planning.

The momentum of institutional, attitudinal, and environmental change in western society has accelerated to such a degree that the processes of social evolution appear to be out of control. In the past, social change has been legitimated in terms of progress towards prosperity and freedom but now the disadvantages produced are as great as the advantages. This book of essays by members of the University League for Social Reform is sharply critical of liberal attitudes to social change. Carefully and deliberately written the essays challenge popularly held notions of change; they are stimulating, provocative, and liberating. The first three essays, focusing on the socio-psychological realm of politics, explore the contributions of Freud, Marx, and Marcuse to the central question of what constitutes man's humanity. These are followed by an analysis of the FLQ crisis of 1970 from an Aristotelian point of view and an argument in favour of de Tocqueville's theory of institutional viability over Marx's theory of change. Two essays direct attention to some of the problems associated with technological determinism. The final group of essays focuses attention more directly on social change in Canada, offering an analysis of interest groups and their impact on Canadian society, discussing the satisfactions of belonging to a movement-party, delineating the problems of reorienting legal series to the advantage of the less privileged, and outlining the way the game of parliamentary democracy is played in Canada. The contributors are: Howard Adelman, Mildred Bakan, Barry Cooper, Melvyn Hill, Gerry Hunnius, Alkis Kontos, Bentley Le Baron, William Leiss, James St John, Joan WIlliams, Donald Willmott, and David Shugarman.

In June 1967 the Canadian National Commission for Unesco and the Université de Moncton jointly sponsored an international seminar on bilingualism. Although 1967 was Canada's centennial year, the seminar was concerned only incidentally with bilingualism in Canada. Instead, bilingualism was considered as the essential element in communication between language irrespective of national boundaries. Participants included linguists, psychologists, and sociologists. The report shows that the interdisciplinary discussions carried on at Moncton were fruitful; that significant questions about bilingualism were raised and an improvement in communication between specialists from different traditions, languages, and cultures were effected. This volumes makes a valuable contribution toward establishing a general theory of bilingualism.

Detention before trial has been one of the most neglected areas in the whole administration of criminal justice. In the past, attention has been focussed almost exclusively on detention after trial (i.e. sentencing), which touches the lives of significantly fewer persons than detention before trial. There has been no previous examination in Canada of the utility or effectiveness of its operation. This study will fill an important need by documenting statistically the extent and nature of custody before trial in the Toronto Magistrates'Courts, where the overwhelming majority of citizens charged with criminal offences in the Toronto area are tried. Although the study is primarily directed at practices before trial in Toronto, many of these practices can be found in other cities throughout North America. Specific areas of importance which were investigated here include the use of the summons; the extent to which accused persons are detained in custody both before and after the first court appearance; bail-setting practices and the ability to raise bail; the activities of professional bondsmen; the enforcement of penalties for absconding; and the relationship between custody and the outcome of the trial. Much of the presentation of the data is descriptive, but attempts are made throughout the study to prove statistically the existence of casual relationships. The result is a work which brings together in lucid and scholarly form important evidence which will be valuable to lawyers and all who are professionally concerned with social problems, and of interest to everyone with a regard for the administration of justice.

The main theme of these lectures is man's struggle to understand himself as a social being. The author argues that the chief inspiration for this effort, insofar as it has been successful, has been the rationalist philosophy of physical science, and that constructive social science has been based on this philosophy rather than upon theology and ethical philosophy. He goes on to discuss the major problems confronting man in his attempts to come to grips with the modern social world - problems of social and political organization, of equality and aspiration, of intellect and reason - and ends with a plea for liberalism and rationalism as the political and intellectual foundations of freedom and progress. This fascinating and thought-provoking apology for liberalism and the social scientist will be valuable reading for anyone interested in problems facing them both today.

We are all familiar with the almost ritual lament about the desolation and sameness of the suburbs that surround our modern cities. Is this complaint inevitable or can something be done to lend variety, colour, and meaning to these spreading areas? In a book full of good questions and apt illustrations, Mr. Carver examines what has provided a sense of community for city groupings of the past and how leading planners of our day (Ebenezer Howard, Frank Lloyd Wright) have suggested it be found for modern cities.His own proposal for achieving this goal is a very simple one and originates in the earlier views of a city as a place in which an urban society achieves its individual character by congregating around its own social institutions. Somehow today we have to recover this simple idea about a city and apply it to the contemporary sprawling urban region.'The exposing metropolis'is a good descriptive term for the modern city, with its social institutions removed from the original centre and scattered into the suburbs. Now we should try to rearrange suburban growth so that each new community can grow up around its own vigorous and attractive'Town Centre,'a place that can command the interest and pride of those who live immediately around it. These small cities in our suburbs would not just be dormitories for their central core city, but rather communities in their own right and the new kind of town centre would give a focus for their social, political, and cultural life.The idea of metropolitan or regional government for large urban areas has been much debated in Canada. But there has not been a clear view of how such governments could give birth to new daughter communities around them. The establishment of new'Town Centres'in growing suburban areas would be a workable method of helping these new settlements through a period of growth. Housing and commercial developments would then be able to gather in an organized fashion around the focal point in a regional plan. It is hoped this suggestion will be taken up by local politicians and their professional staffs but they cannot steer towards long-term objectives of this kind unless the general public understands the general philosophy involved.This is a lively book, hopeful in its suggestions and cheerful in its phrasing, and it should provoke eager discussion. It is illustrated with unusual line drawings to point up the argument and with many photographs.

Volume One of this work covered the social concern and statutory provision for the care and welfare of children in England from Tudor times to the end of the eighteenth century. This second volume covers the period from the last years of the eighteenth century up to the first half of the twentieth, a time in which problems caused by urbanization, industrialization, the rapid increase in population, and failure to provide adequately for the welfare of children led to a new awakening of the national conscience. The volume demonstrates how, in this momentous period, deep concern for the abuses suffered by industrially exploited, deprived, neglected and delinquent children brought about the demand for new legislation and some measure of community support for such children. The gradual recognition that failure to make adequate social provision for all the nation's young was both economically wasteful and morally wrong is shown to have led to more comprehensive policies for community responsibility in the twentieth century. The authors consider that the resulting network of social legislation has changed the parent-child relationship which had existed for centuries, and has given all children a new status based on their own legal rights.

The considerable social concern and statutory provision for the care and welfare of children is a remarkable feature of mid-twentieth century English society. It is not however a unique achievement of the present age -- children certainly loomed large in the paternalistic legislation of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, and were regarded as an important part of the social structure and valuable assets of the commonwealth. The present volume represents the first half of a study of the social concern for children in England from the Tudor paternalism of the mid-sixteenth century to the legislation of the Welfare State in the mid-twentieth century. In it, the authors analyse various aspects of Tudor policy concerning children and discuss the ways in which later generations deliberately or unconsciously modified these policies. They show how, as a result of changed social attitudes, the failure to provide adequately for the welfare of children was again by the end of the eighteenth century becoming a matter of increasing concern among thinking people and prompted a renewal of local and voluntary efforts to solve what had become urgent national problems. The companion volume will deal with the attempts made by nineteenth-century reformers to remedy some of the problems caused by urbanisation and rapid increase in population, and also with twentieth-century social provision for the child. Together, these two volumes will be a significant addition to the literature of historical sociology in which social attitudes to childhood and to children so far been largely neglected.

This is essentially a book about theory building. Instead of actually presenting theory, it suggests and illustrates a particular way in which the social work profession, or any of the other service professions, might pursue the task of developing theory to refine its mode of practice. While written for every professional, it is directed, in particular, to those most actively engaged in the development and refinement of theory for their profession. It is a personal document in the sense that it is a chronicle of the author's reflections about how a profession might pursue most profitably this aspect of its total function.

In this report Professor Hartle presents the findings of a series of investigations that have been carried out, partly under the auspices and partly with the co-operation, of the Canadian Department of Labour. The object of the investigations, the Employment Forecast Survey, was initiated by the Economics and Research Branch of that Department in 1946 to obtain information about the future levels and trends of employment in industry. The first phase of the investigation was carried out in 1953 by Professor William C. Hood assisted by Professor Hartle, and their report, dealing with the administration, policy, and technique of the Survey, constituted the foundation of the present study. In 1956-7 Professor Hartle conducted further studies of the Survey and its administration, analysing in particular the predictions which have been derived from the forecasts provided by individual establishments, and evaluating improvements which might have been made in the reliability both of the employer's forecasts and the Department's conclusions. The final phase of investigation carried out by Professor Hartle has been concerned mainly with an analysis of the forecasts of individual establishments. Professor Hartle's monograph, comprising as it does the findings of this whole series of studies, thus provides a comprehensive and detailed analysis of the Employment Forecast Survey. It is valuable for its comparison of the EFS with similar surveys conducted in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany. Canadian Studies in Economics, No. 14.

The physical segregation of social groups in industrial cities has long attracted the attention of social scientist and casual observer alike. In Australia the possibility of mapping the social ecology of large cities has been limited by the absence of sufficiently detailed census of information, a gap remedied in 1961 by the provision of a new range of small area data. Here the author exploits the existence of the new information to present the first intensive social anatomy of any Australian metropolis. Statistics on the residential concentration and segregation of seventy socioeconomic, demographic, ethnic, and religious categories are examined, and the vast complexity and range of these data are reduced by sophisticated techniques of statistical analysis to three theoretically meaningful constructs—social rank, familism, and ethnicity. These constructs are used to develop a typology of social areas which serves as the basis for developing an understanding of and further hypotheses about, urban social structure. Not only does this analysis present a self-contained study of Australia's second largest metropolis, but detailed maps and statistical appendixes provide a benchmark for future social investigations into the urban scene—on subjects such as political preference, immigrant adjustment, poverty, crime, delinquency, and urban planning.

Le Canada français a été observé par des auteurs comme Thoreau et Tocqueville, et a été étudié par les historiens et les sociologues d'aujourd'hui, surtout par les Canadians français eux-mêmes. Ces études, écrites au moment où se déroule la'révolution tranquille'du Québec, veulent faire miqux connaître les institutions qui y subissent des transformations rapides et profondes. La diversité des textes -- tous les auteurs n'appartiennent pas à la même école de pensée -- est en elle-même significative: elle soulingne que le caractère longtemps monolithique de la pensée canadienne-française est en voie de disparaître, s'il n'est pas déjà disparu. Les textes du volume sont précédés d'une introduction générale par Jean-Charles Falardeau. Il s'y pose des questions au sujet des institutions: quelles ont été les institutions dominantes de la société canadienne-française, et pourquoi? Quelles sont celles qui ont fait défaut, et pourquoi? Quels groupes sociaux one été associés à telles institutions caractéristiques? Quelles conceptions en ont-ils proposées, à quelles fins les ont-ils fait servir? Ces interrogations permettent de mettre en relief, comme il dit,'certaines causes de nos retards et de nos élans, les décalages entre notre vie politique et notre vie culturelle, les relations et les conflits entre ceux qui ont constitué les élites de notre société.'Viennent ensuite des études précises et détaillées de quelques aspects de l'organisation sociale du Canada français par cinq érudits distingués, soit Maurice Lebel ('Les cadres religieux'), Louis-Philippe Audet ('Les cadres scolaires'), Jean-Charles Bon-enfant ('Les cadres politiques'), Louis Baudoin ('Les cadres juridiques'), et Gérard Parizeau ('Les cadres économiques').

The judicial system occupies an important place in society, yet it has been one of the least studied of Canadian institutions. Traditionally, examination and criticism of the trial process have been left to lawyers and members of the legal profession. In this volume nine non-lawyers scrutinize its operation in Canada from the perspectives of several academic disciplines. Reginald Allen, a philosopher and classicist, discusses the modern trial process in the light of the trial of Socrates; Anatol Rapoport, a mathematician noted for his work in the fields of game theory and conflict resolution, analyses the adversary system from Charles Hanly, a philosopher and psychoanalyst, uses the Truscott case to explore the psychopathological aspects of a trial from a Freudian viewpoint; one political scientist, Peter Russell, examine the courts'role in the development of the law; another, Donald Smiley, studies their role as protector of civil liberties; James Giffen, a sociologist, points out the inadequacy of the criminal justice system as a means of controlling alcohol and drug addiction; Donald Dewees, an economist, examines court regulation of economic behaviour; and Kenneth McNaught, a historian, discusses the political trial in the Canadian legal system.

This book looks at two important aspects in Canadian society: its class structure and the composition of its elites or power holding groups. A recurring theme in the analysis of both class and elite groups is that Canada has found itself in the middle of the twentieth century with inadequate institutional arrangements for the industrial society it has become. Its educational systems have failed to provide the necessary skills which in large measure have been recruited through immigration. Its elites have been drawn largely from middle and upper class'British charter groups.'The author further submits that the strong emphasis in the Canadian value system on regionalism and ethnic differentiation has resulted in the fragmentation of the society, particularly at the political level, and lef tit incapable of dealing with some of its major problems as an industrial society.Although this is a sociological study in which evidence in related to social theory, the author has tried to avoid technical terms, and this, together with the particular relevance at the present time of a discussion of the nature of Canadian society, will make this book interesting tolaymen as well as specialists.