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After Hans Gerth died in December 1978, I found myself among piles of pa­ pers. The amount was considerable, not because he was a'careful archivist'as some assumed, but because he simply could not part with any paper with writing on it. Besides his own typed scripts and notes, there were off-prints given to hirn, papers written by his students, many newspaper clippings, and letters dating back to the end of 1937. My first task was to look for and collect his essay manuscripts still un­ known to the American public. Shortly after Gerth's death, Don Martindale, our life-long friend and a former student of Gerth, encouraged me to publish a volume of Gerth'essays. By going through the piles, I found quite a few es­ says, even one he wrote as early as 1930 as a student at the London School of Economics. I am sure he had no idea that such an essay had survived among his piles of papers. I edited and typed many of his draft essays; flew to New York to work together on the final edited version with Joe Bensmann and Art Vidich; and co-published it through the Greenwood Press, for which Martin­ dale was an outside consultant. I then began to sift through Gerth's correspondence files. The corre­ spondence was kept more or less in chronological order. However, the pa­ pers were loosely placed into folders and not fastened.

Ziel des Buches ist es, einen Überblick über die wesentlichen Entwicklungslinien der Innovationsforschung zu geben und einen Eindruck davon zu vermitteln, wie heute über Innovation nachgedacht wird.

'Who rules in Eastern Europe?'became a fundamental question for western researchers and other observers after communist regimes were established in the region, and it gained further importance as state socialism expanded into Central Europe after the Second World War. A political order which, according to Leninist theory of the state and to subsequent Stalinist political practice, was primarily a highly centralised and repressive power organisation, directed, as if it were natural, researchers attention towards the highest echelon of office holders in party and state. Extreme centralisation of power in these regimes was consequently linked to an elitist approach to analysing them from a distant viewpoint. It is one of the many paradoxes of state socialism, that a social and political order which presumptuously claimed to be the final destination of historical development and to be based on deterministic laws of social evolution, which claimed an egalitarian nature and denied the significance of the individual, was per­ ceived through the idiosyncrasies, rivalries and personal traits of its rulers. The largest part of these societies remained in grey obscurity, onlyoccasion­ ally revealing bits of valid information about a social life distant from the centres of power. It is debatable whether this top-headedness of western re­ search into communist societies created a completely distorted picture of re­ ality, however, it certainly contributed to an overestimation of the stability of these regimes, an underestimation of their factual diversity and a misjudge­ ment of the extent of conflicts and cleavages dividing them.

Thomas Kieselbach 1 Object and organisation of the study The present volume contains the first results of an international research project on youth unemployment and social exclusion describing the most up-to-date research of youth unemployment and health in six European countries. The project'Youth Unem­ ployment and Social Exclusion: Objective Dimensions, Subjective Experiences, and In­ novative Institutional Responses in Six European Countries'(YUSEDER) is supported by the Research Directorate General of the European Commission (DG XII) within the Targeted Socio-Economic Research Programme (TSER) of the 4th Framework Pro­ gramme. The YUSEDER research project tries to answer some crucial questions with regard to the risk of social exclusion associated with long-term youth unemployment. The European Commission launched a call for proposals looking for new know­ ledge of the key mechanisms linking the experience of long-term youth unemployment to various dimensions of social disintegration, conceived of in the theoretical frame­ work of social exclusion. In this context, not only the mechanisms exacerbating the stress of unemployment (vulnerability factors) but also the protective mechanisms pre­ venting or reducing the risk of social exclusion have to be taken into consideration. The second research question relates to new options of institutional and political inter­ vention and counteraction in different national contexts. These analyses will be underta­ ken in three Northern European countries (Sweden, Belgium, Germany) and three Sou­ thern European countries (Spain, Italy, Greece).

This volume introduces a gender dimension and provides new insights in the issues like nationalism and racism, identity building, transnational networking, citizenship and democracy.

Hubert Heinelt This book is the result of a conference on'Democratic and Participatory Govemance: From Citizens to'Holders'?'held in Florence in September 2000. The conference which had been organised by Bemard Gbikpi, JUrgen Grote and Philippe Schmitter was part of the project'Achieving Sustainable and Innovative Policies through Participatory Govemance in a Multi-Level Context'funded by the European Commission under the 5th Framework Programme on Research and Development. The project's empirical focus is on specific policy areas - water supply and EMAS (i.e. the EU environmental management and audit scheme) - and takes account of different territariallevels of govemment. The objective is to analyze old and new forms of govemance to identify those being conducive to innovative and sustainable policies which, themselves, are based on the core values of dialogue, negotiation, active citizenship, partnership and subsidiarity. This also implies identifying the conditions that support the creation and maintenance of these forms of govemance. And last but not least, the project also aims at looking out for opportunities of EU intervention to promote these conditions in a way such that participatory forms of govemance can be achieved.

the republican party, especially within those groups that supported President Bush. There was a strong backlash in Europe against this more unilateralist and more isolationist foreign policy of the Bush administration. Transatlantic re­ lations went through a difficult phase in the Spring of 2001, each side criti­ cizing the other for doing the wrong thing and for damaging transatlantic re­ lations. In Europe, President Bush was not seen as a world leader, but rather as the governor from Texas. Europeans criticized the Bush administration for not accepting the role as the only remaining superpower and for not accepting the global responsibility linked to being a global power. Transatlantic rela­ tions were at a low point in June of 2001 when President Bush came to Europe the first time. All of that changed overnight with the terror attacks of September 11, 200 I. Millions of Europeans demonstrated their solidarity with the American people. In Berlin, for example, approximately 200,000 people took part in a demonstration in front of the Brandenburg Gate on September 14 to show their solidarity with the American people. International terrorism was the new common challenge. For several months it seemed like the old trans­ atlantic quarrels would be forgotten. There was a new spirit in transatlantic relations, a new commitment to fight common enemies and protect common values. The question was, how long would it last.

Preface Confronted with a wide variety of conflicts, the international community has attempted to respond through humanitarian assistance, development aid, crisis prevention and conflict resolution programmes. To date many of these activities have exacerbated conflict dynamics as much as they have enhanced the opportunities for sustainable development and peace. In an effort to understand what works, lessons learned and best practices are being collected usually in the form of evaluations of individual projects or programs. Although the number of studies undertaken has increased, few lessons have been systematised or accumulated for broader discussion in the academic field or for practitioners'use. The Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management produced this Handbook in response to the contemporary challenges which have to be faced by those who are working in and on violent conflict. The intention is to give an overview of recent developments in the field of conflict transformation from various perspectives: from academic analysts and practitioners as well as from experts representing different areas of work inside and outside of conflict zones.

Sociologists face difficult tasks at the turn of the century. Sociology needs conceptual breakthroughs in order to keep pace with accelerated social change. Global trends require new visions about social action and social or­ der. Evolving patterns of regionalisation and specific developmental paths of societies demand careful elaboration on relationships between local, regional and global processes. Deepening social differences and efforts to re-integrate social structures foster comparative research. The growing complexity of networks involving individuals, groups, organisations and societies calls for interdisciplinary and trans-disciplinary studies. They have to respond to widespread expectations for policy orientation and practical relevance of so­ ciological research. Together with the spread of ideas and practices of sus­ tainable development, there is an increasing pressure on sociology to incor­ porate closer links to nature and technology in its conceptualisations and to strengthen their normative content. There is evidence to suggest that the international sociological commu­ nity has difficulties in coping with the complexity and urgency of the above tasks. Narratives often overshadow analysis and explanations in sociological discourse as well as debates on current social processes. Sturlies and teach­ ings in the field of sociological theory have turned into a self-satisfactory enterprise, receiving its inspiration from the classics of the discipline and much less from the burning social problems surrounding us. Empirical stud­ ies, having only symbolic connection to sociological concepts or to the need of practical solutions, are abundant.

The Body and Representation: The Centre for Feminist Studies Meets the ifu The present work is the result of the cooperation between the Centre for Femi­ nist Studies (ZFS) at the University of Bremen and the International Women's University Hanover 2000 (ifu). For the project area Body (deans: Prof. Patricia McFadden and Prof. Barbara Duden), in which roughly one hundred fifty par­ ticipants from all over the world took part/ the Centre for Feminist Studies de­ veloped and organized a two-week study phase, The Body and Representation: Feminist Research and Theoretical Perspectives, which was carried out on the campus of the University of Bremen from 30 July to 11 August 2000 (concept and chair: Prof. Sigrid Schade; collaboration I coordination: Dr. Insa Hartel). It formed the third and fourth weeks of a program that lasted thirteen weeks in all. This publication is neither a documentation of this study phase nor an'ideal'concept for such a curriculum. Neither of these possible variants for such a publication was feasible, and neither would have made much sense, for a number of reasons.

In April 1997 a group of social scientists in Germany came together to form a task force on institutional dimensions of global environmental change. At the time they were all engaged in research projects funded by the German Re­ search Council (DFG) within its Priority Programme'Global Environmental Change - Social and Behavioural Dimensions'. Coming initially from the fields of political science and sociology they were motivated by a common interest in advancing knowledge on processes of institutional change relevant to major environmental problems. By exploring the capacity of diverse disci­ plinary approaches to explain institutional change and by exchanging knowl­ edge on environmental institutions in various social, cultural and political settings they aimed to shed fresh light on the complex dynamics of institu­ tions. By 1999 the task force had grown in numbers and scope to include geographers, cultural anthropologists and cultural psychologists, reflecting a unique and broad spectrum of social science research into institutions and the environment. The new members brought not only new disciplinary perspec­ tives to the group, but also an interest in a wider range of institutions func­ tioning at different societal levels and in new cultural settings, including de­ veloping countries. This book is the principal product of the task force.

Do contemporary children have busy'leisure-diaries'that approximate the appointment diary of real-life managers? Do present-day children spend their leisure time mainly with peers at the expense of spending time with their parents? These issues are dealt with within a cross-cultural comparison between Dutch and German 10 to 15 year-olds. In Germany as well as the Netherlands, highly differentiated leisure patterns are found.

This study untangles the complex interplay of individual and contextual factors shaping cross-national differences in horizontal and vertical occupational sex segregation. It relates the individual factors affecting occupational decisions to the broader social and economic context within a given society. Following this approach, Stephanie Steinmetz provides a comprehensive overview of the development and causes of cross-national differences in occupational sex segregation. She offers insights into the positioning of 21 EU Members States, particularly of former CCE countries. Based on advanced multi-level models, the study shows that institutional factors, such as the organization of educational systems, post-industrial developments, social policies, and the national ‘gender culture', play a crucial role in shaping sex segregation processes apart from individual factors. The author clarifies that a distinct set of institutional factors is relevant to each of the two dimensions of occupational sex segregation and that these factors operate in different directions: some reduce horizontal segregation while at the same time aggravating the vertical aspect. Finally, the study assesses the empirical findings from a political perspective by addressing the future contextual challenges of EU Member States seeking to attain higher gender equality on the labour market.

Following the political and economic transformation processes in Eastern Europe the religious landscapes have also changed. While some countries display a revitalization of religion, others are continuously secularizing. The book explores this contrast, including different, empirical based studies on the topic in a wide range of Eastern European countries.

Im ersten Teil dieses Bandes werden individuelle Altersbilder im Lebensverlauf in den Blick genommen. Dabei wird u.a. den folgenden Fragen nachgegangen: Welche Altersbilder haben Menschen in unterschiedlichen Lebensphasen? Wovon hängt es ab, welche Altersbilder Menschen ausbilden? Im zweiten Teil dieses Bandes stehen dann Altersbilder als kollektive, kulturell geteilte Vorstellungen im Fokus. Hierbei interessieren die jeder Kultur eigenen Muster, in denen das Alter gedacht wird und die als scheinbare Gegebenheiten die Grundlage bilden für das gesellschaftliche, aber auch das ganz individuelle Handeln.

The collapse of communist systems in South East Europe resulted in a landscape to be newly arranged. Diverse forces compete to capture the popular energies released by the embrace of old and new identities. Deficits of modernization in a post communist nexus have deepened cultural asymmetries and challenge EU integration in new ways. Drives to rule of the “strong hand”, feod-like patron-client relations, “self-orientalization” as result of dilettante “social engineering” and unrealistic cultural politics increase the entropy of transition. Plamen K. Georgiev discusses the most controversial issues of a possible accession of Turkey into EU and its impact on a number of collective identities as Bulgaria, Macedonia, Romania, Croatia, vulnerable to Islamic fundamentalism, but also new breeds of nationalisms. This comparative study prompts apt ideas for EU coordinated national politics, fostering its cultural homogeneity and integrity in a global world of rising risks and new responsibilities.

The university as we have known it is undergoing massive transformations. This observation is commonly made these days during discussions of the future of our academic system(s). While it certainly holds true for the'Western'strong­ holds of our globe, it likewise applies to a wide variety of marginalized contexts and locations beyond. For historical reasons, universities and academic systems differ considerably from place to place. However, the transformative process under analysis here is driven by major economic and technological develop­ ments generally subsumed under the label'globalization'. And although, the contemporary world deliberately puts the stress on change and'the new', the traditional academic systems are challenged by the great juggernaut of global­ ized transformation on the level of the particular and the local. In our view, the ongonig changes are neither reason for celebration nor de­ spair. What motivated us to put this volume together was our curiosity about these processes of change, as well as our awareness of their significance, our partisanship for particular directions that they mayor may not take and, last but not least, our insight into their complexities and heterogeneous, even contradic­ tory, outcomes.

How do women who have survived traumatic sexual violence cope with and manage their everyday lives? Karolin Eva Kappler analyses the everyday life of victims of sexual violence, combining the normalcy of their daily life with the overwhelming experience of rape and sexual abuse. Based on a qualitative study, the author detects five patterns which characterize the victims'everyday coping practices and strategies. The grounded analysis of the interview material shows the fragility of the victims'lives, depending on paradoxes which reduce their freedom of choice and which explain the individual and social invisibility of sexual violence. The book is valuable reading for academics and practitioners working in the fields of sociology, psychology, medicine, social work, and education.

Small-scale trade and smuggling are part of everyday life at many borders. These trading activities often compensate for economic shortage that many households are suffering from in consequence of e.g. political transformation processes. Despite of the diversity of transborder small-scale trade and smuggling and their wide dispersion, not only in Europe, their reception within social sciences is relatively low. The contributions shed therefore light on research in geography and neighboured disciplines. On the basis of empirical research findings from borders all over the world, the authors thrive to analyse mechanisms and conditions of the informal activities and to detect parallels and differences of informal economic structures from different perspectives. This book is valuable reading for researchers in geography, sociology, ethnography, and in political science.

The so-called nation states have created ethnical minorities. Also due to migration, cultural diversity is the reality. The multicultural society is strongly reproduced in the schools all over Europe. Cultural diversity in the classroom is increasingly recognized as a potential which should not be neglected. The educational system has, above all, to provide all children with equal opportunities. Experts from Finland, the UK, Hungary, Spain, Greece, Cyprus, and other European states, mostly responsible for teacher education, have contributed to this volume with critical, but constructive remarks on the classroom reality in their countries. This book is valuable reading for academics and practitioners in educational sciences.