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The Federal Government of Nigeria has adopted an ambitious strategy to make Nigeria the world's 20th largest economy by 2020. Sustaining such a pace of growth will entail rapid expansion of activity in key carbon-emitting sectors of the economy. In the absence of policies to accompany economic growth with a reduced carbon footprint, emission of greenhouse gases would more than double in the next two decades. By consolidating and synthesizing the results of the sector-specific, in-depth analyses, volume 1 of this effort found options for Nigeria to achieve the development objectives of Vision 20:2020 and beyond, but stabilizing emissions at 2010 levels, and with domestic benefits in the order of 2 percent of GDP. The present study, volume 2, is a collection of the technical reports on the four sectors of inquiry—agriculture and land use, oil and gas, power, and transport—that informed the preparation of the first volume. For agriculture and land use, the Government has set ambitious targets for increasing the domestic agricultural production six-fold by 2020. The study analyzes the mitigation potential of the agricultural sector within the constraint of meeting these growth targets. Benefits include more productive and climate-resilient agriculture. For the oil and gas sector, the analysis evaluates how the country can continue to grow the oil and gas industry, making better use of Nigeria's gas resources, at the same time reducing the sector's carbon footprint. The analysis of the power sector shows how the country can expand power generation and broaden access to electricity while reducing the associated emissions. This low-carbon scenario would enable Nigeria to achieve the same long-term development objectives, at lower overall cost through a more diversified mix of generation sources with a more balanced supply across regions. Finally, this analysis assesses the expected growth in CO2 emissions from on-road transport under a normal business development scenario up to the year 2035 and identifies policy and other mitigation actions at national and local levels that would reduce this growth, resulting in fuel economies, better air quality, and reduced congestion. Each sectoral analysis outlines several actions that the Nigerian Government could undertake to facilitate the transition to a low-carbon economy.

In many low and middle income countries, dismal failures in the quality of public service delivery such as absenteeism among teachers and doctors and leakages of public funds have driven the agenda for better governance and accountability. This has raised interest in the idea that citizens can contribute to improved quality of service delivery by holding policy-makers and providers of services accountable. This proposition is particularly resonant when it comes to the human development sectors – health, education and social protection – which involve close interactions between providers and citizens/users of services. Governments, NGOs, and donors alike have been experimenting with various “social accountability” tools that aim to inform citizens and communities about their rights, the standards of service delivery they should expect, and actual performance; and facilitate access to formal redress mechanisms to address service failures. The report reviews how citizens – individually and collectively – can influence service delivery through access to information and opportunities to use it to hold providers – both frontline service providers and program managers – accountable. It focuses on social accountability measures that support the use of information to increase transparency and service delivery and grievance redress mechanisms to help citizens use information to improve accountability. The report takes stock of what is known from international evidence and from within projects supported by the World Bank to identify knowledge gaps, key questions and areas for further work. It synthesizes experience to date; identifies what resources are needed to support more effective use of social accountability tools and approaches; and formulates considerations for their use in human development. The report concludes that the relationships between citizens, policy-makers, program managers, and service providers are complicated, not always direct or easily altered through a single intervention, such as an information campaign or scorecard exercise. The evidence base on social accountability mechanisms in the HD sectors is under development. There is a small but growing set of evaluations which test the impact of information interventions on service delivery and HD outcomes. There is ample space for future experiments to test how to make social accountability work at the country level.

The striking upsurge in population growth rates in developing countries at the close of World War II gained force during the next decade. From the 1950s to the 1970s, scholars and advocacy groups publicized the trend and drew troubling conclusions about its economic and ecological implications. Private educational and philanthropic organizations, government, and international organizations joined in the struggle to reduce fertility. Three decades later this movement has seen changes beyond anyone's most optimistic dreams, and global demographic stabilization is expected in this century. The Gl.

As England's Industrial Revolution started the process of urbanization that has since characterized development throughout the world, a poet worried about the'dark satanic mills'that were such a fundamental part of this revolution. However, despite his misgivings, he also suggested that it was necessary for societies to arm themselves with'chariots of fire'and other weapons so that they could master this process. In a somewhat more prosaic poetic vein World Bank President Robert McNamara launched the bank's shelter assistance programs saying that'If cities do not begin.