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This handbook brings together global research on violence in Africa from academics, practitioners and activists across a multitude of subjects. It seeks to create the widest possible space for debate, discussion, and analysis of the broad range of issues and problems of violence. It transcends disciplinary and geographic borders in order to create new ground in this space. The chapters in this handbook cover diverse themes such as: the topography of violence, technologies of violence, terrorism, civil war and insurgent violence, child soldiers and violence, epistemic violence, structural violence, violence and memory, violence and the law, cultural mechanisms for creating, sustaining, resisting, and mitigating violence, political violence, violence in moments of religious, social and geo-political transformation, gender and violence, violence against nature, and violence and social media. It centralises new meanings, understandings and fresh ideas to the concept ofviolence, broadening its scope, and contributing to the debates that will shape Africa's common future. It shines a light on key elements of African culture and the cultural mechanisms for creating, sustaining, resisting, and mitigating violence in Africa. It strives to be relevant to the needs and concerns of African societies by suggesting practical solutions for overcoming violence. This book ties in with development initiatives in Africa, such as Agenda 2063, for the Africa We Want, and the 2030 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

This book is the first to examine trauma-informed criminal justice responses to the commission of crime and its impact through empathy and humanity. Trauma-informed criminal justice uses compassion to achieve a safer community for everyone. There are three parts: the first examines how adversity, trauma and crime are related. The second focuses on trauma-informed criminal justice responses to people who have offended, victims of crime, and professionals at risk of vicarious trauma. The third focuses on trauma-informed sentencing and compassionate justice through therapeutic jurisprudence and judicial empathy. Each chapter is designed to be a stand-alone resource.

Women's Criminalisation and Offending in Australia and New Zealand offers new research and analysis of women's offending and criminalisation in Australia and New Zealand from British settlement through to the late twentieth/early twenty-first centuries. Drawing attention to women as offenders as understood in a multitude of ways, this collection highlights how women have been involved with crime and criminal behaviour, their treatment inside and outside of courts and prisons, and how women's deviation from societal norms have attracted negative attention throughout the decades. For Aboriginal and Māori women especially, the responses were harsher than what they could be for non-indigenous women.The chapters cover a broad range of transgressions that women have been actively involved with, including theft, drug and alcohol abuse and offences, organised crime, and homicide, as well as how women's behaviour and their bodies have been criminalised and responded to by authorities. What this collection demonstrates is that women have often chosen to be involved with crime and criminality, while on other occasions their behaviour, innocent as it was, was not considered acceptable by contemporaries, resulting in confusion and misapprehension of women who refused to fit a mould.Women's Criminalisation and Offending in Australia and New Zealand brings together historical and criminological methods, theories, and scholars to shed light on how Australia and New Zealand's colonial, later state, and national governments have sought to understand, control, and punish women. This collection will be of interest and value to scholars, students, and everyone with an interest in criminology, history, law, sociology, Indigenous studies, and Australian and New Zealand studies.

An inside look at how police officers are trained to perpetuate state violenceMichael Brown. Philando Castile. George Floyd. Breonna Taylor. As the names of those killed by the police became cemented into public memory, the American public took to the streets in unprecedented numbers to mourn, organize, and demand changes to the current system of policing. In response, police departments across the country committed themselves to change, pledging to hire more women and people of color, incorporate diversity training, and instruct officers to verbally de-escalate interactions with the public.These reform efforts tend to rely on a “bad apple” argument, focusing the nature and scope of the problem on the behavior of specific individuals and rarely considering the broader organizational process that determines who is allowed to patrol the public and how they learn to do their jobs. In Before the Badge, Samantha J. Simon provides a firsthand look into how police officers are selected and trained, describing every stage of the process, including recruitment, classroom instruction, and tactical training.Simon spent a year at police academies participating in the training alongside cadets, giving her a visceral, hands-on understanding of how police training operates. Using rich and detailed examples, she reveals that the process does more than test a cadet's physical or intellectual abilities. Instead, it socializes cadets into a system of state violence. As training progresses, cadets are expected to see themselves as warriors and to view Black and Latino/a members of the public as their enemies. Cadets who cannot or will not uphold this approach end up washing out. In Before the Badge, Simon explains how this training creates a context in which patterns of police violence persist and implores readers to re-envision the future of policing in the United States.

This book explores the effective policing of public protection issues, from chapter authors with varied research and practitioner experience. The collection is aimed at detective police officers in specialist units, response and neighbourhood officers, as well as new recruits in policing public protection. Each chapter offers an understanding of victimology, perpetration, and the effective policing and investigation of such crimes. It explores questions such as why crimes happen, who the victims are, what perpetrators do, and why they might target certain victims. This book explores international literature, the evidence base, past mistakes, and what effective and professional policing should ‘look like'. The intention is to improve the policing and investigation of such complex crimes. Each chapter provides a concise summary, a comprehensive literature review, and a list of key actions for practice that officers should consider. It closes with a list of key resources. These chapters specifically cover the following thematic crime areas such as domestic abuse, child sexual abuse, gendered violence, and trafficking. This book also speaks to local authorities (Social Services, Trading Standards), professionals in Education, Health and Probation, academics, and Non-Government Organisations (NGO) in the charitable sector.

This handbook of forensic victimology focuses on femi(ni)cide contexts, offering instructional tools for legal and forensic investigation from a transdisciplinary perspective. Drawing from cross-national experiences, particularly in Australia and Mexico, it provides essential resources for identifying, investigating, analyzing, interpreting, and understanding lethal gender-based victimization through physical forensic evidence. Spanning ten chapters, the book illustrates and develops standards of professional practice from the initial victimization report through specialized procedures, including crime scene processing, medical evidence collection, and entomology. It establishes the functionality and relevance of each stage of forensic investigation, alongside theoretical and legal considerations regarding various femicide contexts, such as intimate partner femicide, femicide-suicide, and child femicide. Additionally, it discusses due diligence standards in forensic investigation and legal considerations to avoid unlawful evidence. Ideal for professionals in legal and forensic fields addressing gender-based victimization, this volume also serves as a handbook for students in forensic-related areas such as legal and forensic medicine, criminalistics, criminology, and criminal law.

Die Autorin untersucht aus rechtlicher und kriminologischer Perspektive, inwiefern es einen Zusammenhang gibt zwischen dem Merkmal »unbegleiteter minderjähriger Geflüchteter« und dem Risiko, Opfer einer Ausbeutungssituation zu werden. Neben der (straf-)rechtlichen Einordnung des Tatbestandes Menschenhandel und angrenzender Delikte werden dazu sowohl ausländerrechtliche als auch kinder- und jugendhilferechtliche Ausführungen erörtert. Aus kriminologischen Erkenntnissen werden die Risiken für die Opferwerdung abgeleitet. Daran anschließend werden im empirischen Teil die Ergebnisse der qualitativen Interviewstudie präsentiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen insgesamt ein erhöhtes Risiko für Ausbeutungssituationen, denen unbegleitete minderjährige Geflüchtete ausgesetzt sind, wobei sich das Risiko deutlich reduziert, je besser die jungen Geflüchteten eingebunden sind, vor allem in soziale Strukturen und Netzwerke.

This book provides a comprehensive view to those who are interested in human trafficking, child trafficking, and child protection in China. Based on over 2000 case laws from 1990 to 2020, this book provides an in-depth analysis of the causes, criminal patterns, and consequences of child trafficking happened in 30 provinces in China. It reveals a phenomenon that has not attracted much attention at the international level -- the trafficking of children, intranational and transnational, for resale and illegal adoption.

Domestic Violence and Criminal Justice, Second Edition, offers readers an overview of domestic violence and its effects on society and includes helpful measures to curtail its rapid growth and widespread harm. Geared toward the criminal justice system, this newly revised and updated edition focuses on civil and criminal justice processes, from securing a restraining order to completing an arrest, to the final disposition.Fostering critical thinking in readers, the book covers the extent and nature of domestic violence and intimate partner violence (IPV) in its many forms and delves into the systemic responses to such violence during the COVID-19 era. Going beyond exploring the reactive efforts of policing and prosecution, this edition offers an expanded emphasis on the underpinnings and effectiveness of prevention and intervention, including data on the operations and challenges of domestic violence shelters, and a much-needed focus on victim services, victim advocacy, and social work involvement.This text is ideal for courses in criminal justice, criminology, social work, and sociology. Students will find this text readable, up-to-date, and rich in historical detail.

Exploring the application, theory, implications, and socio-legal underpinnings of human rights in probation and associated offender management, this book examines the key imperatives and practices of the Probation Service in England and Wales in relation to the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA).Outlining how the duties of probation officers are interpreted in light of the HRA, this book refers to applicable principles and case law as a means to present and exemplify the direct operation of human rights law in probation and instances of human rights interferences. Chapters also discuss the infrastructure of Probation to demonstrate challenges of awareness, implementation, and compliance. Based on qualitative studies analysed through a socio-legal lens and the relevant human rights framework, key themes explored include Crime Control and Due Process, which are reflective of the tensions and imbalances experienced between risk or public protection and human rights. The book also includes case studies of Serious Further Offences that have either revealed the shortcomings in the area of human rights in probation or highlighted factors linked to human rights, including scapegoating, cumulative systemic failures, miscommunications, and over-reliance on risk assessments. Finally, it provides clarity as to what the human rights duties of the Service are, what relevant policies may apply alongside the HRA, and how court decisions may affect risk and offender management.An important and timely study of probation in England and Wales, Human Rights in Probation will be of great interest to students and academics in probation studies, criminology and criminal justice, and human rights. It will also be of value to Probation Officers (including trainees) and other practitioners working in offender management services.

North Korean Migrants in China follows the journey of North Koreans who escaped from North Korea and traveled to China and eventually to South Korea. Hyoungah Park interviews fifty-eight North Korean migrants in China and analyzes their stories, exploring why they decided to escape North Korea despite the risks, how they escaped, and their experiences being victimized by human trafficking. Many of these migrants were deceived, forced, and coerced by traffickers—they were sold as brides to unknown males in China, had to work in brothels and video chat rooms, and had to endure labor exploitation. Fear of being deported, language barriers, geographic unfamiliarity, and lack of knowledge made these individuals vulnerable to human trafficking. By parsing through contributing factors to these victimizations, Park is able to present policy implications to prevent future human trafficking.

This book explores how International Humanitarian Law (IHL) has been developed in the jurisprudence and practice of the International Criminal Court (ICC). A partial focus is given to the phenomenon of child soldiering which became symptomatic for the early practice of the ICC. The book provides readers with broad insight into the activity of the ICC. The first part contains chapters focused on the methodology of law-finding before the ICC, i.e., identification, interpretation, and application of the law. The authors address complex issues concerning the mutual relationship between treaty law (Article 8 of the ICC Statute) and customary international (humanitarian) law and explore the relevance of IHRL in the application and interpretation of Article 8 of the Rome Statute. The second part consists of chapters focused on substantive international criminal law. The authors address issues concerning contextual elements of war crimes, passive personal scope of IHL,denying judicial guarantees as a serious breach of IHL, forms of responsibility, and circumstances precluding wrongfulness.

Identifying victims and perpetrators of trafficking and modern slavery has become increasingly challenging as traffickers have become more sophisticated in their recruitment and control of victims and seizure of new opportunities. Written by an experienced practitioner and academic, this book presents the ‘Circles of Analysis', a unique model to assist professionals and researchers working in the criminal justice, safeguarding and social work sectors. Focusing on factors around the victim, offender and environment, this innovative model equips professionals to consider prevention, protection, intervention and disruption activity rather than limiting action to criminal justice-related outcomes.

The Routledge Handbook of Homicide Studies comprehensively examines the topic of homicide from a diverse collection of perspectives and backgrounds. It brings together original contributions on homicide, with a focus on the broad range of impacts of homicide from a multitude of disciplines that evaluate and examine homicide in actual practice and theory. The editors have assembled a comprehensive collection highlighting the multifaceted causes and ramifications of homicide both across the United States and globally, with chapters exploring the current state of homicide, typologies of homicides offenders, causes and correlates of homicide, homicides and the criminal justice system, and a professional observations chapters authored by some of the leading practicing professionals in the world, many of whom have made pivotal contributions to the evaluation and investigation of homicide offenders and cases. Providing state-of-the-art scholarship on homicide in modern society, this handbook is a key collection and an invaluable resource for students, researchers, and practitioners engaged in the study of homicide across a diverse range of disciplines, including criminal justice and criminology, psychology, sociology, forensics, interdisciplinary departments, and sociolegal studies.

Children and Adolescent's Experiences of Violence and Abuse at Home is a unique book that explores some of the main controversies and challenges within the field. The book is organised into three sections, the first covering work that has focused on the experiences of living in DV settings as a child or young person, the second offers overviews of the impact of child victimisation and the final section is about working with children in practice and service-based settings.It includes extensive reviews of the literature, empirical research and practice observations, all of which provide compelling evidence of a need to change how we construct victims and design services. It provides evidence for the need to work sensitively, inclusively, and responsively around issues of victim identification, support, and prevention. Moreover, the evidence urges us to include children's and adult victim/survivor's experiences and contributions in the creation of services.Concluding with a series of recommendations for both future research, and ways in which we can help use the research findings to inform practice, it is a must-read for researchers, practitioners and educators working with children and young people within the field of domestic violence and abuse. It will also be of interest and value to policy makers who are reviewing legislation and those involved in commissioning psychological services, and victim services that work with child and adolescent victims.

Offender-focused prosecution concentrates attention to the actions, decisions, choices, and motivations of the offender. Crimes of intimate violence tend to compel investigators, prosecutors, and defense attorneys to fixate on the victim's behavior to prove or disprove a case. Prosecutors can become helpless when faced with uncooperative victims, challenging facts, or attacks on the victims'credibility. However, when the prosecution can rely on evidence and offender-focused interviewing, investigation, and case construction, there is a greater chance of success.This book will offer investigators and prosecutors concrete information and techniques to construct and present offender-focused cases in crimes of intimate violence. First, we will challenge the reader's biases and assumptions about intimate violence, providing information that will dispel pervasive myths and misinformation we maintain. We will explain the motivations and techniques that offenders use on their victims to ensure the victims'silence, compliance, and resistance to prosecution. The second section will address specific steps that investigators and prosecutors can take for offender-focused prosecution, including interviewing practices, conducting evidence-based investigations, selecting and preparing a jury, and building an offender-focused prosecution through the case. The reader will be offered practical and attainable practices and skills.This book will be primarily intended for investigators or prosecutors. However, it will be accessible to paralegals, victim advocates, judges, and others involved in the criminal justice system to utilize.

Dominic Ongwen was abducted in 1987 when he was 8 or 9 years old by the Lord's Resistance Army (‘LRA') in Northern Uganda and trafficked as a child soldier; he made multiple unsuccessful attempts to escape, and finally succeeded in late 2014. He turned himself into the International Criminal Court in 2015 and was prosecuted. Mr. Ongwen's defence was that he was not responsible for the crimes of the LRA, based on his mental illnesses and duress, stemming from his abduction and subsequent coercion and indoctrination under Joseph Kony within the LRA. In February 2021, the ICC's Trial Chamber IX convicted Dominic Ongwen of 61 charges and two modes of liability and he was sentenced to 25 years incarceration. This work critiques the judicial racial and cultural biases and blindspots in the Ongwen Judgment rendered by the ICC, as related to the affirmative defences of mental disease or defect and duress and to sentencing, from the perspective of the author who served as a defence counsel in the case.

This book is an open access. ECPAT Indonesia and Association of Criminal Law and Criminology Lecturer (ASPERHUPIKI) in collaborate with the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection Republic of Indonesia, ECPAT International, Center for Study and Child Protection, and Yayasan OUR Indonesia will organize ASEAN Conference on “the Prevention and Countermeasures for the Misuse of Financial Service Providers in Child Sexual Exploitation Crimes” that will be held August 7-8, 2024 in Bali. This event will deep dive into three topics: Misuse of financial service providers in crimes of sexual exploitation of children at the International and ASEAN Countries level Good practices of detecting and reporting suspected transaction related to child sexual exploitation crimes by involving financial service providers Strategy and potential for collaboration in engaging financial service providers to eradicate sexual exploitation of children Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse from Multi-Perspektive This conference will be the first conference in ASEAN that discusses deeply about the situation of misuse of financial service providers in sexual exploitation crimes. It will provide an important forum featuring expert speakers and participants from various stakeholders representing government, law enforcer, Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU), Financial Service Provider (including Financial Technology Company), International dan National NGO and UN Agency. This conference will produce a comprehensive report regarding the situation of misuse of financial service providers in sexual exploitation crimes and good practices, as well as strategic recommendations to eradicate sexual exploitation crimes through the involvement of financial service providers.

This handbook explores crime, deviance and punishment in the Caribbean with a focus on marginalized perspectives from scholars in the Caribbean. It explores the region's unique cultural context and challenges, particularly the ongoing influence of colonialism. It also covers types of criminal activities and punishment, including contemporary and emerging areas such as cybercrime and white collar crime, as well as discussing victims and victimization, and crime and justice policies. This handbook builds on the growing field of interest in this region to establish a Caribbean Criminology. It speaks to both students and practitioners.

This book emphasises the importance of difficulties identifying victims of human trafficking. It is often challenging for trafficked victims to be identified, for victims to self-identify, and for victims to be distinguishable from other groups of vulnerable people such as economic migrants, asylum seekers, refugees and smuggled persons. This book examines the environments where difficulties of identifying foreign victims exist or identification is overlooked entirely. It argues that a victim-centred approach is required to recognize them for who they are, a trafficked victim. This lies in opposition to the justice system which often takes the oath of prosecuting victims rather than identifying them as victims, criminalising them for offences as part of their exploitation, forced upon them under duress from their exploiters. Drawing on a range of subjects, this book contributes to existing academic work and speaks to anti-trafficking organisations, charities, public authorities and staff within the UK's National Referral Mechanism to play a pivotal role in spotting, referring and identifying more foreign trafficked victims, despite the current negativity surrounding immigration.

This book synthesizes the nascent but growing body of literature and research emerging on risk management and treatment of persons who sexually offend against children.This volume demonstrates the need for change by placing current attitudes toward sexual offending in their sociocultural context and then discussing the impact of these attitudes. Rather than parse the needs of children who have been victimized from those who have offended, a model emerges that explains the interlocking dynamics of those who offend and those offended against. This book upends the convenient fiction that child sexual abuse can be reduced by locking away those who offend and then monitoring them upon release. Rather, the book addresses the need for ongoing interaction of the two populations; the reality that the two populations at times overlap; and the increasingly public question of how to manage those who acknowledge an attraction to children but deny an intent to act on that desire.Providing alternative viewpoints, research avenues, and policy options that can accommodate a more realistic effort to reduce the risk of sexual abuse, it is a must read for all policymakers or professionals working with those who have offended or acknowledge attraction to children, alongside students and researchers from forensic psychology, clinical psychology, or criminology backgrounds.

Human trafficking has become the scourge of the 21st century, with child trafficking arguably its worst form. As vulnerable children are lured into prostitution, pornography and other forms of exploitation, there is only a patchwork legal regime trying to deal with child trafficking.This book assesses this legal regime, arguing that a more coordinated and international response is needed. Analyzing the moral and conceptual issues at stake across a wide variety of child trafficking cases – child prostitution, child pornography, forced “marriage,” corrupt “adoptions,” organ “donation,” refugee abuse, child soldiers, orphanage abuse, and “normal” parental child abuse – it goes on to argue that the crimes of child trafficking make apparent that there are conceptual, moral, and legal issues concerning child trafficking that differ from other kinds of crime including adult trafficking.Trafficking and the Conscience of Humanity puts forward the case that the crimes of child trafficking could, and should, be prosecuted by an international court such as the International Criminal Court.

Understanding Victimology: An Active Learning Approach is the only textbook with extensive discussion of both online and offline victimization reinforced by group and individual learning activities. Our textbook offers instructors a variety of active learning exercises – in the book itself and in the authors'ancillaries – that engage students in the material and shed light on the experiences of marginalized social groups. Through these activities, students become engaged with the material at a higher level of learning. They learn how victimization happens and the challenges people who experience crime face in acquiring assistance from the criminal-legal system at a more intimate level instead of simply reading about it. Students also build their abilities to work with others in a collaborative learning environment, encouraging professional socialization for the future.The chapters in this second edition address gaps in information typically presented in victimology that ignore prevention or intervention, even though these topics are currently at the forefront of the national conversation going on about sexual violence in higher education. New to this edition are added coverage of immigrants and minorities and a new chapter on the media and victimization. Instructor resources are available online.Suitable for undergraduate courses in victimology, this book also serves the needs of sociology and women's studies courses and can be taught university-wide as part of diversity and inclusion initiatives.

A pervasive and insidious menace thrives in the shadows of societies around the world, affecting millions of people: serious, organized crime. From heart-wrenching tales of human trafficking to the intricate webs of the illegal drug trade and the digital labyrinth of cybercrime, the impact of organized crime resonates everywhere, leaving scars on individuals, families, and entire communities. The actual cost of this criminal underworld remains shrouded, and the pressing question lingers: What can halt the erosion of societal well-being and restore a sense of security? Economic and Societal Impact of Organized Crime: Policy and Law Enforcement Interventions is a wealth of insight into the critical monitoring, prevention, and interventions of organized criminal activities. Edited by the distinguished professor, Alicia Danielsson, an authority in Comparative and EU law, this multidisciplinary anthology unveils the layers of complexity that lie beneath organized crime's surface. Drawing upon contributions from various sectors, the book brings to light real-life stories, empirical findings, and case studies that dissect the psychological, physical, and economic toll exacted by these crimes. But this time goes further, examining the broader societal repercussions, from trust erosion in institutions to the exacerbation of inequality and poverty. For academic scholars yearning to comprehend and combat this global peril, this book offers an intellectual sanctuary. It navigates the intricate pathways of criminal networks, corrupt facilitators, and the responses of law enforcement and policymakers. By fostering a comprehensive, evidence-based approach that prioritizes human well-being and community resilience, this work serves as a roadmap to confronting organized crime head-on. As readers embark on a journey through the pages of this volume, they equip themselves with the knowledge and tools to not only understand the depths of this challenge but also to contribute to a world where the grip of organized crime is loosened, and the foundations of security and justice are fortified.

This book presents research conducted with children and young people about online harms, with a UK focus, while aiming to stimulate comparative analyses of other countries too. While the chapters vary in how data-driven they are, each will explore conceptualisations of online harm, children and young people's experiences of online harms, and their perspectives on interventions to educate about and address online harms. While the UK government claimed in 2019 to be introducing ‘tough new measures to make the UK the safest place to be online', it has been noted that there may be a limited capacity for formal legislation to address the complexities of contemporary digital life for children and young people; instead, tackling online harms has to be part of a broader agenda and must account for the diverse and socially contingent nature of children's and young people's experiences online, as evidenced by extensive research undertaken with children and young people. With the finalisation of legislation surrounding online harms in the UK imminent, the objective of this collection is to shape the implementation of policy in practice settings. To support practice development, the book offers vignette-style pieces that will describe examples of policy and practice models and how these models can support children's and young people's active participation in understanding online harms. As a result of this, the findings of this book will minimise the disparity between the practice, policy and research through speaking to the interface between these fields in the UK context.

Most murderers and rapists escape justice, a horrifying fact that has gone largely unexamined until now. This groundbreaking book tours nearly the entire criminal justice system, examining the rules and practices that regularly produce failures of justice in serious criminal cases. Each chapter outlines the nature and extent of justice failures in present practice, describing the interests at stake, and providing real-world examples. Finally, each chapter reviews proposed and implemented reforms that could balance the competing interests in a less justice-frustrating manner and recommends one—sometimes completely original—reform to improve the system. A systematic study of justice failures is long overdue. As this book discusses, regular failures of justice in serious criminal cases undermine deterrence and the criminal justice system's credibility with the community as a moral authority. The damage caused by unpunished crime is immense and, even worse, falls primarily on vulnerable minority communities. Now for the first time, students, researchers, policymakers, and citizens have a resource that explains why justice failures occur and what can be done about them.Confronting Failures of Justice is accessible for use by college freshman through graduate students and law students and is designed to be main text for a course on justice failures, but it could be used in conjunction with other texts in a broad range of courses touching on criminal justice. It presents arguments in a highly-organized fashion and provides dozens of case studies, many with photographs, to gain student interest and to bring the academic discussions to life.

This thought-provoking collection brings together academics from a range of disciplines to examine modern slavery. It illustrates how different disciplinary positions, methodologies and perspectives form and clash together through a kaleidoscopic view to contribute a unique insight into critical modern slavery studies. Providing a platform to critique the legal, ideological and political responses to the issue, experts interrogate the construct of modern slavery and the anti-trafficking discourse which have dominated contemporary responses to and understandings of exploitation. Drawing on a range of global real-world examples, this is a vital contribution to the study of modern slavery.

The Routledge International Handbook of Juvenile Homicide is the definitive work on juvenile homicide. This volume provides an up-to-date, comprehensive, and in-depth exploration of what is known about juveniles involved in murder. Taking an interdisciplinary approach to juvenile homicide, this handbook brings together the leading experts in social sciences, mental health, and law from many countries. The volume covers the phenomenon of juvenile homicide from beginning to end, by addressing the questions “why do kids kill?” all the way to “how does society stop them from killing?”.The tough issues involved in sentencing youths who take the lives of others, often deliberately and in horrific ways, are confronted through chapters addressing the legal issues, child development factors, risk assessment, public attitudes, and ethical concerns. The volume brings together research specifically conducted for this volume, in addition to summaries and discussions of clinical and empirical findings. Each chapter ends with key takeaway points. Contributors include psychologists, psychiatrists, criminologists, sociologists, lawyers, economists, biologists, epidemiologists, and public health and public policy experts. Uniquely, they examine murder by juveniles across the globe. The volume includes research pertaining to the causes, correlates, and theoretical explanations of juvenile homicide offending. Moving beyond discussions of juvenile homicide offenders (JHOs) as a homogenous group, the volume includes research on specific types of JHOs and research investigating age and gender differences among JHOs. In addition, it draws attention to the empirical factors associated with juvenile homicide offending, effective treatment of JHOs, recidivism, and prevention of violent behavior. The volume also makes recommendations for policy and practice, including how to shift government policy from punishing lawbreakers to saving lives.This volume is essential reading for scholars and students researching youth violence/juvenile homicide across a variety of disciplines including criminology, criminal justice, law, psychology, psychiatry, sociology, social work, public health, and education. It is also an invaluable reference for mental health professionals, practitioners in the juvenile and criminal justice systems, policymakers, and government leaders.

Offering comprehensive coverage with an applied, practical perspective, Community Corrections, Second Edition covers all the major topics in the field while emphasizing reintegration and community partnerships and focusing strongly on assessment, risk prediction, and classification. Author Robert D. Hanser draws on his expertise with offender treatment planning, special needs populations, and the comparative criminal justice fields to present a complete assessment of the issues and challenges facing community corrections today. Insights into how the day-to-day practitioner conducts business in community corrections are illustrated by such things as the increasing role technology plays in the field.

From Jack Henry Abbott, who stabbed a waiter through the heart for not allowing him to use the toilet, to the'Zodiac,'an unknown California serial killer who may have murdered as many as 37 people, this reference work details 280 of the most famous murder cases of the twentieth century. Each entry contains, when applicable, birth and death dates, aliases, occupation, location of the murders, weapons used, number of victims, and the time period when the killings occurred. Films, plays, television shows, videos and audio programs based on or inspired by the case are then cited, followed by a brief overview of the murder case and a bibliography of English-language works related to it.

This is an open access book. What is the history and current state of play of EU law and policy covering irregularised human mobility? What has been the role and contributions of the 2019-2024 European Commission as regards EU migration policy? This book investigates how migration policies have been problematised at the EU institutional level, in particular by the European Commission. It critically assesses the assumptions lying behind the Commission's political priorities, agendas and policy outputs. Through the concept of irregularity assemblages, the book examines how EU policy professionals and bureaucracies in the relevant Commission services problematise their respective mandates/portfolios; how they interact with each other and even compete; and how they frame certain forms of human mobility as being an ‘irregular migration problem'or not. After retracing key historical developments in the framing of irregularised human mobilities at the EU level, the book identifies six policy approaches in the work and structures of the 2019-2024 European Commission. It finds that a home affairs and criminalisation approach that prioritises a law enforcement understanding of cross-border and intra-EU mobility, and pursuing a Ministry of Interior-like agenda, has prevailed. This approach stands at odds with human dignity and other legitimate public policy approaches, such as those giving priority to employment and social inclusion, non-discrimination, and fundamental rights, where the administrative migration status of the individual is not the entry point. The overriding priority driving EU migration policy has been the expulsion, policing and criminalisation of people framed or categorised as ‘irregular migrants'. The analysis shows how Commission has failed to effectively perform its role as guardian of the Treaties and unequivocally enforce and comply with EU Treaty constitutive values, EU law and Better Regulation commitments in migration policies.

In the data economy, childhood is a lucrative commodity. The digital technologies that offer incredible possibilities for children's enrichment and empowerment also open avenues for their exploitation, denigration, criminalisation, and control. Coming to grips with this paradigm of technological benefits and harms requires a deepened understanding about how children's rights are engaged within a technocratic system that distributes costs and benefits unequally. In the context of the altered flows of data and power in the digital age, Wendy O'Brien argues for a resurgence in the commitment to equal human dignity. Challenging narrow conceptualisations of online risks to children, the book identifies the need to confront the techno-social status quo that accepts harms against children as inevitable. This book will be of interest to legal scholars, criminologists, policy makers and technologists with an interest in upholding children's rights in the age of AI.

This open access book intends to contribute to the debate on migrant labour exploitation by exploring the extent to which the EU and the European countries provide a standard for protecting migrant workers. It moves from a socio-legal and theoretical perspective and builds on critical studies on vulnerability, exploitation, trafficking and migrant labour regimes – along with relevant feminist theories, including theories on social reproduction – while also drawing on extensive fieldwork. By mobilising the concept of ‘situational vulnerabilities', the book critically investigates the assemblage and interaction of factors creating and amplifying migrant workers'vulnerabilities to exploitation in the key sectors of agriculture and domestic work. The aim is to highlight how situations of vulnerability to exploitation are generated and exacerbated by relevant legal and policy frameworks, underlining and questioning the tensions, continuities, and ambiguities between different regimes, such as the regimes regulating labour migration and those intended to combat severe exploitation. While at national level the focus is on relevant Italian legal and policy instruments and approaches, the book also offers a comparative look at those adopted in the UK. This critical analysis considers labour exploitation both in its systemic dimension and as a continuum. It sheds lights on how forms of exploitation are associated with different ‘situational'vulnerabilities produced by the interplay of personal and structural factors in line with a gender and intersectional approach. By engaging an analysis of the ways in which the concepts of exploitation and vulnerability are addressed and formulated in various international, European, and national legal and policy instruments, the study reveals the limitations and ambiguities of applicable legislation and policies. The book is a great resource for students and academics in the field as well as legal practitioners and policymakers interested in human rights, migration studies, labour rights, labour exploitation, and gender related issues.

PROVIDES AN AUTHORITATIVE OVERVIEW OF STALKING BEHAVIOR PERPETRATED BY PARENTS AND ITS IMPACTS ON CHILDREN Stalking targeted at one of the child's parents by the other poses a major psychosocial and physical threat to children's wellbeing and security. Although interdisciplinary research on stalking has expanded in recent decades, intimate partner/ex-partner stalking has been viewed as an “adults only” problem. Ex-Partner Stalking and Children brings together scholars and practitioners from different disciplines in the field to examine ex-partner stalking as a psychosocial and criminological issue in children's and young people's lives. Providing both theoretical and practical perspectives, this comprehensive volume explores approaches for increasing awareness of parental stalking, addressing its impacts on children and young people, and advancing interventions and methods of support for them. Throughout the text, the authors challenge existing conceptions of intimate partner/ex-partner stalking as a phenomenon that exists only between the partners, rather than a form of gendered violence that creates a victimizing environment for the children. A novel contribution to both scholarly and practical understandings of ex-partner stalking, this important book: Addresses a gap in knowledge on the socially, ethically, and legally challenging phenomenon of cases when one parent is stalking the otherOffers insights and tools to help practitioners better recognize, support, and intervene in parental stalking situations involving childrenExamines research findings on stalking behavior, including psychological and trauma perspectivesDiscusses best practices and working methods, challenges in identifying the child's experiences, and factors preventing children from receiving helpRecommends future directions in promoting children's and young people's rights in ex-partner stalking Part of the acclaimed Psycho-Criminology of Crime, Mental Health, and the Law series, Ex-Partner Stalking and Children: The Impact on Children When One Parent is Stalking the Other is essential reading for undergraduate and graduate students in disciplines such as criminology, social work, healthcare, psychology, and education, and an invaluable resource for law enforcement staff, nurses, psychologists, therapists, social workers, teachers, and other professionals who work with victims of stalking.

There are many different ways in which victims'rights can be implemented. The implementation pattern may vary depending on the type of rights a jurisdiction offers and the purposes it seeks to achieve via these rights. However, there are a few basic aspects that remain common to the variation in the implementation patterns across jurisdictions. This book provides a theoretical and practical overview of such implementation patterns, their features and underlying differences. It presents theoretical models capturing the different types of implementations of victims'rights and the purposes that they can achieve. The book also offers a framework comprising the essential aspects involved in implementation of rights such as drafting and presentation, their visibility and accessibility to victims, enforcement of rights in case of breach, and assessment and evaluation of rights to ensure constant monitoring and improvement in implementation. The framework is tested by a sample case study in New Delhi, India, which showcases how the framework can be molded and applied to assess the existing implementation of victims'rights and the scope for reform. The book will be of interest to those working in the areas of criminal justice, criminal procedure, victimology and human rights.

Available open access digitally under CC-BY-NC-ND license. This book offers a theory of trafficking and modern slavery with implications for policy. Despite economic development, modern slavery persists all around the world. The issue is not only one of crime but the regulation of the economy, better welfare, and social protections. Going beyond polarized debates on the sex trade, an original empirical analysis shows the importance of profit-taking. Although individual experience matters, the root causes lie in intersecting regimes of inequality of gender regimes, capitalism, and the legacies of colonialism. This book shows the importance of coercion and the societal complexities that perpetuate modern slavery.

This compilation of works highlights the historical, economic, and human dynamics behind youth offending in the nations of the West Indies. Youth Crime and Violence in the Caribbean offers insights into the slow rate of system change yet leaves readers with an optimistic picture of possibilities. Recent events in Haiti and neighboring Venezuela demonstrate how quickly dynamics in the Caribbean area can shift if crime is not addressed and people increasingly disengage from systems in a manner that allows despots to rise to power. When this happens, the impacts are not localized.

Sexual Offences Against Children in India examines the evolution of the law pertaining to sexual violence against children, the judicial decisions since the inception of the POCSO Act till date with respect to aspects of the POCSO Act and the best practices from other developed jurisdictions for handling cases and victims of child abuse.Despite being prevalent, violence against children is often hidden or underreported, though its impact is widely acknowledged. In a country like India the vocabulary to communicate around sexuality and sexual abuse is almost non-existent. India has seen its journey from having no law on sexual abuse of children to having a “special” law in the form of the Protection of Children against Sexual Offences Act 2012 (POCSO Act). This book demystifies the problem of sexual violence against children in India pre- and post-POCSO Act. There is also a novel attempt to examine the implementation of the POCSO Act in the eastern Indian states of Odisha, Jharkhand and West Bengal, and if its objectives were being attained – in content, in implementation, and in impact.This book will be useful for police, judiciary and government officials, scholars, and researchers studying comparative aspects of dealing with sexual offence cases against children.

Forensic science is playing an increasingly important role in criminal investigations, as it provides scientific methods and techniques to gather and analyse evidence from crime scenes. Forensic evidence can be crucial in identifying suspects, linking them to the crime scene, and helping to secure convictions in court. In this sense, forensic science is seen as an aid to criminal investigation, providing reliable and objective evidence that can be used to uncover the truth behind criminal activities.The integration of forensic science with law and criminology is creating a new era of progressive thinking, where advanced techniques are being developed to better understand the nature of crime and the behaviour of criminals. With the help of forensic science, investigators can obtain speedy justice and bring criminals to book. However, this requires appropriate measures to be taken for the efficient execution of forensic investigations, including the use of modern technology and the training of professionals in the latest forensic techniques.Given the importance of forensic science in the criminal justice system, it is essential to have a comprehensive understanding of its different aspects. This includes the collection, preservation, and analysis of forensic evidence, as well as the interpretation of this evidence in the context of criminal investigations.This book covers these topics in detail, providing valuable insights for professionals, practitioners, academics, and students of the related fields.

The study of victimization is experiencing profound changes with the introduction of new challenges and demands. From emerging forms of victimization to the continuous evolution of perpetrators'methods, these shifts necessitate critical adjustments of the study at theoretical and practical levels. The scientific community, as well as public communities and institutions of justice grapple with the intricate connections between crime victims and the justice system. Amidst this urgency, there is a distinctive need for a comprehensive resource that not only delves into the complexities of victimology but also addresses the evolving theoretical and practical frameworks shaping the field. Victimization has transformed into unprecedented forms, impacting individuals, communities, and institutions. These changes create a demand for innovative solutions at multiple levels. The scientific community faces the challenge of adapting theoretical approaches, prevention, and intervention strategies to keep pace with evolving victimization methods. Communities and organizations require new protection strategies, particularly in the face of collective victimization. Within justice systems, constant vigilance and adaptation are essential to navigate the complexities of these transformations. Modern Insights and Strategies in Victimology serves as the definitive solution to the pressing challenges presented by the evolving landscape of victimology. Exclusively featuring qualitative studies, the book offers a unique perspective by delving deeply into the lived experiences, narratives, and emotions within the justice system. Through its contemporary and systematic approach, the handbook integrates theoretical approaches with recent empirical studies, emphasizing qualitative methodologies. The book is a testament to its commitment to enriching academic scholarship while providing invaluable insights to victim assistance professionals, policymakers, and decision-makers. This book takes a holistic approach and aims to bridge the gap between academic research and practical application, with consideration for students, educators, victim assistance professionals, and policymakers involved in improving victim outcomes. By engaging with vivid narratives, personal stories, and qualitative insights, readers can explore the multifaceted dimensions of victimization. This exclusive focus on victimology and qualitative research not only honors the resilience and voices of victims but also contributes to shaping a collective understanding of victimization and the pathways to justice.

Dieses Buch untersucht ein breites Spektrum von Faktoren, die Einfluss darauf haben können, wie die Polizei das Fremdverschulden in möglichen Mordfällen und bei anderen möglichen Verbrechen feststellt. Es wird eine neue Theorie der Unsicherheit auf der Mikro-, Meso- und Makroebene entwickelt, um zu erklären, wie Juristen zu dieser Entscheidung gelangen. Insbesondere wird untersucht, inwieweit die Unsicherheit in diesen Situationen durch die Medienberichterstattung, den Druck der Familie und der Gemeinschaft, sozioökonomische Faktoren, demografische Elemente der Opfer sowie das Wissen und die Ressourcen der Polizei beeinflusst werden kann. Dieses Buch beschreibt, wie forensische Fachleute die Strafverfolgungsbehörden in Fragen wie der Inszenierung von Tatorten zur Verschleierung des Vorsatzes, der Einleitung von Gemeinschaftsstrategien zur Suche nach vermissten Personen und der Zuverlässigkeit von Verhaltensprofilen beraten können. Die neuesten Forschungsergebnisse aus dem Foul Play Project und dem Missing Persons Project werden herangezogen, um die Empfehlungen in diesem Buch zu untermauern und den Weg für weitere Forschungen in diesem Bereich zu weisen. Dr. Stephen J. Morewitz ist Präsident des Beratungsunternehmens Stephen J. Morewitz, Ph.D., & Associates, San Francisco & Tarzana, CA, das 1988 gegründet wurde. Er ist der Gründer und Präsident der Forensic Social Sciences Association. Er ist Dozent am Fachbereich für Justizwissenschaften und am Fachbereich für Soziologie und interdisziplinäre Sozialwissenschaften der San Jose State University und Dozent am Fachbereich für Gesundheitswissenschaften der California State University, East Bay. Die Übersetzung wurde mit Hilfe von künstlicher Intelligenz durchgeführt. Eine anschließende menschliche Überarbeitung erfolgte vor allem in Bezug auf den Inhalt.

The rise of the Internet and mobile phone usage can work in support of traffickers, helping them to keep a low profile and facilitating human trafficking rings on a global scale—especially for commercial sex exploitation, where traffickers use the Internet as a tool to target vulnerable women and children. Based on the theoretical and empirical evidence from Northeast India, Use of Social Networking Technology in Sex Trafficking leads the way to comprehending the need for further research on technology security to combat sex trafficking.

The second edition of Managing Clinical Risk is an authoritative guide on how to engage in risk assessment and management practice in evidence-based, accountable and effective ways.Over the course of a dozen chapters, each oriented around a brief case study reflecting a different area of risk, practitioners are offered guidance on how to read referrals, how to decide what information matters to their evaluations, how to speak to a person who may be reluctant to engage in an assessment of this kind, how to organise the information they have gathered in order to prepare a risk formulation that will in turn guide risk management, and how to communicate opinions and recommendations in ways that have an impact. The book provides an evidence-based understanding of risk assessment and management in key areas of practice – violence, sexual violence, suicidal and self-harmful behaviour, as well as family and relationship violence, organised criminal and group-based violence, and violent extremism. Practices relevant to understanding violent behaviour in individuals are contrasted with those better suited for working with groups and organisations. How practitioners can take account of the diversity of the clients with whom they work is a central consideration in every chapter. And helping practitioners develop the skills to enable them to formulate risk where there may be multiple areas of concern is a key objective of this book.All the contributors to this updated guide to effective practice are scholar-practitioners – experienced professionals with a track record of writing and teaching about risk assessment and management practice in their respective fields. Therefore, this book contains realistic rather than idealistic representations of the work required to prevent harmful behaviour by the kinds of clients they work with. Together, contributors combine theoretical and research knowledge with a wealth of practical skills, emphasising the collaborative and recovery-focused nature of modern risk management.

Human trafficking is a multi-faceted crime. It suffers from definitional and implementation problems. One facet, the focus of this book, is the transnational nature of much of the crime, and the need for practitioners to operate across borders to combat it.Europe has taken a distinctive approach to cross border law enforcement and judicial cooperation, which could be used as a model in other areas of the world. This publication examines these problems from a Council of Europe and European Union perspective, including the now post-Brexit UK. The UK has adopted a distinctive approach to legislating and operationalising its trafficking in human beings (THB) legal frameworks, also legislating for “slavery, servitude, forced and compulsory labour”, resulting in distinctive results in internal UK law enforcement. It is argued here that this approach and the results should inform THB legislative and operational developments more widely. Further action in legal and operational frameworks is, however, clearly needed and the book advocates the adoption of a human security “freedom from fear” approach. Ultimately, the interaction of different legal frameworks, and different jurisdictions requires transnational practitioners to adopt a constructivist approach, as was adopted for the development of the internal EU area of freedom, security and justice. The book will be of interest to academics, researchers and policy-makers working in the areas of transnational law, migration law, criminology and international relations.

Examining the consequences of technology-driven lifestyles for both crime commission and victimization, this comprehensive Handbook provides an overview of a broad array of techno-crimes as well as exploring critical issues concerning the criminal justice system's response to technology-facilitated criminal activity.The Handbook adopts a unique three-fold typology of technology-enabled crime: techno-crime committed by professional criminals (crime as work), techno-crime committed in traditional workplace settings (crime at work), and techno-crime committed by individuals outside of traditional workplace settings (crime after work.) Chapters explore an extensive range of criminal activities facilitated by the digital age, from embezzlement, financial fraud, corporate espionage, phishing, and ransomware to identity theft, hacking, cyber terrorism, and internet sex and hate crimes. Looking to the future, the Handbook considers timely questions posed by our continued reliance on information technology, including whether we are in danger of becoming a global surveillance state and how we might prevent the facilitation of cyber terrorism by social media giants.This dynamic Handbook will be an invaluable resource for scholars and students interested in criminology, digital sociology, terrorism and security, and surveillance studies. Offering practical insights on the need for a coordinated global techno-crime control strategy, it will serve as a resource for policymakers seeking cutting edge solutions to the growing problem of techno-crime.

Restorative justice is a conceptual and practical framework for repairing any harm that may have been caused either to people, property, or things. It is essential to investigate examples, scenarios, perspectives, strategies, and implications for the use of restorative justice in diverse settings, including K-12 settings, colleges and universities, the workplace, and within public safety organizations and departments. Emphasis must also be placed on diversity, equity, belonging, and inclusion and how restorative practices foster the use of inclusive practices and accessibility for all persons. Restorative Justice and Practices in the 21st Century offers broad perspectives across numerous disciplines and professions and provides restorative practitioners with a timely account of what restorative justice and practices may offer to their respective organizations, school, or agency. It provides possible strategies and actions to implement restorative practices as well as how restorative practices can provide different strategies and methods in handling conflict, disputes, and discipline. Covering topics such as equity and inequalities, pedagogical reflection, and indigenous roots, this premier reference source is an essential resource for administrators and educators of both K-12 and higher education, public safety officials, law enforcement, corrections officers, students of higher education, librarians, researchers, and academicians.

This book, a follow-up publication to the 2016 volume Foreign Fighters under International Law and Beyond, zooms in on the responses that the international community and individual States are implementing in response to (prospective and actual) returning foreign fighters (FFs) and their families, focusing on returnees from Syria and Iraq to European countries. As States and international organisations are still ‘learning by doing', the role of the academic community is to help steer the process by bridging the divide between international standards and their implementation at the national level and between security concerns and human rights law. Furthermore, the academic community can and should assist in identifying ways forward that are both effective, sustainable and international law-compliant. Those are, ultimately, the goals that the present volume seeks to pursue. The observations, recommendations and warnings included in this book will be useful in future debates on (returning) FFs, both in the academic world and in the world of policy makers and practitioners, as well as to the public at large.Francesca Capone is Associate Professor of International Law at the Istituto DIRPOLIS of the Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna in Pisa, Italy.Christophe Paulussen is Senior Researcher International Law at the T.M.C. Asser Instituut in The Hague, The Netherlands.Rebecca Mignot-Mahdavi is Lecturer in International Law at the Manchester International Law Centre, University of Manchester, School of Law in Manchester, United Kingdom.

Sex worker rescue programs have become a core focus of the global movement to combat human trafficking. While these rehabilitation programs promise freedom from enslavement and redemptive wages for former sex workers, such organizations actually propagate a moral economy of low‑wage women's work that obfuscates relations of race, gender, national power, and inequality. Manufacturing Freedom is an ethnographic exploration of two American organizations that offer vocational training in jewelry production to women migrants in China and Thailand as a path out of sex work. In this innovative study, Elena Shih argues that anti‑trafficking rescue and rehabilitation projects profit off persistent labor abuse of women workers and imagined but savvily marketed narratives of redemption.

This book covers the essential aspects of prevention of childhood statelessness focusing on norms governing the subject through the rights to acquire a nationality and to birth registration, two vital safeguards to prevent statelessness among children. Its unique feature lies in its exposition of the international legal norms focusing on prevention of childhood statelessness and systematic analyses of domestic legal frameworks on nationality and birth registration of the 10 ASEAN Member States. This book is designed for a wide range of readers comprising academics, advocates, students, policy makers, and other stakeholders working on statelessness affecting children, especially in Southeast Asia.

Domestic Violence Against Men and Boys: Experiences of Male Victims of Intimate Partner Violence is a unique book that brings together contemporary research and practice around working with men and boys who are victims of domestic violence and abuse. The book features contributions from experts within the field who draw on the wide range of evidence that demonstrates the multifarious experiences and impacts of this victimisation.This text focusses on the increasing evidence related to the prevalence of domestic violence and abuse within the family towards men and boys. With contributions from experts within the field, this book covers a comprehensive list of topics derived from empirical evidence. The chapters focus on key themes, such as, experience of the abuse; challenges to the current theory; barriers and experiences of help-seeking; impact on children, and working with male victims within practice and criminal justice settings. Further, the text underscores numerous recommendations around changing current practices to enable a better support system for men and boys. The text will therefore be invaluable in increasing awareness of the research and support in the field of domestic violence.This book will be of use to researchers, practitioners and educators working in the field of domestic violence and abuse. It will also be beneficial to policy makers who are reviewing legislation and those involved in commissioning psychological services, and victim services that work with male victims.