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In dieser Festschrift für Prof. Dr. Dr. Rainer Hofmann anlässlich seines 70. Geburtstags würdigen langjährige Kolleginnen und Kollegen sowie Schülerinnen und Schüler das vielfältige und umfassende Wirken des Jubilars in unterschiedlichen Rechtsgebieten, welches sich insgesamt durch einen besonderen Fokus auf den Schutz des Individuums durch das Recht auszeichnet.Die Beitragenden aus Wissenschaft und Praxis befassen sich mit ausgewählten Themen aus den zentralen Arbeitsfeldern von Rainer Hofmann, in denen er die Rechtsentwicklung durch seine beachtliche Forschung und einflussreiche Tätigkeit in nationalen und internationalen Gremien entscheidend geprägt hat.Vor diesem Hintergrund werden in dieser Festschrift unter anderem folgende Rechtsbereiche behandelt: Allgemeines Völkerrecht, Menschenrechte und Minderheitenschutz, humanitäres Völkerrecht, Wirtschaftsvölkerrecht, einschließlich Investitionsschutz, Europarecht und Verfassungsrecht.

This book traces, assesses and compares the history of conscientious objection – in the cultural context of six common law nations – from refusal of military service and a range of similar moral dilemmas, to objecting to abortion, to the current social polarisation surrounding vaccination hesitancy in the COVID-19 pandemic. It considers the impact of this form of dissent in relation to social movements like Black Lives Matter, social activists such as Gandhi, and whistle blowers like Daniel Ellsberg. It reflects on the relationships between the sacred and the secular, the state and the citizen, in order to better understand the responsibilities of citizenship in our increasingly secular societies. It analyses what defines the conscientiousness of an objection from both legal and ethical standpoints. It examines what constitutes a matter of conscience, why this should justify exemption from civic duties and why this form of dissent has such a time-honoured status. It exploresthe increased reliance on “grounds of religion, belief or conscience” as providing justification for excusing some citizens from complying with certain responsibilities – mandated by equality and non-discrimination legislation – that are binding for all others. By conducting a comparative evaluation of national law and judicial rulings on a fixed agenda of issues, this book identifies key jurisdictional differences concerning conscientious objection. In so doing, it highlights the importance of cultural context and constructs a jurisdiction-specific overview of legislation, policies and case law. By tracking policy developments and highlighting crucial judicial rulings – particularly in the US – it provides insights into the probable future direction of developments in national law relating to conscientious objection. Lastly, the book draws attention to some of the potential consequences of manifesting dissent by opting out of performing public services – e.g. the possible local breakdown of specific service availability (e.g. abortion, officiating at same-sex marriages, and immunisation); prompting population movements as established democratic civil rights are locally negated (reproductive rights, LGBT rights, right to health protection); fragmenting society into a geographic patchwork of regions in which some citizens are branded as conservative/reactionary and others as progressive; and fuelling the culture wars – with profound implications for a coherent democratic society.

This book, which updates and expands the third edition published by Springer in 2015, explains, compares and evaluates the social and legal functions of adoption within a range of selected jurisdictions and on an international basis. From the standpoint of the development of adoption in England & Wales, and the changes currently taking place there, it considers the process as it has evolved in other countries. It also identifies themes of commonality and difference in the experience of adoption in a common law context, comparing and contrasting this with the experience under civil law and in Islamic countries and with that of indigenous people. This book includes new chapters examining adoption in Russia, Korea and Romania. Further, it uses the international conventions and the associated ECtHR case law to benchmark developments in national law, policy and practice and to facilitate a cross-cultural comparative analysis.

Dieses Buch analysiert auf der Grundlage mehrerer hundert Urteile erstmals umfassend das Beweisrecht des EGMR. Untersucht werden verschiedene Referenzgebiete, in denen typischerweise Nachweisschwierigkeiten auftreten: Situationen der Informationsasymmetrie zwischen beklagter Konventionspartei und Beschwerdeführer, Fälle objektiver Ungewissheit von Tatsachen – in der Umweltrechtsprechung und in Fällen von Ausweisungen und Auslieferungen – und Diskriminierungsbeschwerden. Die Autorin zeigt auf, dass ein enger Zusammenhang zwischen Beweisrecht und materiellem Konventionsrecht besteht. Das Buch kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass der Gerichtshof Probleme, die als Fragen des Nachweises von beweisbedürftigen Tatsachen eigentlich dem Beweisrecht, mithin dem Prozessrecht zuzuordnen wären, vielfach über die Auslegung des materiellen Rechts löst.

The chapters in this book present the work of researchers, scientists, engineers, and teachers engaged with developing unified foundations, principles, and technologies for cyber-physical security. They adopt a multidisciplinary approach to solving related problems in next-generation systems, representing views from academia, government bodies, and industrial partners, and their contributions discuss current work on modeling, analyzing, and understanding cyber-physical systems.

The book examines the rights of defendants in infringement procedures and those of the notifying parties in merger proceedings before the European Commission and the Chinese competition authorities. The initial chapters offer a general introduction to EU and Chinese competition law respectively, paying particular attention to the substantive rules of competition law. Subsequent chapters present an overview of the procedural rights of the notifying parties in merger cases in both legal systems surveyed, address the procedural rights of defendants in infringement cases, and provide an international perspective on differences in the notification and enforcement procedures between legal systems. The final chapter draws comparative conclusions and includes a number of suggestions for improvement.​

This book explores the EU law notion of ‘individual rights'. It examines which sorts of rules grant EU legal rights to individuals, how it is decided if a right is conferred, and which individuals may claim the judicial protection of a right. It further discusses the legal implications and consequences of holding an EU legal right with respect to the interpretation and application of EU law in general and to specific remedies such as declaratory remedies, injunctions, restitution and damages. On a more overarching level, the book explores the question of how the idea of EU law rights relates to other fundamental EU law concepts such as the principles of effectiveness and direct effect, and discusses the legal stringency of the EU courts'‘rights language'in light of the overall aim of European integration. It thus contributes to the body of literature that aims to shed new light on the borders of the sui generis legal order that is EU law.

This volume analyses the legal grounds, premises and extent of pecuniary compensation for violations of human rights in national legal systems. The scope of comparison includes liability regimes in general and in detail, the correlation between pecuniary remedies available under international law and under domestic law, and special (alternative) compensation systems. All sources of human rights violations are embraced, including historical injustices and systematical and gross violations.The book is a collection of nineteen contributions written by public international law, international human rights and private law experts, covering fifteen European jurisdictions (including Central and Eastern Europe), the United States, Israel and EU law. The contributions, initially prepared for the 19th International Congress of Comparative law in Vienna (2014), present the latest developments in legislation, scholarship and case-law concerning domestic causes of action in cases of human rights abuses. The book concludes with a comparative report which assesses the developments in tort law and public liability law, the role of the constitutionalisation of the right to damages as well as the court practice related to the process of enforcement of human rights through monetary remedies. This country-by-country comparison allows to consider whether the value of protection of human rights as expressed in international treaties, ius cogens and in national constitutional laws justifies the conclusion that the interests at stake should enjoy protection under the existing civil liability rules, or that a new cause of action, or even a whole new set of rules, should be created in national systems.

This collection of 16 essays by 19 contributors calls into question the notion of domestic justiciability across a wide range of human rights issues, such as health, human dignity, criminal justice, property and transitional democracy. The authors offer critical analyses of a number of rights frameworks, focusing in considerable detail upon specific countries (e.g. Libya, Colombia, Ireland, the United Kingdom, Northern Ireland, South Africa, Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Kenya, India) and regions (e.g. Europe, Africa) to highlight the various challenges which continue to vex human rights advocates and scholars. In doing so they pinpoint some of the major tensions that still exist within developing and developed jurisdictions, via a myriad range of perspectives. The essays collectively present a diverse assortment of themes unified by a single ‘golden thread'– that of the domestic interpretations given to human rights protections. They raise questions as to how such rights might be made substantive at the level of domestic implementation, and query the extent to which these rights can, or even should, be enforced by the courts. The potential strains in the relationship between human rights and the rule of law, is further called into question by another central theme: that of human dignity. A fundamental dilemma arises in respect of the extent to which a ‘right'to dignity can best be promoted, protected or monitored by domestic decision-makers. Similar issues are apparent within thecontext of the protection of those human rights which increasingly tend to engage social, political or economic considerations and interests. Whilst these arguments are often framed principally in terms of ‘rights,'the collective message that emerges from this book is that such rights may often be, in fact, essentially non-justiciable. Readers of this text will perhaps feel compelled to reflect carefully and fully upon what it tells us about human rights law generally, and the extent to which such rights may be truly amenable to adjudication by the courts.