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Life and Death in Roman Carlisle makes an important contribution to the study of burials and identity in the region of Hadrian's Wall. The book presents the results of excavations beneath Cumbria House, a new municipal building on Botchergate in the city centre. In Roman times this was the location of part of a roadside cremation cemetery associated with a fort established by the Roman army in AD 73. Those buried in this part of the cemetery died in the years just prior to and during the building of Hadrian's Wall, when Luguvalium was emerging as the most important Roman military base and largest urban centre in northwest Britain. As a result of this swift rise in profile, the early settlement-edge funerary enclosures quickly went out of use, being swallowed up and overbuilt by the expanding extramural settlement. Early Roman Carlisle would have boasted a vibrant multicultural population, and this is reflected in its burial evidence. Among the remains of some twenty cremation burials excavated at Cumbria House are the two most richly furnished examples from northern Britain. While the large assemblages of ceramic grave goods are unlike those of any other burials in the military north, close parallels are known from the France/Belgium border, in the former territory of the Nervii. The Nervians were described by Julius Caesar as having the fiercest fighters of all the Gallic tribes and this area was a major source of recruitment for the Roman army. Most of the pottery vessels placed in the graves were produced locally, probably at kilns within Roman Carlisle, and thus must have been made to order by those familiar with both the burial rites and the ceramic repertoire of the Nervian region. The presence of a community of Nervians living in Luguvalium in the early second century is a new discovery but fits well with previous arguments made about the possible replacement of the Ala Gallorum Sebosiana with another unit from Gallia Belgica when the fort at Luguvalium was completely rebuilt around AD 105. Meticulously referencing the relevant literature from Roman Britain and the Continent, the authors explore the significance of the new data for our understanding of the make-up of Roman Carlisle's population and the identity of its various garrisons.

Alors que les recherches sur la Crete romaine connaissent depuis une vingtaine d'annees un important renouveau, que les fouilles conduites jusqu'a peu en Cyrenaique fournissent de plus en plus d'informations sur la periode du Haut-Empire, et que le corpus des Inscriptions of Roman Cyrenaica est recemment paru, le cadre administratif dans lequel vivaient ces deux regions de la pars Graeca entre l'epoque de Pompee et la Tetrarchie a paradoxalement peu suscite l'attention des historiens, en raison de leur caractere peripherique et de leur marginalite supposee. La province de Crete-Cyrenaique est ici etudiee du point de vue de son histoire administrative, depuis sa formation dans le courant du Ier siecle av. J.-C. jusqu'a sa separation apres les reformes de Diocletien. L'organisation interne de la province, le statut des poleis, entre cites libres et coloniae, ainsi que les enjeux militaires d'un espace a la fois maritime et desertique, sont decrits. Est egalement etablie la prosopographie complete des magistrats romains (proconsuls, legats, questeurs, procurateurs) dont les carrieres sont analysees. Cette synthese sur l'une des rares doubles provinces de l'Empire a pour objectif de montrer ce que les sources cretoises et cyreneennes s'apportent mutuellement, de repondre a certains questionnements relatifs a la gestion des prouinciae romaines et de contribuer plus generalement a l'histoire de l'Orient hellenophone a l'epoque imperiale. Over the last twenty years, major advances have been made in research on Roman Crete, while excavations in Cyrenaica have provided new information on the Early Imperial period. More recently, the corpus of the Inscriptions of Roman Cyrenaica has been published. However, the administrative framework in which these two regions of the pars Graeca flourished between Pompey and the Tetrarchy has paradoxically received little attention from historians, due to their peripheral location and supposed marginality. The administrative evolution of the province of Crete and Cyrene, from its formation during the1st century BCE to its separation after the reforms of Diocletian, is first studied. The internal organization of the province, the status of the poleis - between free cities and coloniae - as well as the challenges of defending an area that was both maritime and on the edge of the desert, are described. A complete prosopography of the Roman officials (proconsuls, legates, quaestors, procurators) as well as an analysis of their careers are also included. This synthesis of one of the Empire's few dual provinces aims to demonstrate what Cretan and Cyrenaican sources contribute to each other, to answer certain questions on the management of the Roman prouinciae, and to offer a more general contribution to the history of the Greek East during the Imperial period.

This handbook provides the first comprehensive treatment of the Greek cities in the Roman Empire. The poleis are studied here both as urban forms, with a specific organization of space and specific public buildings, and as socio-political entities, with specific institutions and social hierarchies. The contributions cover all the important aspects of civic life and present the on-going debates on the degree of integration and autonomy, uniformization, and diversity of the Greek civic model in the Roman Empire. One of the main guidelines of the handbook is the issue of the impact of Roman rule on the long-lasting Greek model of political, social, and spatial organization. Geographically, the volume covers the whole Roman Empire, with a focus on regions where the Greek polis was the dominant form of organization, such as mainland Greece, the Aegean Islands, Asia Minor, Syria, and the Black Sea region. In addition to that, the Greek cities of Sicily and Egypt as well as more isolated Greek settlements such as Cyrene in North Africa are also considered. The chronological scope of the handbook runs from a community's integration into the Roman Empire (varying depending on the region) until the 3rd c. AD, when the epigraphic documentation strongly decreases and some important changes make way for the transition to Late Antiquity.

Roman Military Tribunes is a historical and prosopographical study of the men who served in that rank between the first century BC and the third century AD, presented in three volumes. Volumes I and II contain the prosopographical catalogue in two parts, while Volume III will offer an analysis of the evolution of the rank of military tribune. This volume (I) presents a catalogue of 285 Romans who held the military rank of tribune, divided into two main groups. The first of these, Tribuni militum in exercitu, i.e. military tribunes in the army, contains the biographies of 133 military tribunes who received their appointment during the first century BC and first century AD. This group of Roman officers includes those whose later status – following the reforms of Augustus – would qualify them to serve as senatorial tribuni laticlavii, and a much more numerous group who as equites would have qualified to serve as tribuni angusticlavii. The second group of 152 individuals, Tribuni militum in praetorio, features Roman military tribunes who, between the first century BC and the third century AD, were assigned to serve in the cohortes praetoriae, cohortes urbanae, cohortes vigilum and equites singulares Augusti. These formations formally belonged to the Roman military system, although they had a special status. As they alone were stationed on Italian soil, they formed the garrison in Rome, and served to protect the person of the Emperor.

Este volumen colectivo recoge diferentes contribuciones sobre la historia y la arqueología de las islas Baleares durante la Antigüedad tardía. En su conjunto, estas aportaciones ofrecen una visión general entre el siglo III y X d. C., un período considerado tradicionalmente como uno de los peor conocidos de la historia insular. La escasez de fuentes escritas y, en cierta forma, de investigación arqueológica, pero también la influencia historiográfica de las “dark ages”, habían suscitado una percepción negativa de estos momentos de la historia insular y relegado al archipiélago a un papel marginal. Cabe recordar, no obstante, que las Baleares estaban situadas en un lugar estratégico en las rutas comerciales del Mediterráneo occidental. Fue precisamente esa ubicación la que las convirtió en objetivo de Roma, que ocupó las Baleares (Mallorca y Menorca) en el 123 a. C. En el siglo IV d. C. llegaron a constituir una provincia independiente dentro del Imperio romano, para ser conquistadas sucesivamente por vándalos (455 d. C.) y bizantinos (534 d. C.) y terminar en manos islámicas a inicios del siglo X. El volumen reúne, sin ánimo de exhaustividad, algunos ejemplos de investigación histórica y arqueológica que han permitido una mejora notable en el conocimiento de este período. Sin duda, la investigación desarrollada en estos últimos decenios, tanto desde la academia como desde la arqueología preventiva o de urgencia, ha contribuido a mejorar sustancialmente nuestro conocimiento de este dilatado período de transición, un período en el que las islas del archipiélago balear se transformaron y se adentraron, finalmente, en la Edad Media.

La suprematie politique des elites civiques aux epoques hellenistique et imperiale n'est plus a demontrer. Les moyens par lesquels certaines familles parvenaient a asseoir durablement leur preeminence dans le cadre specifique des poleis grecques, majoritairement democratiques, restent cependant insuffisamment analyses et la place de freres dans les processus de reproduction des elites n'a jamais fait l'objet d'une etude d'ensemble. Les strategies juridiques, economiques et sociales employees pour preserver et perpetuer le capital materiel et symbolique de l'oikos revelent en effet l'importance des solidarites entre freres ou entre freres et soeurs et la necessaire repartition des roles dans les fratries. En convoquant les archives epigraphiques des cites de plusieurs regions du monde grec (Grece, Macedoine, Egee, Asie Mineure) et en examinant de nombreuses sources litteraires (orateurs attiques, Menandre, Plutarque, litterature astrologique) et archeologiques (epigrammes funeraires, monuments familiaux), cet ouvrage se veut une contribution a l'histoire sociale des elites civiques au miroir des relations adelphiques. The political supremacy of civic elites in the Hellenistic and Imperial periods is a well established fact. However, the means by which certain families succeeded in establishing their pre-eminence over the long term within the specific framework of the Greek poleis, most of which were democratic, remain insufficiently analysed, and the role of brothers in the reproduction of elites has never been the subject of a comprehensive study. The legal, economic and social strategies employed to preserve and perpetuate the material and symbolic capital of the oikos reveal the importance of solidarity between brothers or between brothers and sisters and the necessary division of roles among siblings. By drawing on the'epigraphic archives'of cities in several regions of the Greek world (Greece, Macedonia, the Aegean, Asia Minor) and examining numerous literary (Attic orators, Menander, Plutarch, astrological literature) as well as archaeological sources (funerary epigrams, family monuments), this book aims to contribute to the social history of civic elites as seen through fraternal relations.

Nijf, Onno M. van The Civic World of Profesional Associations in the Roman East 1997 This study examines the mentalité of craftsmen and traders in the Greek cities of the Roman empire through the epigraphic evidence for their membership of private associations based on shared profession. It places these associations firmly in the context of the civic world of the cities in which they were active. The author argues that such inscriptions are not straightforward and unproblematic records of reality, but rather were important elements in the strategies of self-definition practised by these associations. Epigraphic commemoration was used to transform private activities into public events; epitaphs and honorific inscriptions spoke a public language which aimed to present the associations of craftsmen and traders as status groups alongside other, well-established groups. The author investigates how successful the members of professional associations were in this form of epigraphic self-fashioning, through a discussion of their role in public ceremonial. The associations were present in public banquets and distributions, they took part in public processions, and they had reserved seats in theatres and stadia of the cities. Professional associations can thus be seen as taking their place in the hierarchy of status groups which made up the Greek city under Roman rule. This book makes an important contribution to the study of private sociability in the ancient world; it sheds new light on the nature of civic life in the Greek cities of the Roman empire; and it proposes a new approach to reading epigraphy.

With contributions by J.N. Bremmer, J. Carlsen, D.P. Kehoe, L. De ligt, E. Lo Cascio, F.J.A.M. Meijer, H.W. Pleket, D. Rathbone, P. Rosafio, H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg, H.W. Singor, W. Scheidel, R.J. v.d. Spek, H.C. Teitler, H.S. Versnel, H.T. Wallinga, D. Yntema.

In dieser Arbeit werden die zukünftigen und gewesen Konsuln in der Zeit von Commodus bis zum Tode des Severus Alexander (180-235) untersucht. Wegen des unvermindert hohen Prestiges des Konsulates können die mit diesem Amt ausgezeichneten Senatoren der Elite des Senatorenstandes zugerechnet werden, während wiederum ein Teil von ihnen, wegen der Bekleidung der höchsten Aufgaben in der Zivil- und Militärverwaltung des römischen Kaiserreiches, als die tatsächliche senato-rische Führungsschicht angesehen werden kann. Die Grundlage dieser Studie bildet eine Prosopographie, in der die in der Reichsverwaltung dieses Zeitraums tätigen Senatoren erfaßt sind.

The tombs and mortuary temples of Thebes have proved an enduring topic of interest thanks to a quickly expanding corpus of field materials and a series of conferences devoted to the subject. This volume, the fourth in a series of occasional proceedings from the ongoing Theban Workshop, presents new research on wall decoration in the Theban necropolis. Its thirteen essays, by an international array of leading scholars, attest to the wide and varied scope of the theme.

Research on historical earthquakes and tsunamis in the Iberian Peninsula has made great strides in recent years, from diverse scientific fields ranging from geology to archaeology. In addition to the famous earthquake and tsunami of 1755, which intensely affected the peninsula, researchers are conducting a growing number of surveys and case studies on seismic episodes and extreme wave events of possible tsunamigenic origin in Portugal and Spain during the ancient, medieval, and modern eras. However, the development of these studies has suffered due to a certain lack of communication among the different fields of research, which are focused on their own methodologies and interests. The aim of this book is to promote interdisciplinary dialogue by linking the results of the most recent research into historical earthquakes and tsunamis in Iberia from the fields of geology, history and archaeology. The volume, which devotes special attention to tsunamis and to events that occurred in theIberian Peninsula before 1755, offers synthetic insights, updates, and case studies of maximum interest for knowledge of the historical seismology of Portugal and Spain.

In a Mediterranean area characterised by strong seismic activity, the earthquake that struck central Italy in 2016 caused considerable damage to the archaeological and historical heritage. This catastrophic event, as well as recent archaeological fieldwork and palaeoseimological research in the same area, led to the organisation in 2019 of the first International Conference Living with seismic phenomena in the Mediterranean from Antiquity to the Middle Ages in Cascia (Italy). In 2021, a second Conference, devoted to the same topic, was held at Le Mans University (France). The articles collected in this work constitute a selection of the oral presentations or posters presented during the two Conferences. In the first two sections of the book, the reader will find contributions ranging from different ways of understanding seismic phenomena to strategies of post-disaster management, adaptation and resilience employed by societies and political authorities. From the third part onwards, palaeoseimological and archaeological data (for the most part previously unpublished) are presented on various sites in the Italian peninsula and the wider Mediterranean world and its frontiers. The final section is devoted to the emerging field of multidisciplinary studies on the specific characteristics of reconstruction and post-seismic building techniques. As a whole, using a multidisciplinary approach, the contents of the book aim to push forward knowledge on human/environment relations in the longue durée, contribute to the protection of the architectural and cultural heritage, and promote a culture of risk management in territories exposed to potential seismic activity.

One day, sometime around 1700 BC, a bronzesmith made the first sword. This marked a technological turning point, giving rise to an arms race that has never since ceased. Soon, over a vast area between the Baltic Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, thousands of weapons were manufactured. They were used in combat, then laid to rest, whole or broken, often during complex rituals that are still hard for us to understand. Through the sword, the Bronze Age brought war into being. The warrior became an important figure. Societies were transformed, and came to revolve politically and economically around warfare. Western Europe developed new social structures, a new kind of civilisation involving neither towns, nor writing. By tackling the subject ‘a call to arms', Anne Lehoërff investigates war's long-term development. She focusses on oral societies which have for a long while remained poorly understood, passed over by a historical tradition that saw the world of Classical Antiquity in a different light to that of ‘primitive'peoples. But our European ancestors have their own history, and this book tells it. Anne Lehoërff is Professor of Archaeology at CY Cergy Paris University, and she presides the'_Conseil National de la Recherche Archéologique_'. The French edition of A CALL TO ARMS was awarded the Verdun World Peace Center History Prize in 2018.

Located in Byzacena, 12 km south-east of Thysdrus / El Jem, the municipality of Bararus / Henchir, Rougga is known for its large Roman cisterns first reported in the 18th century and for the discovery in 1972 of a hoard of Byzantine gold coins. ROUGGA I gives an account of the overall results of the excavations carried out at the site of the forum, from 1971 to 1974, by the Tunisian-French mission under the direction of Maurice Euzennat † and Hédi Slim †.

The ancient town discovered at the site of today's Marina el-Alamein (located on the northern coast of Egypt) developed from the 2nd century BC to the 6th century AD. It found itself at the crossroads of several civilisations: Hellenic, later replaced by Roman, and ultimately Christian, and was always strongly influenced by Egyptian tradition. A variety of cultures appeared and met here and grew in strength – then their significance weakened – but they always co-existed and influenced one another. The syncretism prevailing here is notable in the spheres of art, architecture, religion and worship. 2015 marked thirty years since the discovery of the remains of the ancient city, which, for many centuries, had been unknown to the world. The remains were found unexpectedly during the preparatory work for the construction of a modern tourist settlement on the Mediterranean coast, and the significance and extraordinary value of the discovery was immediately recognised. Now the ancient city, and the historic remains of its buildings, are gradually coming to light. The Jubilee was twofold, since 2015 marked also the 20th anniversary of the setting up of the Polish-Egyptian Conservation Mission, Marina el-Alamein. Throughout this time, both architectural and archaeological research have been carried out at the site, many discoveries have been made, numerous relics of historic building structures have been preserved, and conservation methods have been improved. In the jubilee year, researchers who work on archaeological sites and towns with a similar history and position in the ancient world in the realms of art and culture were invited to contribute to a scientific discussion and exchange of experiences. The contributors were representatives of different disciplines and research methodologies: archaeologists, architects, Egyptologists, specialists in religious studies, historians and conservators. The papers in the present volume encompass interdisciplinary reviews of both new and long-term studies carried out in various regions of the ancient world. The papers present research that was conducted in different regions ranging from ancient Mauritania, through Africa, Egypt, Cyprus, Palestine, Syria, as well as sites in Crimea and Georgia. The topography of cities, the architecture of public buildings, as well as houses and their décor — architectural, sculptural and painted — are presented. Religious syncretism and the importance of ancient texts are discussed. Studies on pottery are also presented. The volume includes studies on the conservation of architectural remains, sculpture and painting. Several articles are devoted to the study of Marina el-Alamein; others talk about ancient Alexandria, Deir el-Bahari, Hermopolis Magna, Bakchias, Pelusium, Kom Wasit, Berenike, Ptolemais, Apollonia, Palmyra, Nea Paphos, as well as Chersonesus Taurica and Apsarus.

William E. Metcalf is a prominent name in numismatics, but is also universally recognized among those who study Roman history and archaeology. Known especially for his many contributions to Roman and Byzantine coinage, it is difficult to find a book or article that does not cite his work. A generous scholar, one can see his name in the acknowledgements in works by numismatists and scholars in adjacent disciplines who incorporate numismatic evidence. It is thus appropriate— and overdue—that his former students and colleagues present this Festschrift in recognition of Metcalf's impact on our discipline. It would be impossible to incorporate contributions from all of his colleagues and friends; the contributors herein represent but a fraction of those who would honor him.

This volume focuses on the reconstruction of past ecosystems and provides a comprehensive review of current techniques and their application in exemplar studies. The 18 chapters address a wide variety of topics that span vertebrate paleobiology and paleoecology (body mass, postcranial functional morphology, evolutionary dental morphology, microwear and mesowear, ecomorphology, mammal community structure analysis), contextual paleoenvironmental studies (paleosols and sedimentology, ichnofossils, pollen, phytoliths, plant macrofossils), and special techniques (bone microstructure, biomineral isotopes, inorganic isotopes, 3-D morphometrics, and ecometric modeling). A final chapter discusses how to integrate results of these studies with taphonomic data in order to more accurately characterize an ancient ecosystem. Current investigators, advanced undergraduates, and graduate students interested in the field of paleoecology will find this book immensely useful. The length and structure of the volume also makes it suitable for teaching a college-level course on reconstructing Cenozoic ecosystems.

The volume The Politics of Honour in the Greek Cities of the Roman Empire, co-edited by Anna Heller and Onno van Nijf, studies the public honours that Greek cities bestowed upon their own citizens and foreign dignitaries and benefactors. These included civic praise, crowns, proedria, public funerals, honorific statues and monuments. The authors discuss the development of this honorific system, and in particular the epigraphic texts and the monuments through which it is accessible. The focus is on the Imperial period (1st-3rd centuries AD). The papers investigate the forms of honour, the procedures and formulae of local practices, as well as the changes in local honorific habits that resulted from the integration of the Greek cities in the Roman Empire.

En l'espace de quelques decennies, du milieu des annees 40 av. J.-C. au principat augusteen, une trentaine de colonies furent implantees par les autorites romaines dans les provinces hellenophones de l'empire, en Sicile, en Grece, en Asie Mineure et au Proche-Orient. De meme que les colonies fondees au meme moment en Occident, ces etablissements devaient permettre de fournir des terres aux veterans demobilises a l'issue des guerres civiles successives qui avaient dechire la Republique romaine dans la seconde moitie du ier siecle av. J.-C., ainsi qu'aux civils chasses d'Italie au cours de ces evenements. La creation de ces colonies a l'emplacement de cites grecques preexistantes entraina dans chaque cas une profonde cesure dans l'histoire de ces dernieres. D'un point de vue institutionnel, ces communautes de citoyens romaines greffees en pays hellenique etaient, selon la formule celebre d'Aulu-Gelle, des'repliques'de Rome. Toutes les traces de la cite grecque dechue ne purent toutefois etre effacees par les migrants italiens et les colonies se trouverent, de fait, les depositaires d'un important heritage hellenique, a la fois materiel, culturel et memoriel. Bien loin d'avoir ete des ilots de latinite en terre grecque, les colonies se revelerent, de plus, permeables aux influences de leur environnement provincial et hellenophone. Cet ouvrage, en dressant un bilan des interactions culturelles qui prevalurent entre les colonies romaines d'Orient et leur milieu dans les domaines les plus varies (urbanisme, culture materielle, langue, institutions, relations sociales, cultes, identites collectives) et en analysant les modalites de la progressive assimilation de ces communautes a l'hellenisme entre le ier siecle av. J.-C. et le ive siecle ap. J.-C., se veut une contribution a l'histoire des phenomenes d'acculturation dans l'empire romain.

This first thematic volume of the new series TRAC Themes in Roman Archaeology brings renowned international experts to discuss different aspects of interactions between Romans and ‘barbarians'in the northwestern regions of Europe. Northern Europe has become an interesting arena of academic debate around the topics of Roman imperialism and Roman:‘barbarian'interactions, as these areas comprised Roman provincial territories, the northern frontier system of the Roman Empire (limes), the vorlimes (or buffer zone), and the distant barbaricum. This area is, today, host to several modern European nations with very different historical and academic discourses on their Roman past, a factor in the recent tendency towards the fragmentation of approaches and the application of postcolonial theories that have favored the advent of a varied range of theoretical alternatives. Case studies presented here span across disciplines and territories, from American anthropological studies on transcultural discourse and provincial organization in Gaul, to historical approaches to the propagandistic use of the limes in the early 20th century German empire; from Danish research on warrior identities and Roman-Scandinavian relations, to innovative ideas on culture contact in Roman Ireland; and from new views on Romano-Germanic relations in Central European Barbaricum, to a British comparative exercise on frontier cultures. The volume is framed by a brilliant theoretical introduction by Prof. Richard Hingley and a comprehensive concluding discussion by Prof. David Mattingly.

Ancient aqueducts have long commanded the attention of archaeologists, both for their intrinsic, monumental importance and for their significance as infrastructures closely related to the concept of civilisation. An aqueduct, in fact, is an artefact that has a great potential for providing information concerning at least two major aspects of ancient society: those relating to structural, technical, and engineering matters, and those relating to building and construction technology. These topics have enjoyed considerable attention in past studies, and in recent years they have also been integrated with a multi-disciplinary and contextual approach. They have further increased the potential of the analysis of ancient hydraulic systems, turning them into historical subjects capable of expanding our knowledge of the urban and social transformation of ancient cities and their territories. The current study of the early Byzantine aqueduct of Gortyn (Crete) follows this tradition, but starts from a viewpoint related not so much to the aqueduct itself, as to a series of questions about the city: what was the appearance of Gortyn in the early Byzantine era? How did the inhabitants live? Where did they live and what did they do for living? The aqueduct was born with the Roman city and accompanied it for its entire lifetime, constituting the backbone around which the various forms of urban settlement were redrawn at each major historical stage. Its vital link with everyday life makes the aqueduct a key witness for the study of the transformations of the city over the long term.

Spanning centuries and the vastness of the Roman Empire, The Last Statues of Antiquity is the first comprehensive survey of Roman honorific statues in the public realm in Late Antiquity. Drawn from a major research project and corresponding online database that collates all the available evidence for the'statue habit'across the Empire from the late third century AD onwards, the volume examines where, how, and why statues were used, and why these important features of urban life began to decline in number before eventually disappearing around AD 600. Adopting a detailed comparative approach, the collection explores variation between different regions-including North Africa, Asia Minor, and the Near East-as well as individual cities, such as Aphrodisias, Athens, Constantinople, and Rome. A number of thematic chapters also consider the different kinds of honorand, from provincial governors and senators, to women and cultural heroes. Richly illustrated, the volume is the definitive resource for studying the phenomenon of late-antique statues. The collection also incorporates extensive references to the project's database, which is freely accessible online.

Elements of Architecture explores new ways of engaging architecture in archaeology. It conceives of architecture both as the physical evidence of past societies and as existing beyond the physical environment, considering how people in the past have not just dwelled in buildings but have existed within them. The book engages with the meeting point between these two perspectives. For although archaeologists must deal with the presence and absence of physicality as a discipline, which studies humans through things, to understand humans they must also address the performances, as well as temporal and affective impacts, of these material remains. The contributions in this volume investigate the way time, performance and movement, both physically and emotionally, are central aspects of understanding architectural assemblages. It is a book about the constellations of people, places and things that emerge and dissolve as affective, mobile, performative and temporal engagements. This volume juxtaposes archaeological research with perspectives from anthropology, architecture, cultural geography and philosophy in order to explore the kaleidoscopic intersections of elements coming together in architecture. Documenting the ephemeral, relational, and emotional meeting points with a category of material objects that have defined much research into what it means to be human, Elements of Architecture elucidates and expands upon a crucial body of evidence which allows us to explore the lives and interactions of past societies.

In Religious Practices and Christianization of the Late Antique City, historians, archaeologists and historians of religion provide studies of the phenomenon of the Christianization of the Roman Empire within the context of the transformations and eventual decline of the Greco-Roman city. The eleven papers brought together here aim to describe the possible links between religious, but also political, economic and social mutations engendered by Christianity and the evolution of the antique city. Combining a multiplicity of sources and analytical approaches, this book seeks to measure the impact on the city of the progressive abandonment of traditional cults to the advantage of new Christian religious practices.

The aim of this study is to show how the Imperial Cult was introduced and organised in provincial Hispania, and examines the collaboration with the Romanised native elites who came from Lusitania, Baetica and Hispania Citerior. This book draws upon literary, numismatic, archaeological and epigraphic sources. The epigraphy found in Lusitania is especially important because it is the only one of the Hispanic provinces where there is evidence of flamines provinciae officiating before the Flavian period, even as early as under Tiberius.

The transition process of the Roman city between the Early Roman period and Late Antiquity is difficult to understand due to the absence of urban models and the decline in epigraphy. The transformations that accompany this period are detectable in the western provinces of the Empire from a very early time. Their interpretation –crisis, mutation, etc.– varies with each study case. Ancient Cartagena (Hispania Citerior) is a paradigm of these changes. Starting under Marcus Aurelius, the city began to show symptoms of exhaustion, at the same time as literary and epigraphic evidence began to decline, until it disappeared altogether. In these pages we aim to contribute –and at the same time vindicate– an approach to discovering more about the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD based on the archaeological record and taking into account the stratigraphic sequences and especially the pottery material culture. The compiled documentation begins with a triple vocation: to serve as an instrument for dating; to provide quantified data about Carthago Nova's patterns of consumption, way of life and trading links; and to understand the evolution of the city in a period from which the urban model of the Late Period emerged. Spanish text with English summary.

Ancient Documents and their Contexts contains the proceedings of the First North American Congress of Greek and Latin Epigraphy (San Antonio, Texas, 4-5 January 2011). It gathers seventeen papers presented by scholars from North America, Europe, and Australia at the first formal meeting of classical epigraphists sponsored by the American Society of Greek and Latin Epigraphy. Ranging from technical discussions of epigraphic formulae and palaeography to broad consideration of inscriptions as social documents and visual records, the topics and approaches represented reflect the variety of ways that Greek and Latin inscriptions are studied in North America today.Contributors are: Bradley J. Bitner, Sarah Bolmarcich, Ilaria Bultrighini, Patricia A. Butz, Werner Eck, John Friend, Peter Keegan, Jinyu Liu, Kevin McMahon, John Nicols, Nadya Popov-Reynolds, Carolynn E. Roncaglia, Stephen V. Tracy, Dennis E. Trout, Georgia Tsouvala, Steven L. Tuck, and Arden Williams.

After more than 3500 years of occupation in the Neolithic and Bronze Age, the many lake-dwellings around the Circum-Alpine region ‘suddenly'came to an end. Throughout that period alternating phases of occupation and abandonment illustrate how resilient lacustrine populations were against change: cultural/environmental factors might have forced them to relocate temporarily, but they always returned to the lakes. So why were the lake-dwellings finally abandoned and what exactly happened towards the end of the Late Bronze Age that made the lake-dwellers change their way of life so drastically? The new research presented here draws upon the results of a four-year-long project dedicated to shedding light on this intriguing conundrum. Placing a particular emphasis upon the Bronze Age, a multidisciplinary team of researchers has studied the lake-dwelling phenomenon inside out, leaving no stones unturned, enabling identification of all possible interactive socioeconomic and environmental factors that can be subsequently tested against each other to prove (or disprove) their validity. By refitting the various pieces of the jigsaw a plausible, but also rather unexpected, picture emerges.

Over the past 20 years, Boeotia has been the focus of intensive archaeological investigation that has resulted in some extraordinary epigraphical finds. The most spectacular discoveries are presented for the first time in this volume: dozens of inscribed sherds from the Theban shrine of Heracles; Archaic temple accounts; numerous Classical, Hellenistic and Roman epitaphs; a Plataean casualty list; a dedication by the legendary king Croesus. Other essays revisit older epigraphical finds from Aulis, Chaironeia, Lebadeia, Thisbe, and Megara, radically reassessing their chronology and political and legal implications. The integration of old and new evidence allows for a thorough reconsideration of wider historical questions, such as ethnic identities, and the emergence, rise, dissolution, and resuscitation of the famous Boeotian koinon.Contributors include: Vassilios Aravantinos, Hans Beck, Margherita Bonanno, Claire Grenet, Yannis Kalliontzis, Denis Knoepfler, Angelos P. Matthaiou, Emily Mackil, Christel Müller, Nikolaos Papazarkadas, Isabelle Pernin, Robert Pitt, Adrian Robu, and Albert Schachter.

The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean offers a comprehensive survey of ancient state formation in western Eurasia and North Africa. Eighteen experts introduce readers to a wide variety of systems spanning 4,000 years, from the earliest known states in world history to the Roman Empire and its immediate successors. They seek to understand the inner workings of these states by focusing on key issues: political and military power, the impact of ideologies, the rise and fall of individual polities, and the mechanisms of cooperation, coercion, and exploitation. This shared emphasis on critical institutions and dynamics invites comparative and cross-cultural perspectives. A detailed introductory review of contemporary approaches to the study of the state puts the rich historical case studies in context. Transcending conventional boundaries between ancient Near Eastern and Mediterranean history and between ancient and early medieval history, this volume will be of interest not only to historians but also anthropologists, archaeologists, sociologists, and political scientists. Its accessible style and up-to-date references will make it an invaluable resource for both students and scholars.

This book focuses primarily on the end of the pagan religious tradition and the dismantling of its material form in North Africa (modern Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya) from the 4th to the 6th centuries AD. Leone considers how urban communities changed, why some traditions were lost and some others continued, and whether these carried the same value and meaning upon doing so. Addressing two main issues, mainly from an archaeological perspective, the volume explores the change in religious habits and practices, and the consequent recycling and reuse of pagan monuments and materials, and investigates to what extent these physical processes were driven by religious motivations and contrasts, or were merely stimulated by economic issues.

Roman Cities, as conventionally studied, seem to be dominated by men. Yet as the contributions to this volume—which deals with the Roman cities of Italy and the western provinces in the late Republic and early Empire—show, women occupied a wide range of civic roles. Women had key roles to play in urban economies, and a few were prominent public figures, celebrated for their generosity and for their priestly eminence, and commemorated with public statues and grand inscriptions. Drawing on archaeology and epigraphy, on law and art as well as on ancient texts, this multidisciplinary study offers a new and more nuanced view of the gendering of civic life. It asks how far the experience of women of the smaller Italian and provincial cities resembled that of women in the capital, how women were represented in sculptural art as well as in inscriptions, and what kinds of power or influence they exercised in the societies of the Latin West.

Dieses Buch präsentiert aktuelle Fragestellungen, mit denen sich Klassische Archäologie und antike Bauforschung beschäftigen. Hierzu gehört neben der kritischen Auseinandersetzung mit den schriftlichen Quellen vor allem der interdisziplinäre Themenbereich antiker Architektur. Dabei wird die Notwendigkeit sinnfällig, ältere Forschungsthemen wieder aufzugreifen, sie in neue Untersuchungsfelder einzubetten und aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven erneut zu beleuchten. Das breite thematische Spektrum der Beiträge dieses Bandes spannt sich von frühkykladischen Siedlungen über griechische und römische Tempelarchitektur bis hin zum faschistischen Bauverständnis im 20. Jahrhundert. Ein fiktives Gespräch zwischen Mies van der Rohe und Iktinos, dem Baumeister des Parthenon, zeigt schließlich, wie zeitlos die grundlegenden Fragen der Architektur sind: Jede Epoche muss ihre eigenen Antworten finden.

Se recogen en este anejo de Archivo Español de Arqueología las contribuciones que se presentaron a la reunión científica que, bajo la rúbrica que sirve de título al volumen, tuvo lugar en el Instituto de Arqueología de Mérida en diciembre de 2008. Se estudian en ellas los asentamientos de población en Hispania en época tardoantigua y altomedieval, y se reconstruye su proceso de formación a partir de datos procedentes de excavaciones y de prospecciones arqueológicas. La investigación sobre los poblados rurales revela entre líneas la transformación del campo que tuvo lugar en la época de transición entre la Antigüedad tardía y la Alta Edad Media, la situación del campesinado y las características de los espacios de producción agrícola y ganadera. El análisis de otros modelos de poblamiento, como el del territorio de Toledo, realizado a partir de restos de escultura decorativa, permite conocer, al menos en sus líneas maestras, los rasgos urbanísticos de la urbs regia, la antigua capital del reino visigodo.

This study describes and interprets the graves and human remains of Roman and Byzantine date recovered by excavation between 1954 and 1976 in several locales around the Isthmian Sanctuary and the succeeding fortifications. This material provides important evidence for both death and life in the Greek countryside during the Late Roman to Early Byzantine periods. Examination of burial within the local settlement, comparative study of mortuary behavior, and analysis of skeletal morphology, ancient demography, oral health and paleopathology all contribute to a picture of the rural Corinthians over this transitional era as interactive, resilient and modestly innovative. Winner of the 2012-2013 CAMWS Outstanding Publication Award.

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This edited volume presents a synthesis of recent research on villas and villa landscapes in the northern provinces of the Roman world. It offers an original, multi-dimensional perspective on the social, economic and cultural functioning of villas within the context of the Roman empire. Themes discussed include the economic basis of villa dominated landscapes, rural slavery, town-country dynamics, the role of monumental burials in villa landscapes, and self-representation and lifestyle of villa owners. This study offers a major contribution to the comparative research of villa landscapes and the phenomenon of regionality in Roman rural landscapes.Amsterdam Archaeological Studies is a series devoted to the study of past human societies from the prehistory up into modern times, primarily based on the study of archaeological remains. The series will include excavation reports of modern fieldwork; studies of categories of material culture; and synthesising studies with broader images of past societies, thereby contributing to the theoretical and methodological debates in archaeology.

This lavishly illustrated book stands out in its field as the only book currently available on the best-preserved Byzantine city in the Peloponnese – Monemvasia. Haris A. Kalligas, a world authority on Monemvasia's history and architecture, here explores the city's foundation, its status as a powerful maritime centre of Byzantium, and its gradual decline after the fall of the Empire. Founded on a rock off the eastern shore of the Morea in the late sixth century A.D, Monemvasia was populated by the inhabitants of Sparta and was to become an important port. The citizens retained their ancient institutions, while they developed maritime activities, both military and commercial. The eleventh and twelfth centuries were particularly prosperous for the city, and it remained a centre of commercial activity during the last Byzantine period. When the Turks seized Byzantium, Monemvasia came first under papal and then Venetian rule and changing conditions led to its gradual decline. The Venetians handed the city over to the Turks in 1540 and returned in 1690 for a period of twenty-five years. After a second Ottoman occupation, Monemvasia was the first city to be liberated by the Greeks during the War of Independence in 1821. Using sources from all periods, along with original material based on research on the architectural and urban history of the city, Monemvasia is a comprehensive study of a unique city – a city within the Byzantine Empire which preserved institutions of municipal autonomy and self government originating from the Roman period.

This remarkable history foregrounds the most marginal sector of the Roman population, the provincial peasantry, to paint a fascinating new picture of peasant society. Making use of detailed archaeological and textual evidence, Leslie Dossey examines the peasantry in relation to the upper classes in Christian North Africa, tracing that region's social and cultural history from the Punic times to the eve of the Islamic conquest. She demonstrates that during the period when Christianity was spreading to both city and countryside in North Africa, a convergence of economic interests narrowed the gap between the rustici and the urbani, creating a consumer revolution of sorts among the peasants. This book's postcolonial perspective points to the empowerment of the North African peasants and gives voice to lower social classes across the Roman world.

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Recent research has called into question the orthodox view that the last two centuries of the Roman Republic witnessed a decline of the free rural population. Yet the implications of the alternative reconstructions of Italy's demographic history that have been proposed have never been explored systematically. This volume offers a series of in-depth discussions not only of the republican manpower and census figures but also of the abundant archaeological data. It also explores the growth of cities, especially Rome, and the changing distribution of the population over the Italian landscape. On the rural side it addresses the interplay between demographic, economic, and legal developments and the background to the Gracchan land reforms. Finally it examines the political implications of demographic growth and large-scale migration to the provinces. The volume as a whole demonstrates that demography is the key to many aspects of Italy's economic, social, military, and political history.

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The first and only monograph available on the subject, The Roman City and its Periphery offers a full and detailed treatment of the little-investigated aspect of Roman urbanism – the phenomenon of suburban development.Presenting archaeological and literary evidence alongside sixty-three plans of cities, building plans, and photographs, Penelope Goodman examines how and why Roman suburbs grew up outside Roman cities, what was distinctive about the nature of suburban development, and what contributions buildings and activities in the suburbs might make to the character and function of the city as a whole.With full bibliography and annotations throughout, this will not only provide a coherent treatment of an essential theme for students of Roman urbanism, but archaeologists, urban planners and geographers also, will have an excellent comparative tool in the study of modern urbanism.

En este anejo de Archivo Español de Arqueología se presentan varios trabajos sobre las villas tardoantiguas en la Hispania romana, en Al-Andalus, en Italia y en Lusitania. Algunos de ellos describen una de estas villas, como la de Vilauba, próxima al lago de Bañolas, la de Balazote, en Albacete, la villa romana de Monroy, El Saucedo, en Talavera la Nueva (Toledo), o Faragola, en Ascoli Satrino (Apulia). Otros tratan temas más generales como el paisaje rural de Hispania en la Antigüedad tardía, el significado y la función de estos conjuntos arquitectónicos, sus espacios de culto, los balnea, o el vocabulario de los asentamientos rurales.

Although archaeologists are using GIS technology at an accelerating rate, publication of their work has not kept pace. A state-of-the-art exploration the subject, GIS and Archaeological Site Location Modeling pulls together discussions of theory and methodology, scale, data, quantitative methods, and cultural resource management and uses loc

This book examines a number of themes relating to social and political life in Late Antiquity. The first part of the book considers how the powers of the emperor, state and civic authorities were expressed in the phyiscal environment, and how coinage and material culture were caught up in the political life of the period. The second part investigates the'middle classes'and'the poor', who are often less visible in archaeological, textual and epigraphic records. Other articles consider such topics as long term social evolution and the definition of time in Late Antiquity. Two extensive bibliographic essays provide an overview of published literature relating to social and political life.

In this beautifully illustrated and closely argued book, a completely updated and much expanded third edition of his magisterial survey, Curl describes in lively and stimulating prose the numerous revivals of the Egyptian style from Antiquity to the present day. Drawing on a wealth of sources, his pioneering and definitive work analyzes the remarkable and persistent influence of Ancient Egyptian culture on the West.The author deftly develops his argument that the civilization of Ancient Egypt is central, rather than peripheral, to the development of much of Western architecture, art, design, and religion. Curl examines: the persistence of Egyptian motifs in design from Graeco-Roman Antiquity, through the Medieval, Baroque, and Neo-Classical periods rise of Egyptology in the nineteenth and twentieth-century manifestations of Egyptianisms prompted by the discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb various aspects of Egyptianizing tendencies in the Art Deco style and afterwards. For students of art, architectural and ancient history, and those interested in western European culture generally, this book will be an inspiring and invaluable addition to the available literature.

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