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Lidar is a remote sensing technique that employs laser beams to produce a high-resolution, four-dimensional probe, with important applications in atmospheric science. Suitable as a detailed reference or an advanced textbook for interdisciplinary courses, this book discusses the underlying principles of light-scattering theory and describes widely used lidar systems in current research, exploring how they can be employed effectively for atmospheric profiling. This self-contained text provides a solid grounding in the essential physics of light-matter interactions and the fundamentals of atmospheric lidars through a discussion of the principles that govern light-matter interactions and an exploration of both historical and recent scientific developments in lidar technology. This is an essential resource for physicists, optical engineers and other researchers in atmospheric science and remote sensing.

No detailed description available for'Advances in Ultrafast Optics'.

As we enter the nineties, there is worldwide awareness that the future of all mankind is inexorably linked by the world we share, and its response to man's activities. Lasers and the optical sciences have brought powerful tools to measure and understand our environment. LIDAR (laser radar) and laser fluorescence allow us to measure atmospheric and oceanic pollutants, as well as industrial emissions, from many kilometers distance. And a variety of sensitive laser-based spectroscopic techniques permit the accurate analysis of heavy metals and other trace elements in the environment. In September 1989, an international group of scientists me.t in Erice, Sicily, for the 14th Course of the International School of Quant~ Electronics. This Course was devoted to'Optoelectronics for Envi~onmental Science', and was ably directed by Prof. V. S. Letokhov of the USSR Institute of Spectroscopy and Prof. A. M. Scheggi of the C.N.R. Electro­ magnetic Waves Institute, Florence, Italy. This book gives the proceedings of that conference, which covered not only basic tutorial papers but also reports on the latest research results. The first half of this volume describes the techniques used for direct'In-Situ Measurements'of the environment. In'Techniques and Programs', four chapters and one extended abstract give tutorial discussions of the most important remote sensing techniques: LIDAR, laser fluorescence, and optical fiber sensors, plus a description of the Italian program in this area.

Lidar or laser radar, the depth-resolved remote measurement of atmospheric parameters with optical means, has become an important tool in the field of atmospheric and environmental remote sensing. In this volume the latest progress in the development of Lidar methods, experiments, and applications is described. The content is based on selected and thoroughly refereed papers presented at the 18th International Laser Radar Conference, Berlin, 22 - 26 July 1996. The book is divided into six parts which cover the topics of tropospheric aerosols and clouds, Lidar in space, wind, water vapor, troposheric trace gases and plumes, and stratospheric and mesospheric profiling. As a supplement to fundamental LIDAR textbooks this volume may serve as a guide through the blossoming field of modern Lidar techniques.

Exploring the practical aspects of atmospheric optical communication and light detection and ranging (LIDAR), Applied Aspects of Optical Communication and LIDAR details the role of atmospheric structures in propagation phenomena that influence the transmission of optical signals through perturbed atmospheric communication channels. It examines nume

Written by leading experts in optical radar, or lidar, this book brings all the recent practices up-to-date. With a Foreword by one of the founding fathers in the area. Its broad cross-disciplinary scope should appeal to scientists ranging from the view of optical sciences to environmental engineers. Optical remote sensing has matured to become a lead method for cross-disciplinary research. This new multi-authored book reviews the state-of-the-art in a readable monograph.

Laser heterodyning is now a widespread optical technique, based on interference of two waves with slightly different frequencies within the sensitive area of a photo-detector. Its unique feature – preserving phase information about optical wave in the electrical signal of the photo-detector – finds numerous applications in various domains of applied optics and optoelectronics: in spectroscopy, polarimetry, radiometry, laser radars and lidars, microscopy and other areas. The reader may be surprised by the variety of disciplines that this book covers and satisfied by detailed explanation of the phenomena. Very well illustrated, this book will be helpful for researches, postgraduates and students, working in applied optics.

This proceedings book contains selected and expanded contributions presented at the 7th International Symposium of Space Optical Instruments and Applications, held in Beijing, China, on Oct 21–23, 2022. The meeting was organized by the Sino-Holland Space Optical Instruments Joint Laboratory and supported by Beijing Institute and Space Mechanics and Electricity.In the recent years, space optical payloads are advancing toward high spatial resolution, high temporal resolution, high radiometric resolution, and high spectral resolution and becoming more and more intelligent. Commercial remote sensing industry has made steady progress in terms of the scope of satellite systems and applications. Meanwhile, space optical remote sensing data has been extensively applied to monitoring of resources, meteorology, ocean, environment, disaster reduction, and many other fields.The symposium focused on key innovations of space-based optical instruments and applications and the newestdevelopments in theory, technology, and applications in optics, in both China and Europe. It thus provided a platform for exchanges on the latest research and current and planned optical missions.The major topics covered in these conference proceedings are:1) Advanced space optical remote sensing application technology.2) Deep space exploration and astronomical observation technology.3) Advanced space optical remote sensing instrument technology.4) Commercial optical observation technology and services.

This volume presents papers from the biennial International Laser Radar Conference (ILRC), the world's leading event in the field of atmospheric research using lidar. With growing environmental concerns to address such as air quality deterioration, stratospheric ozone depletion, extreme weather events, and changing climate, the lidar technique has never been as critical as it is today to monitor, alert, and help solve current and emerging problems of this century. The 30th occurrence of the ILRC unveils many of the newest results and discoveries in atmospheric science and laser remote sensing technology. The 30th ILRC conference program included all contemporary ILRC themes, leveraging on both the past events'legacy and the latest advances in lidar technologies and scientific discoveries, with participation by young scientists particularly encouraged. This proceedings volume includes a compilation of cutting-edge research on the following themes: new lidar techniques and methodologies; measurement of clouds and aerosol properties; atmospheric temperature, wind, turbulence, and waves; atmospheric boundary layer processes and their role in air quality and climate; greenhouse gases, tracers, and transport in the free troposphere and above; the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere; synergistic use of multiple instruments and techniques, networks and campaigns; model validation and data assimilation using lidar measurements; space-borne lidar missions, instruments and science; ocean lidar instrumentation, techniques, and retrievals; and past, present and future synergy of heterodyne and direct detection lidar applications. In addition, special sessions celebrated 50 years of lidar atmospheric observations since the first ILRC, comprising review talks followed by a plenary discussion on anticipated future directions.

This book highlights the fundamentals, technologies, and methods of space optical remote sensing and system design. The author introduces concepts and methods established during his decades of research and practice, covering topics such as difference between the spatial resolution of pixel and the resolution of traditional film, the resolution of remote sensing image for characteristics and target recognition purpose, and image shift problem of sampling image space. The book comprehensively and systematically introduces the basic concepts, theories, parameter design calculations of imaging cameras, multispectral cameras, surveying cameras, infrared cameras, and imaging spectrometers, their respective system components, and performance evaluation of space optical remote sensing systems. The book also discusses the overall design of space optical remote sensing systems, including light sources, the ground-air system, target characteristics, spectrum selection, energy calculation, orbital parameters, optical remote sensor parameters, spacecraft parameters coordination and selection, comprehensive analysis, and large-scale system performance evaluation methods, forming a complete idea on how to achieve the goals of the system design. The book enables readers to understand the working principles of the whole systems from a theoretical depth and grasp the full skillset on how to implement advantages and balance technical difficulties for orbit, subsystems of the platform, and payloads. The book is a must-read for those who seek to build strong ability for research, development, and innovation surrounding the subject matter.

This book, originally published July 1st, 1993, has been republished as an eBook on January 18th, 2023. The Infrared and Electro-Optical Systems Handbook is a joint product of the Infrared Information Analysis Center (IRIA) and the International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE). Sponsored by the Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC), this work is an outgrowth of its predecessor, The Infrared Handbook, published in 1978. Volume 6, edited by Clifton Fox of the Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate, treats active systems and includes mostly new material on laser radar, laser rangefinders, millimeter-wave systems, and fiber optic systems.

Detection of Optical Signals provides a comprehensive overview of important technologies for photon detection, from the X-ray through ultraviolet, visible, infrared to far-infrared spectral regions. It uniquely combines perspectives from many disciplines, particularly within physics and electronics, which are necessary to have a complete understanding of optical receivers.This interdisciplinary textbook aims to: Guide readers into more detailed and technical treatments of readout optical signals Give a broad overview of optical signal detection including terahertz region and two-dimensional material Help readers further their studies by offering chapter-end problems and recommended reading. This is an invaluable resource for graduate students in physics and engineering, as well as a helpful refresher for those already working with aerospace sensors and systems, remote sensing, thermal imaging, military imaging, optical telecommunications, infrared spectroscopy, and light detection.

This book offers a much-needed practical guide to characterizing difficulties met by designers of electro-optical current devices, such as lasers, laser diodes and photodiodes, and advanced optical devices, such as avalanche and erbium diodes, to overcome drawbacks associated with optical communication links, wireless (for LIDAR applications) and wired (for fiber-optical communication). All these drawbacks suffer from various types of noises inside each element of the devices under analysis and the corresponding fading phenomenon when various types of optical signals with information data transverse these channels.It will appeal to undergraduate and postgraduate students and professionals dealing with optical communication and the design of electro-optic devices. The book explores the theoretical background and practical aspects both when optical signals propagate through a wireless channel (for LIDAR atmospheric applications) and when they propagate through an optical fiber.

This book highlights the fundamental principles of optical fiber technology required for understanding modern high-capacity lightwave telecom networks. Such networks have become an indispensable part of society with applications ranging from simple web browsing to critical healthcare diagnosis and cloud computing. Since users expect these services to always be available, careful engineering is required in all technologies ranging from component development to network operations. To achieve this understanding, this book first presents a comprehensive treatment of various optical fiber structures and diverse photonic components used in optical fiber networks. Following this discussion are the fundamental design principles of digital and analog optical fiber transmission links. The concluding chapters present the architectures and performance characteristics of optical networks.

This book reviews the spaceborne and airborne remote sensing of clouds including cloud lidar and radar data analysis, snow and soil reflectance spectroscopy, and single light scattering by nonspherical scatterers. Providing deep insights into the latest technologies, it is a valuable resource for scientists and postgraduate students alike.

Speckle, a granular structure appearing in images and diffraction patterns produced by objects that are rough on the scale of an optical wavelength, is a ubiquitous phenomenon, appearing in optics, acoustics, microwaves, and other fields. This book provides comprehensive coverage of this subject, including both the underlying statistical theory and the applications of this phenomenon. This second edition offers improvements of several topics and addition of significant amounts of new material, including discussion of: generalized random walks, speckle in the eye, polarization speckle (and the statistics of the Stokes parameters in a speckle pattern), the effects of angle and wavelength changes on speckle, the statistics of speckle from “smooth” surfaces, and a spectrometer based on speckle. Many new references are also included. As with the first edition, a multitude of areas of application are covered. “In the mid-1960s, a young Joseph Goodman, working at the Stanford Electronics Laboratories, wrote a detailed, but unpublished, report that established the basic statistical properties of speckle. Forty years later he wrote the most comprehensive book on the subject—Speckle Phenomena in Optics: Theory and Applications (2007), which became an instant classic and is the definitive text book. Goodman, the master of his subject, now presents an excellent second edition of an already excellent book.” —Christopher Dainty, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland “This second edition of Goodman's classic Speckle Phenomena in Optics tells it all. It gives a detailed description of speckle, explains the techniques for suppressing speckle, and gives several applications of speckle in imaging and metrology.” —James C. Wyant, University of Arizona “When Goodman's Speckle Phenomena in Optics was published in 2007, it became my primary reference for understanding speckle, which occurs in many diverse areas such as coherent optics, radar, and ultrasound. This second edition maintains Goodman's signature clarity.” —James R. Fienup, University of Rochester

This book is devoted to the theoretical and experimental investigation of the optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) with direct and external modulation of laser emission. Such devices, sources of precision radio frequency oscillations using laser excitation, are novel and technologically relevant, with manifold possible applications. The book includes a review of the present state of the theory and generation techniques in microwave and mm-wave ranges for traditional and optoelectronic oscillators, description of OEO construction and operation principles, theoretical oscillation analysis and mathematical description of the relevant semi-classical laser physics, and investigation of the power spectral density of noises. Technical features and advantages of OEOs with external and direct modulation of laser emission are discussed together with functional diagrams. The characteristics of OEOs are compared with other traditional RF oscillators, such as quartz, surface acoustic waves, and oscillators with electromagnetic wave cavities. Special attention is paid to Q-factors and phase noises of RF carriers at small offsets. The authors discuss the technical characteristics of modern optoelectronic methods for precision RF oscillation formation, such as commercial large-dimension and compact quantum frequency standards with optical pumping on cesium and rubidium cells. This book is aimed at scientists and engineers in academia and industry who work with sources of microwave and mm-wave signals.

This book deals with the basic concepts of geometrical and physical optics, including lasers and fiber optics. It contains numerous diagrams, worked-out examples, and related questions-answers to help readers in the comprehension and appreciation of the concepts.Features: - Covers basic concepts of geometrical and physical optics, including lasers, fiber optics, and sensors - Balances theoretical concepts with numerous diagrams, examples, and applications

This textbook, based on the authors'class-tested material, is accessible to students at the advanced undergraduate and graduate level in physics and engineering. While its primary function is didactic, this book's comprehensive choice of topics and its clear and authoritative synthesis of ideas make it a useful reference for researchers, device engineers, and course instructors who wish to consolidate their knowledge of this field. The book takes the semi-classical approach where light is treated as a wave in accordance with the classical Maxwell equations, while matter is governed by quantum theory. It begins by introducing the postulates and mathematical framework of quantum theory, followed by the formalism of the density matrix which allows the transition from microscopic (quantum) quantities to macroscopic (classical) ones. Consequently, the equations describing the reaction of matter to the electromagnetic field in the form of polarization, magnetization, and current are derived. These equations (together with the Maxwell equations) form the complete system of equations sufficient to model a wide class of problems surrounding linear and nonlinear interactions of electromagnetic fields with matter. The nonlinear character of the governing equations determines parameters of the steady-state mode of the quantum generator and is also demonstrated in harmonic generation via propagation of laser radiation in various media. The touchstone description of magnetic phenomena will be of interest to scientists who deal with applications of magneto-resonance phenomena in biology and medicine. Other advanced topics covered include electric dipole transitions, magnetic dipole transitions, plasma transitions, and the devices that can be based on these and other electro-optical and nonlinear-optical systems. This textbook features numerous exercises, some of which are investigatory and some of which require computational solutions.

This book introduces the latest optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging and computerized automatic image analysis techniques, and their applications in the diagnosis and treatment of retinal diseases. Discussing the basic principles and the clinical applications of OCT imaging, OCT image preprocessing, as well as the automatic detection and quantitative analysis of retinal anatomy and pathology, it includes a wealth of clinical OCT images, and state-of-the-art research that applies novel image processing, pattern recognition and machine learning methods to real clinical data. It is a valuable resource for researchers in both medical image processing and ophthalmic imaging.

The book systematically introduces the visible light communication (VLC) technology in detail. Basic concepts and how to realize the system are both illustrated, including the transmitter, channel, and the receiver. In addition, a good many experimental results are presented to help readers further understand the VLC technologies. The upper-layer protocols of visible light communication system and the technology trends are also discussed. This book can be a good reference work for researchers, engineers, and graduate students in the fields of communications, LED, and optics.

This book maximizes reader insights into the field of mathematical models and methods for the processing of two-dimensional remote sensing images. It presents a broad analysis of the field, encompassing passive and active sensors, hyperspectral images, synthetic aperture radar (SAR), interferometric SAR, and polarimetric SAR data. At the same time, it addresses highly topical subjects involving remote sensing data types (e.g., very high-resolution images, multiangular or multiresolution data, and satellite image time series) and analysis methodologies (e.g., probabilistic graphical models, hierarchical image representations, kernel machines, data fusion, and compressive sensing) that currently have primary importance in the field of mathematical modelling for remote sensing and image processing. Each chapter focuses on a particular type of remote sensing data and/or on a specific methodological area, presenting both a thorough analysis of the previous literature and a methodologicaland experimental discussion of at least two advanced mathematical methods for information extraction from remote sensing data. This organization ensures that both tutorial information and advanced subjects are covered. With each chapter being written by research scientists from (at least) two different institutions, it offers multiple professional experiences and perspectives on each subject. The book also provides expert analysis and commentary from leading remote sensing and image processing researchers, many of whom serve on the editorial boards of prestigious international journals in these fields, and are actively involved in international scientific societies. Providing the reader with a comprehensive picture of the overall advances and the current cutting-edge developments in the field of mathematical models for remote sensing image analysis, this book is ideal as both a reference resource and a textbook for graduate and doctoral students as well as for remote sensing scientists and practitioners.

In these engaging memoirs of a maverick, Theodore H. Maiman describes the life events leading to his invention of the laser in 1960. Maiman succeeded using his expertise in physics and engineering along with an ingenious and elegant design not anticipated by others. His pink ruby laser produced mankind's first-ever coherent light and has provided transformational technology for commerce, industry, telecom, the Internet, medicine, and all the sciences. Maiman also chronicles the resistance from his employer and the ongoing intrigue by competing researchers in industry and academia seeking to diminish his contribution in inventing the first laser. This work will appeal to a wide readership, from physicists and engineers through science enthusiasts to general readers. The volume includes extensive photos and documentary materials related to Maiman's life and accomplishments never before published.'No one beat Maiman to the laser. How important is the laser? How important are all lasers? That is how important we have to regard Maiman's contribution.He and the laser changed all of our lives, everyone's!'Dr. Nick Holonyak, Jr., Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Physics, University of Illinois at Champaigne-Urbana, and inventor of the light-emitting diode (LED) and co-inventor of the transistor laser'More than five decades later, we can safely conclude that Theodore Maiman's groundbreaking discovery changed the world. Our modern life just as scientific research would be quite different without the laser.'Dr. Ferenc Krausz, Director, Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany, and Professor of Physics, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, and pioneer in attosecond lasers and attophysics'Maiman had the stroke of genius needed to take a different approach [from his competitors]. The sheer elegance and simplicity of his design beliesthe intellectual achievement it represents. If his invention seems obvious to some today, it was far from obvious in 1960.'Jeff Hecht, authoritative science writer on the historical development of the laser, author of books on lasers and fiber optics

This textbook provides an introductory presentation of all types of lasers. It contains a general description of the laser, a theoretical treatment and a characterization of its operation as it deals with gas, solid state, free-electron and semiconductor lasers. This expanded and updated second edition of the book presents a description of the dynamics of free-electron laser oscillation using a model introduced in the first edition that allows a reader to understand basic properties of a free-electron laser and makes the difference to “conventional” lasers. The discussions and the treatment of equations are presented in a way that a reader can immediately follow. The book addresses graduate and undergraduate students in science and engineering, featuring problems with solutions and over 400 illustrations.

In this thesis, a new lidar (light detection and ranging) ceilometer capable of monitoring cloud base and sensitive to boundary layer aerosols is introduced. The key to this novelty lies in its divided-lens design that addresses a classical lidar problem of balancing transmitter-receiver overlap and signal-to-noise ratio, along with a method for characterizing overlap in the laboratory. Enhanced sensitivity in the near-range of the instrument is achieved without compromising signal-to-noise in a design that is straightforward to manufacture for broad deployment. The instrument, its optical characterization, and its performance in the field are described. The prototype instrument described here has since formed the basis of a commercial sensor for monitoring clouds and aerosols.High-resolution, continuous observations of clouds and aerosols are needed to reduce the large uncertainties in our current understanding of their influence on climate that have been highlighted by the International Panel on Climate Change. And as international health organizations indicate growing public health threats over the coming decades resulting from poor air quality, extensive aerosol monitoring is required to assess personal exposure to and the health impacts of anthropogenic particulates. Ground-based optical remote sensing measurements made by well-characterized instruments, such as that described in these pages, are critical to this.

The first edition of the Encyclopedia of Optical and Photonic Engineering provided a valuable reference concerning devices or systems that generate, transmit, measure, or detect light, and to a lesser degree, the basic interaction of light and matter. This Second Edition not only reflects the changes in optical and photonic engineering that have occurred since the first edition was published, but also:Boasts a wealth of new material, expanding the encyclopedia's length by 25 percentContains extensive updates, with significant revisions made throughout the textFeatures contributions from engineers and scientists leading the fields of optics and photonics todayWith the addition of a second editor, the Encyclopedia of Optical and Photonic Engineering, Second Edition offers a balanced and up-to-date look at the fundamentals of a diverse portfolio of technologies and discoveries in areas ranging from x-ray optics to photon entanglement and beyond. This edition's release corresponds nicely with the United Nations General Assembly's declaration of 2015 as the International Year of Light, working in tandem to raise awareness about light's important role in the modern world.Also Available OnlineThis Taylor & Francis encyclopedia is also available through online subscription, offering a variety of extra benefits for researchers, students, and librarians, including:Citation tracking and alertsActive reference linkingSaved searches and marked listsHTML and PDF format optionsContact Taylor and Francis for more information or to inquire about subscription options and print/online combination packages.US: (Tel) 1.888.318.2367; (E-mail) e-reference@taylorandfrancis.comInternational: (Tel) +44 (0) 20 7017 6062; (E-mail) online.sales@tandf.co.uk

This book discusses statistical methods that are useful for treating problems in modern optics, and the application of these methods to solving a variety of such problems This book covers a variety of statistical problems in optics, including both theory and applications. The text covers the necessary background in statistics, statistical properties of light waves of various types, the theory of partial coherence and its applications, imaging with partially coherent light, atmospheric degradations of images, and noise limitations in the detection of light. New topics have been introduced in the second edition, including: Analysis of the Vander Pol oscillator model of laser light Coverage on coherence tomography and coherence multiplexing of fiber sensors An expansion of the chapter on imaging with partially coherent light, including several new examples An expanded section on speckle and its properties New sections on the cross-spectrum and bispectrum techniques for obtaining images free from atmospheric distortions A new section on imaging through atmospheric turbulence using coherent light The addition of the effects of “read noise” to the discussions of limitations encountered in detecting very weak optical signals A number of new problems and many new references have been added Statistical Optics, Second Edition is written for researchers and engineering students interested in optics, physicists and chemists, as well as graduate level courses in a University Engineering or Physics Department.

Presenting a blend of applied and fundamental research in highly interdisciplinary subjects of rapidly developing areas, this book contains contributions on the frontiers and hot topics of laser physics, laser technology and laser engineering, and covers a wide range of laser topics, from all-optical signal processing and chaotic optical communication to production of superwicking surfaces, correction of extremely high-power beams, and generation of ultrabroadband spectra. It presents both review-type contributions and well researched and documented case studies, and is intended for graduate students, young scientist, and emeritus scientist working/studying in laser physics, optoelectronics, optics, photonics, and adjacent areas. The book contains both experimental and theoretical studies, as well as combinations of these two, which is known to be a most useful and interesting form of reporting scientific results, allowing students to really learn from each contribution. The book contains over 130 illustrations.

'University Physics comprises of five chapters (1-3 and 11-12) on waves, seven chapters (4-10) on electricity and magnetism and twelve chapters (13-24) on modern physics (Appendix deals with a chapter on elements of crystallography). The book also comprises two courses for undergraduate students in science, one on electricity andmagnetism and the other on modern physics. Its exhaustiveness makes it suitable as a text book for engineering colleges'--Page 4 of cover.

This extended and revised edition will serve as a concise, self-contained, up-to-date introduction to Photonics for undergraduate students. It can also be used as a primer by researchers and professionals who start working in the field. Blending theory with technical descriptions, the book covers a wide range of topics, including the general mechanism of laser action, continuous and pulsed laser operation, optical propagation in isotropic and anisotropic media, operating principles and structure of passive optical components, electro-optic and acousto-optic modulation, solid-state lasers, semiconductor lasers and LEDs, nonlinear optical phenomena, and optical fiber components and devices.The book concludes with an overview of applications, including optical communications, telemetry and sensing, industrial and biomedical applications, solid-state lighting, displays, and photovoltaics. This second edition includes a set of problems at the end of all but the lastchapter. These problems deal with numerical computations designed to illustrate the magnitudes of important quantities and are also intended to test the student's ability to apply theoretical formulas.

The current work consists of nine contributions describing recent progress in the interdisciplinary of Nanoscience, which involves physics, chemistry, engineering, biology and medicine and one essay outlining some important historical and socioeconomic factors pertaining to recent developments in nanoscale science and technology.All 10 chapters have been written by eminent experts in their respective fields. The authors employ the terms ‘nanomaterials'as building blocks of a range of materials, ‘nanoarchitecture'represents the design and ‘nanotechnology'the means to produce a particular device or functionality. Two of the chapters are devoted to novel materials and two others focus on analyzing techniques, which can be used to enable molecular control of the film architecture. Additionally, the reader will find material devoted to photonic and hybrid plasmonic-photonic crystals as well as sections which address their applications, such as the use of plasmonic particles and nanostructures for new sensing concepts and ultrasensitive detection techniques.This work will be of interest to graduate students, researchers and practitioners alike.

Fundamentals of Optical Fiber Sensor Technology The field of optical fiber sensors continues to expand and develop, being increasingly influenced by new applications of the technologies that have been the topics of research for some years. In this way, the subject continues to mature and reach into new areas of engineering. This text in the series on Optical Fiber Sensor Technology provides a foundation for a better understanding of those developments in the basic science and its applications in fiber sensors, underpinning the subject today. This book builds upon the work in an earlier single volume which covered a broad area of the subject, but which now, in this, volume 1 of the series, focuses upon the fundamentals and essentials of the technology. Material which is included has been carefully reviewed and in most cases thoroughly revised and expanded to reflect the current state of the subject, and provide an essential background for the more applications-oriented content of the subsequent volumes of the series. This volume opens with a status paper on optical fiber sensor technology, by Kenneth Grattan and Tong Sun providing in it a flavor of the main topics in the field and giving an essential overview at the sort of systems which are discussed in more detail in the other chapters in the whole series. An extensive publication list of readily accessible papers reflecting these topics is included.

Since the dawn of civilization, mankind has been engaged in the conception and manufacture of discrete products to serve the functional needs of local customers and the tools (technology) needed by other craftsmen. In fact, much of the progress in civilization can be attributed to progress in discrete product manufacture. The functionality of a discrete object depends on two entities: form, and material composition. For instance, the aesthetic appearance of a sculpture depends upon its form whereas its durability depends upon the material composition. An ideal manufacturing process is one that is able to automatically generate any form (freeform) in any material. However, unfortunately, most traditional manufacturing processes are severely constrained on all these counts. There are three basic ways of creating form: conservative, subtractive, and additive. In the first approach, we take a material and apply the needed forces to deform it to the required shape, without either adding or removing material, i. e., we conserve material. Many industrial processes such as forging, casting, sheet metal forming and extrusion emulate this approach. A problem with many of these approaches is that they focus on form generation without explicitly providing any means for controlling material composition. In fact, even form is not created directly. They merely duplicate the external form embedded in external tooling such as dies and molds and the internal form embedded in cores, etc. Till recently, we have had to resort to the'subtractive'approach to create the form of the tooling.

This book is an outgrowth of a course given by the author for people in industry, government, and universities wishing to understand the implica­ tions of emerging optical fiber technology, and how this technology can be applied to their specific information transport and sensing system needs. The course, in turn, is an outgrowth of 15 exciting years during which the author participated in the research and development, as well as in the application, of fiber technology. The aim of this book is to provide the reader with a working knowledge of the components and subsystems which make up fiber systems and of a wide variety of implemented and proposed applications for fiber technology. The book is directed primarily at those who would be users, as opposed to developers, of the technology. The first half of this book is an overview of components and subsys­ tems including fibers, connectors, cables, sources, detectors, receivers, transmitters, and miscellaneous components. The goal is to familiarize the reader with the properties of these components and subsystems to the extent necessary to understand their potential applications and limitations.

The field of optical and laser remote sensing has grown rapidly in recent years. This dynamic growth has been stimulated not only by technological advances in lasers, detectors, and optical system design, but also by the potential application of remote sensing systems to a wide variety of atmo­ spheric measurements. Optical and laser remote sensing can allow single­ ended measurement capability not offered by conventional point-detection techniques. While many past measurements have been associated with labo­ ratory research. practical systems have recently been developed which are capable of remotely detecting. measuring. and tracking a wide range of molecular and atomic species in the atmosphere with concentrations of parts per billion and at ranges over 100 km. This book is a compilation of papers which represent an overview of the present state of development of optical and laser remote sensing tech­ nology. The subjects covered include both passive and active remote sen­ sing techniques in the UV, visible, and IR spectral regions. related laser and detector technology, and atmospheric propagation and system analysis considerations. While the papers do not constitute an exhaustive treat­ ment of the excellent research being conducted in this field, they are representative of the wide diversity of present efforts. It is hoped that the reader will gain a general understanding of the current research in optical and laser remote sensing as well as an overview of current systems development.

This book is the result of more than ten years of research and teaching in the field of quantum electronics. The purpose of the book is to introduce the principles of lasers, starting from elementary notions of quantum mechanics and electromagnetism. Because it is an introductory book, an effort has been made to make it self­ contained to minimize the need for reference to other works. For the same reason; the references have been limited (whenever possible) either to review papers or to papers of seminal importance. The organization of the book is based on the fact that a laser can be thought of as consisting of three elements: (i) an active material, (ii) a pumping system, and (iii) a suitable resonator. Ac­ cordingly, after an introductory chapter, the next three chapters deal, respectively, with the interaction of radiation with matter, pumping processes, and the theory of passive optical resonators.

Nearly a decade aga a general review article on the evaluation of optical radia­ tion hazards was published in Applied Optics (Sliney and Freasier, 1973). This arti­ cle received many favorable comments but also prompted many inquiries regarding specific optical hazard problems. From this it became evident that a monograph rather than a supplemental and expanded article was needed to fill this literature gap relating to laser and optical radiation hazards. The present work is designed to fill that gap, and is structured to permit either classroom or self-study use. Much of the material in this book was developed in eonnection with short courses on laser safety and radiometry in which we have participated, as weIl as from our previous articles. In particular, the sequenee of chapters is based upon the experiences which we have had in lecturing in courses with different schedules. One of the great difficulties in developing a text of this nature is that a broad, multidisciplinary background must be included in order that the reader can comprehend all of the subjeet matter readily. For this reason, the material presented on anatomy and physiology is orien­ ted toward the engineer or physical scientist, while the review material on basic optical physics is intended more for the physician or life scientist.

In June 1984 a conference on visible and IR tunable solid-state lasers was held in La Jolla, California. The proceedings were published as the first volume of this series, Tunable Solid State Lasers •. The emphasis of this meeting focused on discerning unified themes in the generic areas of: - Laser host/dopant identification and growth procedures, - Theoretical analysis to elucidate fundamental tunable laser principles, - Experimental investigations on laser spectroscopy to which theoretical analyses and models can be anchored, and - Auxiliary technology developments in efficient laser pumping sources (diodes, ftashlamps). Subsequent to the La Jolla conference, two topical meetings were held, co-sponsored by the Lasers and Electro-Optics Society of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and the Optical Society of America (OSA). The contents of Tunable Solid-State Lasers II comprise the pro­ ceedings of the second of these two, held at Rippling River Resort, Zigzag, Oregon, June 4-6, 1986. In addition to the four areas of attention in the La Jolla meeting, pa­ pers on color-center and new rare-earth lasers, and on nonlinear frequency shifting were also given. In a fashion similar to the previous meetings, the informal atmosphere of the conference and meeting site was conducive to constructive interaction among the attendees. A total of 54 papers were scheduled for presentation, 20 of which were invited and 34 contributed.

The Workshop on Tunable Solid State Lasers for Remote Sensing was held at Stanford University in October 1984 to assess the state of the art in tunable solid state lasers for remote sensing from satellite platforms. The value of conducting global remote sensing measurements of atmospheric chemistry, climate, and weather in the 1990s is now established. What is not yet defined, however, is the status of the developing tunable laser technology that must meet both the scientific requirements and the space platform constraints. This workshop was convened by the Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology (OAST) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to assess the status and progress in tunable solid state laser sources for remote sensing. The workshop was organized to facilitate information exchange across a number of technologies from remote sensing requirements to crystal growth of the materials important for the development of the tunable laser sources. The emphasis was on the recent developments in tunable solid state laser sources necessary to meet the future transmitter requirements for global remote sensing. A goal of the workshop was to form recommendations to NASA on the current and future prospects for solid state laser technology that will allow remote sensing measurements from air, shuttle, and free-flying satellite platforms. The emphasis was on solid state laser sources because they offer the best potential for meeting the demanding requirements of compact size, good efficiency, and long operational lifetimes required for future space station and free-flying platform operation.

This monograph undertakes to present systematically the methods for solving inverse problems of lidar sensing of the atmosphere, with emphasis on lidar techniques that are based on the use of light scattering by aerosols. The theory of multi-frequency lidar sensing, as a new method for studying the microphysical and optical characteristics of aerosol formations, is also pre­ sented in detail. The possibilities of this theory are illustrated by the experimental results on microstructure analysis of tropospheric and low stratospheric aerosols obtained with ground-based two- and three-frequency lidars. The lidar facilities used in these experimental studies were construc­ ted at the Institute of Atmospheric Optics S8 USSR Academy of Sciences. Some aspects of remote control of dispersed air pollution using lidar systems are also considered. A rigorous theory for inverting the data of polarization lidar measure­ ments is discussed, along with its application to remote measurement of the complex index of refraction of aerosol substances and the microstructure pa­ rameters of background aerosols using double-ended lidar schemes. Solutions to such important problems as the separation of contributions due to Rayleigh­ molecular and Mie-aerosol light scattering into the total backscatter are ob­ tained by using this theory. Lidar polarization measurements are shown to be useful in this case. The efficiency of the methods suggested here for inter­ preting the lidar polarization measurements is illustrated by experimental results on the investigation of the microphysical parameters of natural aero­ sols and artificial smokes using polarization nephelometers.

With the recent great expansion in optics and laser applications, several new areas of research have emerged, among which are: the theory of coherence, photon statistics, speckle phenomenon, statistical optics, atmospheric propa­ gation, optical communications, and light-beating and photon-correlation spectroscopy. A factor common to these overlapping subjects is their basic dependence on the treatment of light as a randomly fluctuating excitation. Moreover, they all necessitate a thorough understanding of the phenomenon of light detection and the additional randomness it introduces. My objective in writing this book is to provide a unified and general presentation of a basic theoretical background central to these areas. This book has a threefold purpose: to present a systematic treatment of the statistical properties of optical fields, to develop methods for deter­ mining the statistics of the photoelectron events that are generated when such fields are intercepted by photodetectors, and to examine methods of estimating unknown field parameters from measurements of the photoelectron events. Emphasis is placed on the photoelectron measurements that yield in­ formation pertinent to spectroscopy and optical communication. Although some books that treat the theory of coherence and the statisti­ cal properties of light are available, the vast body of information central to problems of photoelectron statistics and its applications is scattered in various professional journals and conference proceedings.

The Eighth International Conference on Laser Spectroscopy (EICOLS'87) was held at the Sunwing Hotel in A.re, Sweden, June 22-26; 1987. Fol­ lowing the traditions ef its predecessors at Vail, Megeve, Jackson Lake, Rottach-Egern, Jasper Park, Interlaken and Maui the intent of EICOLS'87 was to provide a forum for active scientists to meet in an informal at­ mosphere to discuss recent developments in laser spectroscopy. The scenic and remote location of the conference venue greatly stimulated a lively and relaxed exchange of information and ideas. The conference was attended by 227 scientists from 20 countries includ­ ing Australia, Austria, Canada, the People's Republic of China, Denmark, Finland, France, the Federal Repulic of Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, the Soviet Union, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. The scientific program included 14 topical sessions with 50 invited talks, ranging in length from 20 to 40 minutes. About 70 additional in­ vited contributions were presented in two evening poster sessions. A third evening session included 4 oral and 18 poster post-deadline presentations.

In June 1978 the University of Rhode Island conducted a three-day short course on Recent Advances in Fiber Optics. followed by a two-day conference on the Physics of Fiber Optics. The course contained over a dozen lectures spanning a wide range of subject matter from fundamental theory to operational systems. presented by well-known scientists from industry. government and academic institutions. The conference. on the other hand. emphasized basic research on fiber optics and related subjects. This volume contains both papers presented at the conference. as well as the majority of the lectures from the course (the written versions were solicited on a voluntary basis for this volume). In some cases the papers in this volume represent expanded or otherwise modified versions of the original presentations. One of the principal aims of the conference was promulgation of novel and/or unconventional concepts. For this reason. the papers in this volume cover subjects such as bistable optical switches. fiber acoustic sensors. extruded infrared fibers. compressively coated glass fibers. and soliton propagation in fibers.

Interferometry makes use of the principle of superposition to combine separate waves together in a way that will cause the result of their combination to have some meaningful property that is diagnostic of the original state of the waves. This new book presents current research in the principles and applications of interferometry. Topics discussed include speckle methods for material analysis; using White Light Interferometry for accurate topographic measurements of surfaces; cyclic path interferometric configuration applications; phase-stepping algorithms; periodic error measurement for heterodyne interferometry and high contrast Schlieren diffraction interferometry.

Progress in optical fiber sensors The field of optical fiber sensor technology is one that continues to expand and develop at a rate that could barely have been predicted a few years ago. The wealth of publications appearing in the technical literature and the burgeoning number of papers presented at the now well-established series of national and international conferences, which are attended by a wide selection of technically qualified optoelectronics professionals, gives a clear indication of both the range and scale of the devices and applications now seen in the subject. Such a rapid expansion makes it very difficult for the scientist and engineer, under pressure to be both informed and effective for an employer, to attend all these meetings, selectively read the appropriate literature and be able quickly to gain the knowledge in those specific areas which will give the best advantage for the work in hand. To that end, this volume has been planned and carefully designed to provide an essential overview, and detailed specific information, on those novel and exciting aspects of optical fiber sensor technology that have recently emerged, with particular focus on the devices and the exciting applications of this part of optoelectronic technology in the vast international measurement and instrumentation area.

This second edition, appearing about twenty years after the discovery of the laser is a substantially revised version of the first edition. It is, like the first, aimed at both classroom teaching and self-study by technical personnel interested in learning the principles of laser operation. In preparing the second edition the hope has been that both these aims will be better served as a result of the various improvements made. The main changes have been made with the following aims in mind: (i) To update the book. Thus new topics have been added (in particular on various new types of lasers, e. g., rare-gas-halide excimer lasers, color-center lasers, and free-electron lasers), while on the other hand some topics have been given less emphasis (again this applies particularly to some types of lasers, e. g., the ruby laser). Updating is especially important in the area of laser applications, and the chapter on this topic has therefore been com­ pletely rewritten. (ii) To make some improvements to the logical consis­ tency of the book by rearranging material and adding new material. Thus a few topics have been moved from one section to another and a new chapter entitled Laser Beam Transformation has been added. (iii) To further reduce the mathematical content, placing greater emphasis on physical descrip­ tions of phenomena.

This book presents an account of the course'Spectroscopy of Solid-State Laser-Type Materials'held in Erice, Italy, from June 16 to 30, 1985. This meeting was organized by the International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy of the'Ettore Majorana'Centre for Scientific Culture. The objective of the course was to present and examine the recent advances in spectroscopy and theoretical modelling relevant to the interpretation of luminescence and laser phenomena in several classes of solid-state materials. The available solid-state matrices (e.g. halides, oxides, glasses, semiconductors) and the full range of possible activators (transition ions, rare earth ions, post-transition ions, actinides, color centres) were considered. By bringing together specialists in the fields of solid-state luminescence and of solid-state laser materials, this course provided a much-needed forum for the critical. assessment of past developments in the R&D of solid-state lasers. Additional objectives of the meeting were to identify new classes of host/activator systems that show promise of laser operation; to alert researchers in solid-state luminescence to current technological needs for solid-state tunable lasers operating in the visible and infrared spectral regions; and generally to provide the scientific background for advanced work in solid state lasers. A total of 71 participants came from 54 laboratories and 21 nations (Austria, Belgium, Canada, F.R. of Germany, France, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, P.R. of China, Poland, Rumania, Sweden, Switzerland, South Korea, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, U.S.A. and U.S.S.R.).

This volume contains the lectures and seminars presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on'Applied Laser Spectroscopy'the fourteenth course of the Europhysics School of Quantum Electronics, held under the supervision of the Quantum Electronics Division of the European Physical Society. The Institute was held at Centro'I Cappuccini', San Miniato, Tuscany, Italy, September 3-15,1989. The Europhysics School of Quantum Electronics was started in 1970 with the aim of providing instruction for young researchers and advanced students already engaged in the area of quantum electronics or wishing to switch to this area from a different background. Presently the school is under the direction of Professors F.T. Arecchi and M Inguscio, University of Florence and Prof. H. Walther University of Munich and has the headquarters at the National Institute of Optics (INO), Firenze, Italy. Each time the directors choose a subject of particular interest, alternating fundamental topics with technological ones, and ask colleagues specifically competent in a given area to take the scientific responsibility for that course.