Search

Machine learning has led to incredible achievements in many different fields of science and technology. These varied methods of machine learning all offer powerful new tools to scientists and engineers and open new paths in geomechanics. The two volumes of Machine Learning in Geomechanics aim to demystify machine learning. They present the main methods and provide examples of its applications in mechanics and geomechanics. Most of the chapters provide a pedagogical introduction to the most important methods of machine learning and uncover the fundamental notions underlying them. Building from the simplest to the most sophisticated methods of machine learning, the books give several hands-on examples of coding to assist readers in understanding both the methods and their potential and identifying possible pitfalls.

This book focuses on the characterization of fault damage zones and subsurface structure systems quantitatively for the first time. It provides a comprehensive case study of various types of fault damage zones, including normal, reverse, strike-slip, and composite zones. The book also explores fractures within fault damage zones and the effect of faulting on cap rock integrity. Through meticulous case studies and analyses from diverse geographical regions, this book elucidates the seismic characteristics and behaviors associated with fault damage zones. Readers will find particular interest in the methods and results presented in the book, as it offers a holistic and systematic approach to understanding and building seismic geostructures. Incorporating seismic attributes and coherence analysis, as well as applying neural networks, it provides readers with innovative techniques in fault characterization and segmentation. Besides, this book incorporates illustrative visuals, insightful tables, and cutting-edge seismic attributes, which enhance the reader's understanding of the subject matter. Researchers, professionals, and students in petroleum geology, geophysics, and engineering will find this book to be an invaluable resource with the practical insights and innovative methodologies it offers for the state-of-the-art characterizing and analyzing fault damage zones.

This book comprises works presented in the 1st International Conference of Geoscience, Remote Sensing, and Technology, which was held in Padang, Indonesia, in October 2023. It was hosted by the Center of Disaster Monitoring and Earth Observation, State University of Padang, Indonesia. Included are works related but not limited to geoscience, remote sensing, radar SAR, optic satellites, LiDAR, earthquakes, drones, geophysics, computer science, computer engineering, information technology, and mapping.

This book is a thoroughly revised and enlarged version of “Shock-capturing methods for free-surface shallow flows', first published by Wiley and Sons, 2001. The book describes mathematically free-surface flows through partial differential equations and includes modern shock-capturing methods to solve them, with strong emphasis on finite volume upwind and centred methods. Such equations and methods are fundamental in simulating shallow water flows but also atmospheric flows, dispersion of dense gases and the dynamics of mixtures of materials. The book is accompanied by numerical software in the form of sample computer programs as supplementary material. In this new edition, additional sections have been introduced to existing chapters. Also, new chapters have been included; one contains a review of the mathematics of hyperbolic partial differential equations, another introduces the numerical analysis of partial differential equations and another one deals with advanced very-high order numerical methods in the finite volume and discontinuous Galerkin frameworks. Furthermore, comprehensive modifications and corrections have been made throughout various sections of the text, and numerous figures depicting numerical results have been enhanced. This book is primarily intended for environmental scientists, applied mathematicians and engineers in academia, research laboratories, industry and consultancy organisations. Senior undergraduate and postgraduate students involved with mathematical modelling and computational methods for environmental problems will benefit from studying this book. Lecturers could use most of the material for courses on numerical methods for wave propagation problems in hydraulics, oceanography, atmospherics and other geophysical fluid dynamics contexts.

This book provides an overview of advances in experimental, numerical modelling, and theoretical aspects of environmental hydraulics. By highlighting the latest findings on processes in natural aquatic systems, solutions for civil engineering and water resources management, with a special focus on interdisciplinary cooperation between Earth scientists, ecologists, biologists and hydraulic engineers that have helped to mitigate the impacts of anthropopressure on river habitats, it provides both researchers and practitioners with first-hand information about the latest trends in hydraulic research. The book combines peer-reviewed versions of invited lectures and regular presentations at the 40th International School of Hydraulics, held May 23–26, 2023, in Kąty Rybackie, Poland. With contributions from world-leading experts and young researchers, many areas of environmental hydraulics are addressed here, including recent findings in numerical modelling and laboratory and field studies related to sediment and pollutant transport processes in rivers, fluvial morphodynamics, flow in vegetated channels, hydraulic structures in rivers and estuaries, and freshwater fish protection.

This book shows how energy flow plays a major role in: plate tectonics; the formation of continents; ocean basins; and building mountains. Energy flow also produces and drives volcanos, Earth's magnetic field, the wind belts, our weather, and ocean circulation. The studies of convection cells, eddies, and energy flow all contribute to our understanding of how they are all formed and driven. Insight accumulated during 55 years of research is presented using simple fluid mechanics. The mathematics is algebra. No calculus or advanced geometry is used, so the text is readable to a broad audience. Some laboratory and computer studies are described that help to visualize the applications. This book should appeal to anyone interested in how energy flow is responsible for much of the earth's larger “workings”. In addition to the general public, these include people who work in applied mathematics, fluid mechanics, earth science, and climate.

This book deals with a controversially discussed topic about the Mediterranean tectonic evolution, underlying the basic role of extrusion processes. Alternative interpretations of Mediterranean back-arc basins are discussed to complete the picture. The kinematics of the confining plates is discussed as well. Understanding the geodynamics that determined the evolution of the Mediterranean area may have important implications for other regions of the world. The recognition of the ongoing tectonic processes may help to identify possible regularities in the distribution of major earthquakes, allowing a better estimate of the long-period seismic hazard.

Vyacheslav M. Zobin's Introduction to Volcanic Seismology has steadily grown over time, offering a deeper look at the latest developments in volcanic seismology with each edition. As such, this new, fully updated fourth edition is simply titled Volcanic Seismology in a nod to the comprehensive nature it has achieved. Volcanic Seismology, Fourth Edition, covers all aspects of volcano seismology, specifically focusing on the latest studies and developments. This new edition expands to include recent seismic events in Kilauea (2018), La Soufriere (2020), and Hunga Tonga (2022). This book begins with an introduction and review of the fundamentals of volcanic seismology. After setting this foundation, several case studies in volcano-tectonic earthquakes are reviewed. This is followed by a detailed look at earthquake swarms, source properties and origins, and volcanic tremors. Different seismic signals are closely examined. The author then explores effusive and explosive activity along with lave dome growth and destruction. The book closes with an in-depth look at seismic monitoring as well as the natural seismicity of geothermal structures within volcanic environments. This essential text provides seismologists, volcanologists, and geophysicists a comprehensive review of all aspects of volcanic seismology. - Presents updated global case studies to provide real-world applications - Delivers illustrations alongside detailed descriptions of volcanic eruptions - Includes essential information that students and practitioners need to understand the essential elements of volcanic eruptions

This book demonstrates different stages of hydrocarbon deposit localization in a tectonically complex region—the South Caspian Mega-Basin (SCMB). Each of the stages: tectonics, sedimentation, lithology, structural analysis, and geophysical method application is described in detail and accompanied by numerous color (major) and black-white (minor) illustrations. The main benefit of this book is that the Azerbaijan hydrocarbon province has been investigated for more than 150 years, resulting in a very comprehensive archive of geological information. This book is intended not only for students of various degrees, but also for professional geologists studying principles of hydrocarbon accumulations under difficult geological environments.

This book is about the technology of using fluid production or injection and pressure measurement signals from wellbores and relating those signals to the subsurface geology and subterranean reservoir properties. It is aimed at students of well-testing and practicing petroleum engineers or geoscience professionals for subsurface characterization and modeling. The topics include the art and science of well-test analysis, pattern recognition of rate and pressure signals, and a quantitative approach for estimating important subsurface geological parameters for subsurface aquifers and reservoirs containing oil, gas, and geothermal resources. The book is also particularly of value as a guide to asset managers actively developing unconventional reservoirs and CCUS.

Remote Sensing of Soil and Land Surface Processes: Monitoring, Mapping, and Modeling couples artificial intelligence and remote sensing for mapping and modeling natural resources, thus expanding the applicability of AI and machine learning for soils and landscape studies and providing a hybridized approach that also increases the accuracy of image analysis. The book covers topics including digital soil mapping, satellite land surface imagery, assessment of land degradation, and deep learning networks and their applicability to land surface processes and natural hazards, including case studies and real life examples where appropriate. This book offers postgraduates, researchers and academics the latest techniques in remote sensing and geoinformation technologies to monitor soil and surface processes. - Introduces object-based concepts and applications, enhancing monitoring capabilities and increasing the accuracy of mapping - Couples artificial intelligence and remote sensing for mapping and modeling natural resources, expanding the applicability of AI and machine learning for soils and sediment studies - Includes the use of new sensors and their applications to soils and sediment characterization - Includes case studies from a variety of geographical areas

Discover the profound, surprising, and instructive tales embedded within the tragic earthquakes and tsunamis of the years 1755, 1906, 1960, 1985, 2004, 2011, and 2023. Uncover the impact these events have had on our understanding of the planet we call home and explore how they shaped the destinies of entire nations.In this book, you'll delve into the intriguing connection between seismic events and human missions to the Moon and Mars; pondering the warnings they carry for our future. As seismic risks on Earth escalate and humanity extends its reach into space, these challenges become pivotal for both current and future seismologists.Lastly, this book will allow you to embark on a riveting journey through the seismic tapestry of our past, present, and the uncharted territories of our future.

This book covers the latest advances in the popular research areas in Earthquake Engineering: Seismic Protection, Non-Destructive Testing and Structural Health Monitoring, as well as Seismic Performance Assessment. Part I includes seven chapters on seismic protection systems, a new passive isolation system for tower structures, frictional base isolation systems, period changeable isolation systems and presented applications, and recent developments in Italy, Japan and Macedonia. Also, particularities of design basis ground motion for long period structures are explained. Soil-Structure interaction models on the relevant subject are presented by classifying them. Part II presents three chapters on the new developments on Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) and Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) for Performance Assessment of Structures. Applications and recent developments in USA, Canada, and Turkey are presented. Part III includes eight chapters on Seismic Performance Assessment. The subject of this part is presented on its following important components, and results are discussed: New criterion on performance based seismic design with application to a high-rise building; seismic design and performance assessment of a super tall concrete core wall building; seismic design and evaluation of high-performance modular tall timber building; challenges to detailed finite element analysis of entire building structures; seismic performance evaluation of traditional Japanese wooden houses with outer-frame reinforcement; dynamic response of pipeline, subjected to subsurface and surface blast explosion; bond behavior of sand-coated CFRP rebar embedded in concrete are given; seismic resistant large-span shell structures are presented. The book presents a concise summary of latest research findings, and will be of interest to a wide range of professionals in earthquake engineering, including graduate students, instructors, designers, and researches.

Core analysis is an essential source of quantitative data on reservoir properties. These data are used for modeling the distribution and flow of oil and gas reservoirs, CO2 and hydrogen storage, and flow behavior in geothermal reservoirs. While several books cover core analysis for practitioners, this book fills a gap through introducing laboratory equipment and procedures used in core analysis and the theoretical aspects of the parameters. It offers detailed instructions on experimental execution for those with limited or no experience including risk analysis for high safety. Emphasizes the basic characterization of porous materials for multiphase flow, specifically consolidated natural materials Features methods commonly used in the special core analysis within the oil and gas industry, extending to the emerging field of gas storage with occasional references to research-oriented equipment Offers detailed descriptions of laboratory exercises and instructions on data analysis suitable for student work Includes solutions to some exercises to demonstrate the application of measured parameters in reservoir evaluation Provides a unique combination of brief discussions on the basic theory of parameters, explanations of experimental principles, detailed experimental procedures according laboratory standards, and data analysis, with multiple laboratory-related example problems This concise and practical workbook is written for everyone interested in practical measurements of parameters needed for analysis of fluid flow in porous media, specifically students, or for starting staff in the laboratory, preferably with a background in geosciences or fluid mechanics or related topics.

This richly illustrated book reviews the geology, tectonics, sedimentary basins and strategic resources of North Africa in 21 chapters. Chapter 1 is a regional synthesis. Chapter 2 examines the deep crustal and upper mantle structure. Chapter 3 compares the West African Craton. Chapters 4,5,6,7 deal with Pan-African-, Variscan (Hercynian)- and Alpine-Belts. Precambrian Geology of Hoggar Shield, north Central Africa will be addressed in Chapter 8. The North African Neoproterozoic and Phanerozoic sedimentary basins are the topic of Chapter 9. Phanerozoic magmatism and geodynamic framework of North Africa are addressed in Chapter 10. Chapters 11,12 deal with petroleum geology and water resources. Important non-metallic- and metallic- ore deposits are presented in Chapter 13,14,15,16. Chapters 17,18 explore geothermal energy and other strategic resources. Chapters 19,20 discuss seismicity, seismotectonics and Neotectonics, and Advances of exploration geophysics in North Africa. The lasttwo chapters (20, 21) focus on meteoric impact craters, geoheritage, geoparks and geotourism in North Africa.

The book provides the geoscientific context, that arises in gravimetric/magnetometric exploration. It essentially uses mathematics as a key technology for modeling issues on the basis of analysis and interpretation according to dense and precise gravitational/magnetic measurements. It is dedicated to surface and deep geology with potential data primarily of terrestrial origin. The book spans the interdisciplinary arc from geoengineering, especially geodesy, via geophysics to geomathematics and geology, and back again. It presents the recently published pioneering and groundbreaking multiscale mollifier methodologies realizing the bridging transfer from gravitational/magnetic measurements to approximative/numerical mollifier wavelet decorrelations with novel geologic prospects and layer-structure determination as outcome. Using the specific example of the German Saarland region, new important fields of application, especially for areas with mining-related cavities, will be opened up and subjected to an in-depth geologic detection.

The compendium summarizes the seismic exploration history, geophysical exploration technology progress, application and exploration results of foreland basins and foreland thrust belts in central and western China.The volume highlights the latest progress and exploration results of theories and methods in foreland thrust belts such as Kuqa in Tarim basin, Yingxiongling in Qaidam basin and Longmenshan in Sichuan basin. The technologies presented, such as wide azimuth and high-density 3D seismic acquisition and processing technology, anisotropic depth domain seismic processing technology, theoretical multi-information comprehensive structural modeling technology, multi-dimensional data fracture detection technology, etc, are widely used in complex areas such as foreland thrust belt.This highly illustrated and readable reference text benefits professionals, researchers, teachers and graduate students majoring in oil and gas exploration and development.

This book covers unsupervised learning, supervised learning, clustering approaches, feature engineering, explainable AI and multioutput regression models for subsurface engineering problems. Processing voluminous and complex data sets are the primary focus of the field of machine learning (ML). ML aims to develop data-driven methods and computational algorithms that can learn to identify complex and non-linear patterns to understand and predict the relationships between variables by analysing extensive data. Although ML models provide the final output for predictions, several steps need to be performed to achieve accurate predictions. These steps, data pre-processing, feature selection, feature engineering and outlier removal, are all contained in this book. New models are also developed using existing ML architecture and learning theories to improve the performance of traditional ML models and handle small and big data without manual adjustments.This research-oriented book will help subsurface engineers, geophysicists, and geoscientists become familiar with data science and ML advances relevant to subsurface engineering. Additionally, it demonstrates the use of data-driven approaches for salt identification, seismic interpretation, estimating enhanced oil recovery factor, predicting pore fluid types, petrophysical property prediction, estimating pressure drop in pipelines, bubble point pressure prediction, enhancing drilling mud loss, smart well completion and synthetic well log predictions.

This book discusses the environmental hazards in the Gulf countries (GCC). The publication of this book is of great importance to all those interested and knowledgeable in the field. Climate change leads to the occurrence of major environmental hazards that must be reduced by estimating the extent of climate change and developing appropriate solutions to mitigate those effects. Climate changes are produced indirectly as a result of human activities with uncalculated consequences. The process of climate change is always accompanied by catastrophic environmental problems such as global warming, high temperatures, storms, hurricanes, floods, desertification processes, air pollution, and the extinction of many types and forms of animals and plants. The Gulf countries are located in the eastern part of the Arabian Peninsula where the crude oil is extracted in several fields. The states suffer from many environmental problems as a result of its geographical location, global climate change, and also from oil extraction operations. The problems include high temperatures, induced earthquakes, and pollution in the soil and marine coast, as well as desertification processes, sand dunes movement, and other environmental problems. Earthquakes are also recorded from and near the oil fields, indicating the link between the oil extraction process and the occurrence of earthquakes. Indeed, the environmental studies published in the Gulf state are very few and do not meet the need of the scientific community in region which need more important environmental publications that help in the great and rapid urban developments in the area.

This book presents the research on geological genetic analysis of oil and gas reservoirs. It expounds on the methods, problems, and prospects of geological genetic analyses of oil and gas reservoirs, considering structures, reservoirs, and oil–gas–water (OGW) systems. Then, it explains the application of geological genetic analysis of oil and gas reservoirs with examples of volcanic rocks in the Songliao Basin, glutenites in the northwestern Junggar Basin, and sandstones in the Liaohe Basin. It is a valuable reference for researchers, engineers, and graduate students engaged in oil/gas exploration both from industrial and academic sectors.

This book explores a platform for insightful discussions and scientific discourse on various aspects of landslides and their risk management, with insights focused on the Himalayan states at a sub-regional level. A fundamental reference is thus provided for further research not only in landslides but also in associated natural hazards. The book is divided into four major parts, starting from conceptual models in approaching landslide risk, followed by evaluation of risk, management of landslide risk, end-to-end solutions for landslide risk assessment, and a synopsis. Included are topics such as the nature of landslide hazard impact, scale dependency in landslide hazard and risk analysis, and systematic procedures of landslide hazard mapping for risk assessment using spatial prediction models. The book also covers such important aspects as the response of the insurance industry to landslide risk and the role of administrative bodies in landslide risk assessment and sustainable management. Readers gain ample knowledge through case studies regarding the types of landslides in the Himalayan region, which will help them in their future research hypotheses.

Pacific Northwest Coastal Environments: Earthquakes and Sea Level Rise investigates the potential impacts of changes in global sea level by examining historical sea and land levels, projected future levels, and by determining how those changes may affect future tides and storm surges to inform their potential to cause harmful impacts. This region has a unique interaction of land, sea, and tectonics. Climate and tectonic change can initiate issues ranging from an inundation of coastal areas due to a combination of sea level rise, vertical land movement, and potential tsunami. This combination of factors leads to the retreat of coastal shorelines due to erosion caused by both tidal action and wave runup. Specific topics explored in this book include the following: Coastal erosion rates along the Pacific Northwest coastline from Eureka, California to Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Sea cliff retreat mitigation techniques looking at both the advantages and disadvantages of the different techniques. Interaction between subduction zone earthquakes and vertical land movement. Wave characterization in both deep and shallow water. In addition, the book looks at both wave refraction and reflection along the coastline. Tides along the Pacific Northwest coastline and their role in calculating the relative sea level and its effect on coastal erosion.

This book provides graduate students and scientists with fundamental knowledge on the mechanics of granular suspensions as well as on the mathematical and numerical techniques that can be adopted to investigate geophysical flows. To this end, three formidably complex problems (sediment transport, flow-like landslide inception, and gravity currents) are considered. The reader will find a thorough combination of elements of fluid and solid mechanics, rheology, geotechnics, geomorphology, civil, and coastal engineering. The first part of the book introduces the problem of granular suspensions from the mathematical viewpoint, focusing on issues that characterise geophysical flows such as turbulence, the effects of inter-particle contacts, and strong velocity gradients. In the second part, different models that were successfully used to investigate the mechanics of granular suspensions in environmental flows are presented.

The book deals with some issues of paleo-geodynamics of the Eurasian floor of the Arctic Ocean.A comprehensive geological and geophysical analysis of information on the anomalous magnetic field in the Eurasian Basin was carried out using modeling of the inversion magnetically active layer of the oceanic crust. As a result of this analysis, the identification and spatial position of linear paleo-magnetic anomalies were refined, which made it possible to significantly update the geochronology of the bottom of the Eurasian Basin and identify a number of stages in its evolution.On this basis, the features and stages of the kinematics of the development of the bottom of the Eurasian Basin in the past were revealed.At the first Cretaceous–Paleogene stage, prior to the formation of the A26 paleo-anomaly on the Eurasian margin, extension processes developed significantly and turned into rifting. In the process of rifting, weakened zones and related fractures were formed, along which the Siberian continental margin began to be torn off about 60 Ma ago with the formation of the Lomonosov Ridge.At the second stage of evolution, rifting turned into spreading, and the growth rate of the new oceanic crust in the A26–A24 paleo-anomaly interval (59–53 Ma ago) was more than 2.5 cm/yr. At the same time, the northern flank of the Mid-Arctic Ridge grew more intensively than the southern one.The third stage was characterized by a further progressive slowdown in the process of bottom spreading, the minimum of which, with spreading rates of about 1 cm/year, fell on the formation of paleo-anomalies A13-A6 (30-20 million years ago).The fourth stage of growth of the new oceanic crust began later than the time of the A6 paleo-anomaly and is characterized by some intensification of growth at rates up to 1.2 cm/yr. The average rate of bottom growth over an interval of almost 60 Ma turned out to be close to 1.3 cm/yr, which makes it possible to classify the Mid-Arctic Ridge as a slow-growing one.On this basis, kinematic models of the development of bottom configurations were developed with the determination of the Euler poles, rotation angles, asymmetries, axes of spallation and paleo-bathymetry for the Eurasian Basin, the Polar part of the Lomonosov Ridge, the splitting of the Arlis Spura from the Lomonosov Ridge, the development of the Gakkel Ridge and the development of the Greenland region of the bottom.

Synthetic Aperture Radar Image Processing Algorithms for Nonlinear Oceanic Turbulence and Front Modelling is both a research- and practice-based reference that bridges the gap between the remote sensing field and the dynamic oceanography exploration field. In this perspective, the book explicates how to apply techniques in synthetic aperture radar and quantum interferometry synthetic aperture radar (QInSAR) for oceanic turbulence and front simulation and modelling. The book includes detailed algorithms to enable readers to better understand and implement the practices covered in their own work and apply QInSAR to their own research.This multidisciplinary reference is useful for researchers and academics in dynamic oceanography and modelling, remote sensing and aquatic science, as well as geographers, geophysicists, and environmental engineers - Details the potential of synthetic aperture radar in imaging ocean surface dynamical features - Includes detailed algorithms and methods, allowing readers to develop their own computer algorithms - Covers the latest applications of quantum image processing

The solid Earth's medium is heterogeneous over a wide range of scales. Seismological observations, including envelope broadening with increasing distance from an earthquake source and the excitation of long-lasting coda waves, provide a means of investigating velocity inhomogeneities in the lithosphere. These phenomena have been studied primarily using radiative transfer theory with random medium modelling. This book presents the mathematical foundations of scalar- and vector-wave scattering in random media, using the Born or Eikonal approximation, which are useful for understanding random inhomogeneity spectra and the scattering characteristics of the solid Earth. A step-by-step Monte Carlo simulation procedure is presented for synthesizing the propagation of energy density for impulsive radiation from a source in random media. Simulation results are then verified by comparison with analytical solutions and finite-difference simulations. Presenting the latest seismological observations and analysis techniques, this is a useful reference for graduate students and researchers in geophysics and physics.

At small deformations, as laboratory experiments with rock samples show, transient creep occurs. According to plate tectonics, deformations in the lithospheric plates are very small. Thus, the rheology of the lithosphere is fundamentally different from the rheology of the underlying mantle. The author studies dynamic processes in the lithospheric plates and develops an adequate mathematical apparatus based on the Laplace transform in time and the Fourier transform in horizontal spatial coordinates. The book, presented in the form of a collection of the author's articles, is addressed to researchers in the field of geophysics and to senior students having acquired sufficient knowledge in the field of mathematics. This book can be recommended reading for a course of geodynamics in any university.

The crystallization of one or multiple salts in porous media (rocks, soils, building materials, etc.) is a subject of major interest in connection with numerous issues such as soil salinization, evaporation, CO2 injection into saline aquifers, the durability of building materials and the preservation of our cultural heritage. Salt Crystallization in Porous Media provides an interdisciplinary review of the key scientific knowledge required to understand this field of research, and illustrates the issues involved through a series of concrete examples. This book has been written for students completing their Master's level degree or higher in the field, as well as researchers and engineers interested in this research. It may also be of interest to a wider readership, as certain sections can be used to illustrate basic concepts, reaching beyond the subject of salt crystallization itself.

This textbook on geophysics is a translated and revised editon from its third German edition Einführung in die Geophysik - Globale physikalische Felder und Prozesse in der Erde. Explaining the technical terminology, it introduces students and the interested scientific public to the physics of the Earth at an intermediate level. In doing so, it goes far beyond a purely phenomenological description, but systematically explains the physical principles of the processes and fields which affect the entire Earth: Its position in space; its internal structure; its age and that of its rocks; earthquakes and how they are used in exploring Earth's structure; its shape, tides, and isostatic equilibrium; Earth's magnetic field, the geodynamo that generates it, and the interaction between the Earth's magnetosphere and the solar wind's plasma flow; the Earth's temperature field and heat transport processes in the core, mantle, and crust of the Earth and their role indriving the geodynamo and plate tectonics.All chapters begin with a brief historical outline describing the development of each branch of geophysics up to the recent past. Selected biographies illustrate the personal and social conditions under which groundbreaking results were achieved. Detailed mathematical derivations facilitate understanding. Exercises with worked-out results allow readers to test the gained understanding. A detailed appendix contains a wealth of useful additional information such as a geological time table, general reference data, conversion factors, the latest values of the natural constants, vector and tensor calculus, and two chapters on the basic equations of hydrodynamics and hydrothermics. The book addresses bachelor and master students of geophysics and general earth science, as well as students of physics, engineering, and environmental sciences with geophysics as a minor subject.

The book is the first systematic and comprehensive treatise of stochastic models and computational tools that have emerged in rock-physics in the last 20 years. The field of statistical rock-physics is a part of rock-physics (Petrophysics). Its concepts, methods and techniques are borrowed from stochastic geometry and statistical physics. This discipline describes the interior geometry of rocks; derives their effective physical properties based on their random composition and the random arrangement of their constituents; and builds models to simulate the past geological processes that had formed the rock. The aim of the book is to help the readers to understand the claims, techniques and published results of this new field and—most importantly—to teach them in order to creatively apply stochastic geometry and statistical physics in their own research tasks. For this purpose, the underlying mathematics will be discussed in all sections of the book; numerical solutions will be highlighted; a full set of references will be provided; and theory will go hand-in-hand with practical applications to hydraulic permeability, electric conduction, rock failure, NMR, mechanics of random grain packings, as well as the compaction of shale.

From the geological mysteries of shale formations to cutting-edge techniques in gas extraction, this book unveils the essential knowledge to harness the potential of shale gas. The book integrates various data types such as outcrop, well logs, core data, etc.) for hydrofracturing—from basin-scale to nano-pore-scale. The book included a wealth of information on the latest advancements, industry practices, environmental considerations, policies, and more. In a world increasingly conscious of environmental concerns,'Cleaner Energy from the Earth'offers a fresh perspective on the utilization of shale gas as a cleaner fossil fuel alternative. This comprehensive book takes the reader on a captivating journey through the science, technology, and innovation driving shale gas exploration and exploitation towards a greener future. Whether you're a seasoned industry professional, a student, or a curious reader, this book provides a comprehensive and accessible resource for all levels of expertise.

Presents cutting-edge studies of helicities from different research fields Helicities play essential roles in numerous geophysical, astrophysical, and magnetohydrodynamic phenomena, thus are studied from various disciplinary viewpoints. Helicities in Geophysics, Astrophysics, and Beyond draws together experts from different research fields to present an interdisciplinary and integrated approach to helicity studies. This synthesis advances understanding of the fundamental physical processes underlying various helicity-related phenomena. Volume highlights include: Concise introduction to fundamental properties of helicities Recent developments and achievements in helicity studies Perspectives from different fields including geophysics, space physics, solar physics, plasma physics, atmospheric and nonlinear sciences A cohesive mathematical, physical, observational, experimental, and numerical strategy for helicity studies A synthesized framework for the application of helicity to real-world problems The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.

Earth Observation Applications to Landslide Mapping, Monitoring and Modelling: Cutting-edge Approaches with Artificial Intelligence, Aerial and Satellite Imagery focuses on the applications of drone and satellite imagery for mapping landslides. Topics covered include the use of ultra-high aerial imagery, obtained with drones, for mapping and predicting landslide activity (like runoff, volume displacement, exposure to risk, etc.). Subjects related to EO data assimilations into landslide hazard prediction models are also included. The primary aim of this book is to advance the scientific understanding and application of technologies to address a variety of fields related to landslide mapping and monitoring.Because of the intensification of the catastrophic events in the last 20 years, landslide monitoring gained considerable interest from the geoscience community. This book will be beneficial for the postgraduates, PhD research scholars, professors and scientists, geospatial experts, modelers, oceanography scientists and conservation communities, environmental consultants, big data compilers, and computing experts. - Recent developments in landslide monitoring and mapping algorithms - Provides clear and detailed case studies and methods that can be easily replicated and implemented in landslide monitoring systems - Provides detailed methods for applying research to landslide monitoring and mapping

Rare Earth Elements Sustainable Recovery, Processing, and Purification Rare earth elements are used in many modern technologies including electronics, clean energy, defense, aerospace, and automotive. It is important that increasing demand is met in ways that are more environmentally, socially, and economically sustainable than in the past. Rare Earth Elements: Sustainable Recovery, Processing, and Purification describes sources of rare earths and methods of production that have the potential to make recovery, processing, and purification more sustainable. Volume highlights include: Global overview of rare earth production, reserves, and resources Improvements in the recovery process to reduce costs and environmental impacts Potential new sources of rare earths that were not previously technically feasible Options for recovery of rare earths as byproducts of other activities Contributions from experts in academia, industry, government, research, and nonprofit organizations The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.

Python is used in a wide range of geoscientific applications, such as in processing images for remote sensing, in generating and processing digital elevation models, and in analyzing time series. This book introduces methods of data analysis in the geosciences using Python that include basic statistics for univariate, bivariate, and multivariate data sets, time series analysis, and signal processing; the analysis of spatial and directional data; and image analysis. The text includes numerous examples that demonstrate how Python can be used on data sets from the earth sciences. Codes are available online through GitHub.

How to reveal and fully use the information of'band, amplitude, polarization and phase'of electromagnetic wave is the key science and technology issues for SAR imaging mechanisms - information processing - parameter inversion – environmental change cognition, especially for new generation SAR with its capabilities of full polarimetric and interferometric information retrieval, 3D / 4D reconstruction, multi-based synergistic observation and ultra-high resolution data acquisition. Based on above key issues, three aspects of new generation SAR remote sensing are discussed in this book (1) The latest research status and development trend, the basic theories and methods of new generation SAR are discussed comprehensively (2) The new or original concepts, methods and typical applications of new generation SAR information processing and parameter inversion are systematically developed and created, it is the most advanced research achievement in the field of new generation SAR in the recent years (3) A new idea of SAR information integration processing and environmental parameter inversion is proposed, it represent a new SAR science application mode that has the capability to improve the SAR remote-sensing quantitative application level and promote the development of new theories and methodologies. - Presents key issues of new generation SAR remote sensing - Includes the latest research status and development trends and the basic theories and methods of new generation SAR - Presents new or original concepts, methods, and typical applications of new generation SAR information processing and parameter inversion - Covers a new idea of SAR information integration processing and environmental parameter inversion

The Indian Ocean and its Role in the Global Climate System provides an overview of our contemporary understanding of the Indian Ocean (geology, atmosphere, ocean, hydrology, biogeochemistry) and its role in the climate system. It describes the monsoon systems, Indian Ocean circulation and connections with other ocean basins. Climatic phenomena in the Indian Ocean are detailed across a range of timescales (seasonal, interannual to multi-decadal). Biogeochemical and ecosystem variability is also described. The book will provide a summary of different tools (e.g., observations, modeling, paleoclimate records) that are used for understanding Indian Ocean variability and trends. Recent trends and future projections of the Indian Ocean, including warming, extreme events, ocean acidification and deoxygenation will be detailed. The Indian Ocean is unique and different from other tropical ocean basins due to its geography. It is traditionally under-observed and understudied, yet plays a fundamental role for regional and global climate. The vagaries of the Asian monsoon affect over a billion people and a third of the global population live in the vicinity of the Indian Ocean. It is also particularly vulnerable to climate change, with robust warming and trends in heat and freshwater observed in recent decades. Advances have recently been made in our understanding of the Indian Ocean's circulation, interactions with adjacent ocean basins, and its role in regional and global climate. Nonetheless, significant gaps remain in understanding, observing, modeling, and predicting Indian Ocean variability and change across a range of timescales. As such, this book is the perfect compendium to any researcher, student, teacher/lecturer in the fields of oceanography, atmospheric science, paleoclimate, environmental science, meteorology and geology, as well as policy managers and water resource managers. - Provides interdisciplinary content with a comprehensive overview for students and practitioners from a wide range of disciplines as well as for stakeholders - Presents a broad overview and background on the current state of knowledge of the variability, change, and regional impacts of the Indian Ocean - Includes links to animations, slideshows, and other educational resources

Geodynamics of the Alps consists of three volumes. This first volume describes the recent and present-day structure and tectonic setting of the Alpine chain, from the lithospheric mantle to brittle crust and surface topography. It also provides a historical overview of Alpine research, with two chapters covering specific Alpine regions (Corsica and the Eastern Alps) through all phases of Alpine history. The aim of this book is to create a space for experts on Alpine research to present the state of the art of specific subjects and provide their own interpretations.

This book describes the history, development, current status of numerical weather prediction (NWP), in both operational and research modes, and various applications of NWP models, which have been made by the scientists in East Asian countries. In particular, it introduces the major contributions to the worldwide NWP community achieved by East Asian scientists, including parameterizations, data assimilation techniques, parameter optimizations, and applications of the NWP models to improve the forecasts of high-impact weather systems in East Asia. This book provides both research scientists and graduate students with basic knowledge and insights on the development of NWP in East Asia.

This book includes new results of theoretical and experimental studies of various scales of the processes occurring on the earth including the lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere. Intensive development of research in these areas is due to several factors: 1) the widespread introduction of computer technology, allowing the calculation of complex phenomena; 2) the invention and improvement of a new generation of geophysical instruments such as remote observation systems based on ships, aircraft, and satellites, providing a large amount of data to objectively reflect a broad picture of the processes; and 3) the development of measurement techniques, creating opportunities for controllable and reproducible laboratory data acquisition for generation of new ideas and concepts. Their recent developments have facilitated our research and understanding of these academic fields. The book enriches the understanding of the geophysical processes taking place in various environments (lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere), including the anthropogenic one, and it further contributes to their development. This book is a valuable resource for specialists working in the oil, gas, and engineering industry to improve their understandings of the field.

This research monograph is a companion edition and update to the book: L. C. Andrews and R. L. Phillips, Laser Beam Propagation through Random Media, 2nd edition (SPIE Press, 2005). We present several new and advanced topics that have emerged during the years since the 2005 title was published. Much of the new material is compared throughout the text with experimental and computer simulation data. This comparison includes beam wander and its effect on a propagating laser beam, including beam-wander-induced scintillation. Other additions include an assessment of conventional probability density function (PDF) models for the irradiance after passing through a finite receiver aperture. New mathematical models for enhanced backscatter are introduced here, including extension to strong fluctuation regimes and semi-rough targets. In recent years, scientists have found experimental evidence that non-Kolmogorov and anisotropic conditions may occur even along horizontal propagation paths near the ground. We include a chapter on these important topics that presents a detailed treatment involving both non-Kolmogorov and anisotropic models. The book ends with a chapter devoted to the discussion of commonly used instruments for measuring atmospheric parameters like the refractive-index structure parameter, inner scale, temperature, wind speed, heat flux, and so forth.

This book presents an in-depth review of El Hierro Island, the youngest and most southwesterly volcano of the Canary Islands. In October 2011, a submarine eruption started offshore El Hierro Island. The 2011–2012 El Hierro eruption has probably been the best monitored and studied submarine eruption to date and has sparked interest in the study of this young ocean island volcano. During the last decade, multidisciplinary investigations, e.g., on the geological and volcanological character of its past and latest onshore and offshore eruptions, the geophysical and geochemical signatures of its magmatic plumbing system structure and dynamics, as well as the bio-geophysical interactions and consequences of submarine eruptions in the ocean, have been conducted. This book provides an authoritative review of many of these scientific advances as well as multiple remaining unknowns for the study of El Hierro Island and its 2011–2012 submarine eruption. Such knowledge should be of great interestto specialists not only in the Canary Islands volcanism but also in similar ocean island intraplate volcanoes.

The Himalaya is well known as the largest and highest mountain belt on Earth. Advances in geoscience over the past few decades have revealed a complex picture of the dynamics of this giant, opening up questions about the initial stages of Himalayan building, lateral variations in its structures, variations in tectonic forcing, tectonic-climate coupling and assessments of the natural hazards affecting this area. In this three-volume book, we present the current knowledge on the building and present-day behavior of the Himalayan range. The objective is not to be exhaustive, but to provide some key elements used by researchers to unravel the many processes acting in the Himalayan dynamics. Mountain environments are at the forefront of climate change with glacier retreat, landslides, flash floods and water availability. Understanding the delicate balance that controls the dynamics of the Himalayan giant is now, more than ever, a major challenge for the scientific community.

This monograph contains the advances achieved based on the content ofour previous monograph published in 2011. In other words, the presentmonograph can be considered as'Part II'containing new resultsaccomplished in the last decade. These were published in several reputedinternational journals based on the concept of natural time discussed indetail in our earlier monograph. The analysis in natural time enablesthe study of the dynamical evolution of a complex system and identifieswhen the system enters a critical stage. A wide range of applicationsare discussed, such as the cases of environmental extremeevents-disasters and sudden cardiac death. More light is shed on changesof natural time features before major earthquakes like the 2011 M9Tohoku earthquake in Japan and the 2017 M8.2 Chiapas earthquake inMexico. Hence, natural time analysis plays a key role in predictingimpending catastrophic events in general with a primary audienceResearchers and Academics in Physics, Earth Sciences, and Medicine.

Fuzzy Systems Modeling in Environmental and Health Risk Assessment Demonstrates the successful application of fuzzy systems modeling to real-world environmental and health problems In Fuzzy Systems Modeling in Environmental and Health Risk Assessment, a team of distinguished researchers delivers an up-to-date collection of the most successful and innovative attempts to apply fuzzy logic to problems involving environmental risk assessment, healthcare decision-making, the management of water distribution networks, and the optimization of water treatment and waste management systems. By explaining both the theoretical and practical aspects of using fuzzy systems modeling methods to solve complex problems, analyze risks and optimize system performance, this handy guide maintains a strongly application-oriented perspective throughout, offering readers a practical treatment of a cutting-edge subject. Readers will also find: Comprehensive explorations of the practical applications of fuzzy systems modeling in environmental science Practical advice on environmental quality assessments and human health risk analyses In-depth case studies involving air and water pollution, solid waste, indoor swimming pool and landfill risk assessments, wastewater treatment, and more Perfect for environmental engineers and scientists, Fuzzy Systems Modeling in Environmental and Health Risk Assessment will also benefit policy makers, computer scientists, mathematicians, and researchers and practitioners interested in applying soft computing theories to environmental problems.

Over the past thirty years, the liquefaction of sand containing a small amount of fine particles has become an engaging topic in the geotechnical community. Indeed, a great variety of field investigations revealed that the real liquefied soils are mainly composed of a host sand matrix and a small fraction of plastic or non-plastic fines. In this context, several series of monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests were performed to clarify the influence of these fine particles on the development of sand liquefaction. To get closer to in situ conditions, 1g shaking table tests were carried out with two different-sized model soil containers. The first one, small size, was essentially used to check the reconstitution and the saturation method. The second one, very large size, was manufactured to explore the sand liquefaction behaviour during base shaking in an almost actual engineering size. To numerically reproduce the sand liquefaction behaviour, the Dafalias model has been taken as an example and its input parameters were calibrated by an artificial intelligence method. An in-depth analysis of the proposed method was done with the elastoplastic theory.

This book provides a systematical investigation on the reservoir characteristics and percolation mechanism of ultradeep carbonate gas reservoirs, including reservoir characteristics and classification, gas storage and percolation capacities, gas-phase and gas-water two-phase percolation mechanism, microscale complex gas-water relationship, reservoir sensitivity characteristics, and gas production characteristics of heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs. Some advanced and improved experimental techniques and analytical methods are introduced and applied, including comprehensive evaluation technique of storage and percolation capacities, ultra-high temperature and pressure physical simulation experiment technique, microscopic visualization technique based on CT scanning and microelectronics lithography, and physical simulation technique for heterogeneous reservoir development. In addition, it summarizes strategies for the efficient development of ultradeep carbonate gas reservoirs based onthese theoretical research results. The key techniques and methods introduced in this monograph satisfy the need for efficient development of ultradeep carbonate gas reservoirs and provide theoretical basis and methodological value for investigations on similar gas reservoirs. This book serves as a reference for engineering technical professionals, researchers, and graduate students who are engaged in the exploration and development of carbonate gas reservoirs.

Powerful solar explosions, such as flares and coronal mass ejections, greatly disturb the electromagnetic environment around the Earth and the atmosphere. They may even impact various social systems—communications, positioning, electric power supply, aviation and activities in space. Such variations in the space environment, which can influence human activities, are called “space weather.” The space weather disaster caused by a solar explosion is a potential risk in modern society. To reduce and mitigate space weather impacts, it is essential to understand the structure and dynamics of the solar–terrestrial environment and to predict the variations. This book comprehensively describes space weather, from the basics of related sciences to the possible social impacts. It was compiled based on a national research project on solar–terrestrial environment prediction conducted in Japan recently. It consists of four parts: the linkage between space weather and society; the magnetosphere of the Earth and space weather prediction; solar storms and space weather prediction; and long-term prediction of solar cycle activity and climate impacts. Each chapter covers the basics and applications of each area, which helps readers gain a broad understanding of the subject matter throughout the book. In addition, readers are able to select and read the topics they are most interested in. It is especially valuable for undergraduate and graduate students and young researchers studying space weather and related topics, and is further helpful for experts in various industries related to space weather disasters. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). The present version has been revised technically and linguistically by the authors in collaboration with a professional translator.

This open access book provides state-of-the-art theory and application in geostatistics. Geostatistics Toronto 2021 includes 28 short abstracts, 18 extended abstracts, and 7 full articles in the fields of geostatistical theory, multi-point statistics, earth sciences, mining, optimal drilling, domains, seismic, classification uncertainty risk, and artificial intelligence and machine learning. All contributions were presented at the 11th International Geostatistics Congress held in virtually at Toronto, Canada, from July 12-16, 2021. This book is valuable to researchers, scientists, and practitioners in geology, mining, petroleum, geometallurgy, mathematics, and statistics.

The book Materials for Sustainable Energy Storage Devices at the Nanoscale anticipates covering all electrochemical energy storage devices such as supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), and fuel cells,transformation and enhancement materials for solar cells, photocatalysis, etc. The focal objective ofthe book is to deliver stunning and current information to the materials application at nanoscale toresearchers and scientists in our contemporary time towardthe enhancement of energy conversion andstorage devices. However, the contents of the proposed book, Materials for Sustainable Energy Storageat the Nanoscale, will cover various fundamental principles and wide knowledge of different energyconversion and storage devices with respect to their advancement due to the emergence of nanoscalematerials for sustainable storage devices. This book is targeted to be award-winning as well as a referencebook for researchers and scientists working on different types of nanoscale materials-based energystorage and conversion devices. Features Comprehensive overview of energy storage devices, an important field of interest for researchers worldwide Explores the importance and growing impact of batteries and supercapacitors Emphasizes the fundamental theories, electrochemical mechanism, and its computational viewpoint and discusses recent developments in electrode designing based on nanomaterials, separators,and fabrication of advanced devices and their performances