Search

Collected Papers of P. L. Kapitza brings together the collected papers of Soviet physicist P. L. Kapitza in areas such as the viscosity of liquid helium below the?-point; the Zeeman and Paschen-Back effects in strong magnetic fields; the influence of friction forces on the stability of high-speed rotors; heat transfer in helium II; and the formation of sea waves by the wind. Kapitza's other papers explore heat transfer in a two-dimensional turbulent flow; dynamical stability of a pendulum when its point of suspension vibrates; and the hydrodynamic theory of lubrication in the presence of rolling. This volume is comprised of 25 chapters and begins with an analysis of Kapitza's research on the viscosity of liquid helium below the?-point, followed by his studies on the Zeeman and Paschen-Back effects in strong magnetic fields; liquefaction of air at low pressures; heat transfer and superfluidity in helium II; and the flow of thin viscous fluid layers under the action of a constant volume force, taking into account the surface tension. A pendulum with a vibrating suspension is also described, along with heat conductivity and diffusion in liquid medium under periodic flow conditions; the nature of ball-lightning; and symmetric electric oscillations of a perfectly conducting hollow cylinder of finite length. This book will be helpful to physicists and physics students.

Collected Papers of L. D. Landau brings together the collected papers of L. D. Landau in the field of physics. The discussion is divided into the following sections: low-temperature physics (including superconductivity); solid-state physics; plasma physics; hydrodynamics; astrophysics; nuclear physics and cosmic rays; quantum mechanics; quantum field theory; and miscellaneous works. Topics covered include the intermediate state of supraconductors; the absorption of sound in solids; the properties of metals at very low temperatures; and production of showers by heavy particles. This volume is comprised of 100 chapters and begins with Landau's paper on the theory of the spectra of diatomic molecules, followed by his studies on the damping problem in wave mechanics; quantum electrodynamics in configuration space; electron motion in crystal lattices; and the internal temperature of stars. Some of Landau's theories, such as those of stars, energy transfer on collisions, phase transitions, and specific heat anomalies are discussed. Subsequent chapters focus on the structure of the undisplaced scattering line; the transport equation in the case of Coulomb interactions; scattering of light by light; and the origin of stellar energy. This book will be a valuable resource for physicists as well as physics students and researchers.

Collected Papers of P. L. Kapitza, Volume I compiles the scientific papers written between 1916 and 1934 by Piotr Leonidovich Kapitza, a leading Soviet physicist and Nobel laureate. This book begins by introducing the life and career of P. L. Kapitza, which includes his studies and investigations of nuclear physics, strong magnetic fields, liquefaction, liquid helium, and high-power electronics. Other topics discussed include electron inertia in molecular ampere currents; Koch recording microphotometer; metallic conductivity and its change in a magnetic field; and methods of experimenting in strong magnetic fields. The liquefaction of helium by an adiabatic method; Zeeman and Paschen-Back effects in strong magnetic fields; and theoretical and empirical expressions for the heat transfer are also emphasized in this text. This compilation is a good reference for students and researchers conducting work on the biography and scientific contributions of P. L. Kapitza.

Collected Papers of P. L. Kapitza, Volume III contains the scientific research papers, lectures, biographical accounts, and historical, philosophical, and sociological discussions of P. L. Kapitza. The book is a compilation of various papers written and delivered by P. L. Kapitza that covers a wide range of topics. Research on strong magnetic fields; research work on helium, which won him the Stalin Prize; a brief account of the cod-liver-oil industry; and discussions on magnetic investigations and experiments on stereoscopic films are just some of the scientific papers presented. The compendium also contains several biographical papers on Newton, Benjamin Franklin and the Russian poet and scientist, Lomonosov; and non-scientific papers such as the banning of nuclear weapons, a discussion he had with Bertrand Russell; and papers that deal with some aspects of the best way to organize science. Scientists, biographers, philosophers, historians, and students in the field of science will find this book an interesting read.

Monographs on Paper and Board Making, Volume 2: Electrical Distribution in Papermills discusses the electrical distribution in paper and allied mills, dealing with a particular branch of papermaking on more advanced and specialized lines. This volume is divided into six chapters. Chapter 1 provides a brief discussion on some of the problems mill electrical engineers encounter. The second chapter emphasizes the design of a mill distribution scheme that aims maximum reliability, minimum interruption on fault or overload, and provides easy expansion. The next chapter focuses on equipment such as transformers, switchgears, circuit breakers, high rupturing capacity fuses, and cables. The power factor correction of a converting factory and papermill is deliberated in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 discusses safety in papermills, which includes prevention from electrical accidents. The last chapter elaborates attention on and regular maintenance of distribution equipment and parts of a mill system. A list of abbreviated terms is provided at the beginning of this book. This publication is intended to mill electrical engineers of both small and large mills, as well as those concerned with other branches of paper manufacturing.

Photoelasticity presents the development of photoelasticity. This book discusses the principle of optical equivalence of stressed isotropic bodies. Organized into 29 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the progress in three-dimensional photoelasticity. This text then summarizes the approximate theoretical analysis by the strain-energy technique and derives the basic equations for the evaluation of P and Q by graphical integration. Other chapters consider the importance of stress concentrations in the domain of strength of materials, particularly where fatigue is present. This book discusses a well the various instructive fractures and indicates that the strength of bakelite is determined by the maximum tensile stresses as computed by advanced methods of stress analysis. The final chapter deals with the two fundamental problems in three-dimensional photoplasticity and explains the general stress-optic law under plastic flow without unloading. This book is a valuable resource for designers as well as mechanical and civil engineers.

1965 Transactions of the Third International Vacuum Congress, Volume 1: Invited Papers is the first of two-volumes that review the state of knowledge in vacuum technology. The present volume comprises the opening address by Prof Auwárter and the twelve comprehensive main lectures. In keeping with the purpose of an international congress, the organizers took great pains to ensure that the choice of topics for the main lectures not only covered the scientific fundamentals as a whole, but also gave appropriate consideration to the technical applications. An analysis of the submitted topics shows that the strong points of research and development lie in the fields of''Coating and Thin Layers'',''Adsorption and Desorption,''and''Pressure Measurement and Leak Detection''. In the fields of application,''Vacuum Metallurgy''ranks highly. The papers published in the transactions originate from many European and overseas countries, proof that vacuum science is not only keenly pursued in all major industrial countries, but also that the new organizational form of the IUVSTA is capable of winning the services of all these countries for fruitful international cooperation in the vacuum field.

In this fascinating autobiography from one of the foremost geniuses of twentieth-century physics, Max Planck tells the story of his life, his aims, and his thinking. Published posthumously, the papers in this volume were written for the general reader and make accessible Planck's scientific theories as well as his philosophical ideals, including his thoughts on ethics and morals.

Methods in Geochemistry and Geophysics: Chromatography in Geology focuses on the applications of chromatography in geology, including partition and diffusion, ion exchange, mineral identification, and hydrogeochemistry. The manuscript first takes a look at the chromatographic processes and techniques. Discussions focus on precipitation chromatography, complex ion formation, role of chromatographic processes in chromatography, and partition and diffusion. The preparation of test columns, paper chromatography, adsorption and partition columns, chromatobox, and ion exchange are also tackled. The book then examines applications of chromatography to geology, including natural water sampling and stream analysis, hydrogeochemistry, soil, rock, and ore analysis, prospecting for fine gold, and analysis of coal ash. The identification of metal ions in minerals and mineral identification, analysis of magnesian limestones, and copper, gold, and silver assays are also discussed. The manuscript is a dependable source of data for readers interested in the applications of chromatography in geology.

Selected Readings in Chemical Kinetics covers excerpts from 12 papers in the field of general and gas-phase kinetics. The book discusses papers on the laws of connexion between the conditions of a chemical change and its amount; on the reaction velocity of the inversion of the cane sugar by acids; and the calculation in absolute measure of velocity constants and equilibrium constants in gaseous systems. The text then tackles papers on simple gas reactions; on the absolute rate of reactions in condensed phases; on the radiation theory of chemical action; and on the theory of unimolecular reactions. Papers on the theories of unimolecular reactions at low pressures; on the reaction between hydrogen and bromine; and on the oxidation of phosphorus vapor at low pressures are also considered. The book further describes papers on the thermal decomposition of organic compounds from the standpoint of free radicals; as well as on a single chain mechanism for the thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons. The book will be invaluable to students of chemical kinetics.

Men of Physics: Lord Rayleigh–The Man and His Work presents an appraisal of the significance of Rayleigh's scientific work, together with extracts from his published papers. The book starts by providing a biographical sketch of John William Strutt, Third Baron Rayleigh (1842-1919). The text then discusses Lord Rayleigh's contributions to science, including the physical phenomena, optical instruments, electrical standards, and the theory of relativity. Selections from Rayleigh's scientific papers, which are included in the book, are also considered. These selections include papers about the theory of resonance; the intensity and polarization of the scattered light; the manufacture and theory of diffraction-gratings; and the binaural effect. Other selected papers include those about the application of the principle of reciprocity to acoustics; the stability of fluid flow; the Rayleigh disk; and acoustic streaming. The study of surface waves in elastic solids; the discovery and isolation of argon; sound propagation; and electromagnetic radiation are the other topics included in the selection of papers in the book. Physicists will find the book invaluable.

Advances in Biological and Medical Physics, Volume III is a collection of papers dealing with the applications of radioactive isotopes, particularly, with the dosimetry of artificial radioactive isotopes, and the kinetics of the turnover of radioactive substances. One paper explains dosimetry in medicine as regards (1) units and absolute dosage rates, and (2) the distribution of radiation in a scattering medium such as the human body. The investigator can use tracers to make individual observations of the behavior of specific molecules in steady state systems. This feature of tracer applications leads to analysis of biological reaction kinetics. Some papers discuss the mechanisms involved in the antigen-antibody reactions, molecular analysis using fast charged particles, x-ray microscopy, ultraviolet microscopy, microspectroscopy, as well as the biological effects of ultrasonic waves. Ultrasonic waves can affect biological material through heat action, mechanical action, or chemical action. One paper suggests that cell disintegration is due to the mechanical effect provoked by cavitation and that cells are probably broken down by the sharp-fronted shock wave resulting from the collapse of cavitation bubbles. The collection can prove beneficial for biochemists, micro-biologists, bio-physicists, cellular researchers, and academicians involved in the study of cellular biology.

Advances in Biological and Medical Physics, Volume VIII is a collection of papers that deals with chemical elements of blood, neutron activation analysis, and low level gamma-ray scintillation spectrometry. One paper describes the analysis of a large number of chemical elements in a single sample of human blood serum that includes the mean values gathered for 66 chemical elements. Another paper reviews the application of neutron activation analysis to biological and medical research, particularly in the detection and quantitation of trace elements in biological tissues. Some papers discuss the use of heavy ions in molecular and cellular radiobiology, the physics of space radiation, and carcinogenesis mechanisms. One paper discusses the radio-biological consequences of the ionizing radiation on a biological system that depends on the spatial distribution of the energy the system absorbs. The paper notes that the efficiency of heavy ions to inactivate dried enzymes kept at various constant temperatures during the exposure differs significantly from results obtained from that of sparsely ionizing radiations. Results gathered from comparisons of model and experiments, show that indirect energy transfers, such as those made by intermediary free radicals or other secondary reaction products, can play a role in carcinogenesis. The collection can prove beneficial for biochemists, micro-biologists, cellular researchers, and academicians involved in medical physics, radiological physics, or in the study of cellular biology and oncology.

Advances in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Volume 5 is a collection of papers that deals with the Zodiacal light, three dimensional periodic oscillations, the secular variation of mass, and the evolution of binary systems. Some papers discuss the periodicity of the sunspot groups, as well as compact and dispersed cosmic matter. One paper notes that the brightness of the zodiacal light continues to increase right up to the limb of the Sun, where it merges with parts of the solar corona. Another paper discusses analytically and numerically the three families of three-dimensional motions where the members of each family pass very close to one of three equilibrium points. One paper describes the loss of mass in the Sun as being (1) caused by electromagnetic or corpuscular radiation that occurs at a slow rate, or (2) by an explosion of a nova or supernova. One paper examines the periodicity of solar activities, the physical conditions of sunspots, chromospheric flares, prominence, and magnetic fields. The paper notes that different periodicity laws govern the formation frequency and importance of spot groups. The behavior of spot groups also depends on the periodicity process of solar activity. The collection can prove valuable for astro-physicists, astronomers, geochemists, and mathematicians whose works involve cosmology and astronomy.

Advances in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Volume 3 is a collection of papers that describes the elements found in the solar atmosphere, Fourier transforms, internal structure of the stars, and apsidal motions. Two papers discuss the spectral analysis of solar flares and a survey of modern cosmology. One paper discusses the solar abundance of particular elements such as iron, sodium, potassium, zinc, gallium, strontium. The loss of heavier elements from the upper layers of the solar atmosphere depends on the atomic number: the heavier the atom the greater the amount of depletion. Another paper describes a method to determine the elements of an eclipsing binary system by defining the characteristic functions of the eclipse derived from some integral transforms of the ascending and descending parts in minima of the light curve. One paper compares the general physical theory of self-gravitating gas spheres and of thermonuclear processes with certain phenomena present in close binary systems. One paper notes that the estimates of electron density made by various methods at different flares (solar) and the resulting optical thickness of flares yield values within a wide range. The differences observed in optical thickness are due to various presuppositions on the broadening mechanism of the Balmer lines. The collection is suitable for astronomers, geochemists, astro-physicists, and scientists whose works involve cosmology.

Studies in Mathematics and Mechanics is a collection of studies presented to Professor Richard von Mises as a token of reverence and appreciation on the occasion of his seventieth birthday which occurred on April 19, 1953. von Mises'thought has been a stimulus in many seemingly unconnected fields of mathematics, science, and philosophy, to which he has contributed decisive results and new formulations of fundamental concepts. The book contains 42 chapters organized into five parts. Part I contains papers on algebra, number theory and geometry. These include a study of Poincaré's representation of a hyperbolic space on an Euclidean half-space and elementary estimates for the least primitive root. Part II on analysis includes papers on a generalization of Green's Formula and its application to the Cauchy problem for a hyperbolic equation, and the fundamental solutions of a singular Beltrami operator. Part III deals with theoretical mechanics and covers topics such as turbulent flow, axially symmetric flow, and oscillating wakes. The papers in Part IV focus on applied mechanics. These include studies on plastic flow under high stresses and the problem of inelastic thermal stresses. Part V presents studies on probability and statistics, including a finite frequency theory of probability and the problem of expansion of clusters of galaxies.

Men of Physics: L. D. Landau, Volume 2: Thermodynamics, Plasma Physics and Quantum Mechanics is dedicated to L. D. Landau's contributions in the fields of thermodynamics, plasma physics, and quantum mechanics. Landau's theory of second-order phase transitions is discussed, along with his contributions to nuclear physics, astrophysics, cosmic ray physics, and quantum field theory. This volume is comprised of 15 chapters and begins with a discussion on Landau's theory of second-order phase transitions, which includes his assumption that all thermodynamic functions would allow regular series expansions near the transition point. The following chapters focus on Landau's papers on the transport equation for ionized systems and on plasma oscillations; his contributions to nuclear physics, cosmic ray physics, and astrophysics; his work in pure quantum mechanics; and his contributions to quantum field theory. The second section elaborates on the theory of phase transitions; the transport equation in the case of Coulomb interactions; the vibrations of the electronic plasma; and the statistical theory of nuclei. The origin of stellar energy is also examined, along with the multiple production of particles during collisions of fast particles and the extension of the uncertainty principle to relativistic quantum theory. A theory of energy transfer in collisions is also described. The final chapter considers the conservation laws for weak interactions. This book will be a useful resource for physicists and students interested in the work of L. D. Landau.

Film in Higher Education and Research is a collection of papers dealing with the use of films as a teaching tool in the classroom. Some papers discuss the relationship of film and higher education institutions, certain aspects of the cinema which is neglected at the university level, and the aims of higher education in different countries as reported by UNESCO and other documents. One paper notes that film-makers and teachers are disorganized in their use of films and other technological advances. A couple of papers investigate the requirements for, classification of, and availability of films used in chemistry subjects, as well as the organization of film activities in Birmingham University. Films utilized in higher education involve three fields connected with the institution: for instruction, for research, and for broader education. Another paper addresses the use of films—different from the usual cinematographic tool in the school—especially in research. At 8,000 to 10,000 frames per second, the camera changes from an ordinary tool aid into a scientific instrument requiring special lighting techniques and devices. Other papers tackle film production for education—cost, direction, customer needs, equipment, and distribution of the finished work. The collection is suitable for schools officers, film makers, educators, and officials of ministries of departments of education and learning.

Festkorper Probleme VII covers papers of the European Meeting of the IEEE about Semiconductor Device Research. The book includes papers about the advances in band structures investigations using optical techniques; some problems in the physics of power rectifiers and thyristors; the surface properties of thermally oxidized silicon; and the amplification of acoustic waves at microwave frequencies. The text also presents papers about active thin film devices, optoelectronic devices, and negative conductance in semiconductors. Electrical engineers will find the book invaluable.

Transistors reviews major advances that have been made with respect to transistors and illustrates some of the many facets of transistor research and development. Topics covered range from point contact devices and junction devices to p-n junctions in semiconductors, unipolar and analog transistors, and hole injection in transistor action. The physical principles involved in transistor action are also discussed, along with the nature of the forward current in germanium point contacts. This book is comprised of 19 papers and begins with a summary of the semiconductor physics pertinent to the understanding of transistors. The reader is then introduced to developments in point contact devices and junction devices; how the conductance of thin films of semiconductors is modulated by surface charges; the relation between surface states and rectification at a metal-semiconductor contact; and a three-element electronic device that utilizes a semiconductor as the basic element. The remaining papers focus on p-n junction transistors; the theory of alpha for p-n-p diffused junction transistors; and unipolar and analog transistors. The effects of electrical forming on the rectifying barriers of n- and p-germanium transistors are also analyzed. The final chapter describes a thin-film transistor fabricated by evaporation of all components onto an insulating substrate. This monograph will be of interest to physicists and electronics engineers.

Progress in Nuclear Physics, Volume 9 is a collection of six papers dealing with nuclear physics. The monograph discusses the significance of visual techniques in the development of high energy physics; the development of solid semiconductor detectors; theoretical techniques of high-energy beam design; and the structure analysis of collision amplitudes. The book explains that the spark technique is preferred over the bubble chamber when used in experiments with continuous sources of radiation. The use of germanium and silicon semiconductor detectors has enabled advances in studies on protons, alphas, and heavy ions, through fast response time, ease of construction, and simple power requirements. The problems encountered in beam design and effective uses of large accelerators are discussed extensively. For example, the book explains that inefficient beam practice can diminish intensity factors in the accelerator, so different beam designs such as the quadruple and the separated beam design as well as the pulsed high-field magnets are considered. The link between theory and experiment of collision amplitudes is reviewed, including structure analysis in the physics of elementary particles. The resulting processes after strange particles such as K-mesons interact with nuclei, instead of reacting with individual nucleons, are briefly noted. The text also includes discussion on the essential electromagnetic properties of the muon and the different research by Crowe, Charpak et al., and Hughes et al. about this subject. This collection of papers will prove useful for nuclear physicists, scientists, and academicians in the field of nuclear physics.

Continuum Physics: Volume 1 — Mathematics is a collection of papers that discusses certain selected mathematical methods used in the study of continuum physics. Papers in this collection deal with developments in mathematics in continuum physics and its applications such as, group theory functional analysis, theory of invariants, and stochastic processes. Part I explains tensor analysis, including the geometry of subspaces and the geometry of Finsler. Part II discusses group theory, which also covers lattices, morphisms, and crystallographic groups. Part III reviews the theory of invariants that includes isotrophy, transverse isotrophy, and nonpolynomial invariants. Part IV explains functional analysis that also includes set theory, vector spaces, topological spaces, and topological vector spaces. Part V deals with analytic function theory and covers topics, such as Cauchy's theorem, the residue theorem, and the Plemelj formulas. Part VI reviews the elements of stochastic processes and cites some examples where stochastic theory is applied. This book can be valuable for researchers and scientists involved in nuclear physicists, students, and academicians in the field of advanced physics.

The Solid State Maser presents readings related to solid state maser amplifier from the first tentative theoretical proposals that appeared in the early 1950s to the successful realization of practical devices and their application to satellite communications and radio astronomy almost exactly 10 years later. The book discusses a historical account of the early developments (including that of the ammonia maser) of solid state maser; the properties of paramagnetic ions in crystals; the development of practical low noise amplifiers; and the characteristics of maser devices designed for communications use. The text also contains reprints of several important papers that illustrate various aspects of solid state maser. Physicists will find the book useful.

Helium 4 is a collection of materials that examines the various properties of helium 4. The book presents 12 experimental studies and seven theoretical studies. The coverage of the text includes the viscosity of liquid helium below the?-point; the transfer of helium II on glass; and the determination of the velocity of propagation of the second sound in helium II. The theoretical papers tackle topics such as the theory of superfluidity of helium II; radiation of sound in helium II; and the kinetic coefficients of helium II. The book will be of great interest to chemists, chemical engineers, and other scientists from related fields.

Kinetic Theory, Volume 2: Irreversible Processes compiles the fundamental papers on the kinetic theory of gases. This book comprises the two papers by Maxwell and Boltzmann in which the basic equations for transport processes in gases are formulated, as well as the first derivation of Boltzmann's “H-theorem” and problem of irreversibility. Other topics include the dynamical theory of gases; kinetic theory of the dissipation of energy; three-body problem and the equations of dynamics; theorem of dynamics and the mechanical theory of heat; and mechanical explanation of irreversible processes. This volume is beneficial to physics students in the advanced undergraduate or postgraduate level.

Progress in Nuclear Physics: Volume 6 is a collection of scientific papers in the field of experimental and theoretical physics. The compendium contains research papers covering a wide and diverse range of subjects in various areas of physics. The book provides contributions that discuss the methods for measuring atomic masses; the preparation of pure or enriched isotopes through electromagnetic separators; the study of nuclear moments; the spectroscopy of mesonic atoms; and parity nonconservation in weak interactions. Theoretical and experimental physicists will find this book very insightful.

The Mont Tremblant International Summer Scholl was primarily concerned with the dynamic structure of nuclear states. The papers presented at that summer school in August, 1971, are reproduced in this volume. Five deal with theories of the structure and systematics of nuclear states; six with clustering and fission phenomena; and three with the study of nuclear structure using electromagnetic excitation. The remaining papers deal with nucleosynthesis and the formation of super-heavy elements, selected topics in intermediate energy physics, and experiments at meson factories. Nine brief statements of recent results by participants in the school and a summary of the conference highlights complete the volume.

Vistas in Astronomy is a periodical compilation of different studies submitted by experts in the fields of astronomy, astrophysics, photometry, celestial mechanics, and nuclear cosmology. The papers are published after thorough evaluation by the editors. The following volume includes papers about papers in astronomy such as: • Astronomy, the People, and the Governments by Jean Claude-Pecker and Gisele Ringeard • Computer Simulations of Star Cluster Dynamics by Sveere J. Arseth • Velocity Fields in Stellar Atmospheres and the Concept of Microturbulence by Gordon Worrall and Alistair B. Wilson • Image Tubes in Astronomy by J.D. McGee • High Speed Photometry by R. Edward Nather The text chiefly appeals to astronomers and astrophysicists, especially those who wish to know the innovations, discoveries, and practices in the field of astronomy.

Cosmic Rays is a two-part book that first elucidates the discovery, nature, and particles produced by cosmic rays. This part also looks into the primary cosmic radiation; radio waves from the galaxy; extensive air showers; origin of cosmic rays; and other cosmic radiations. Part 2 consists of reprinted papers involving cosmic rays. Papers 1 to 10 treat the nature of the radiation, arranged chronologically; in Papers 11 to 16 the scene moves away from the Earth.

Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, Volume 20: Thermophysics of Spacecraft and Planetary Bodies: Radiation Properties of Solids and the Electromagnetic Radiation Environment in Space is a collection of technical papers drawn mainly from the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Thermophysics Specialist Conference, held in New Orleans on April 17-20, 1967. This volume is organized into six part encompassing 45 chapters that offer a selection of the most advanced studies in the dynamic field of thermophysics. Part I deals with radiation properties of solid state materials and the measuring techniques in the laboratory, while Part II describes the thermophysical properties of surfaces used for spacecraft. The papers of Part II also include solid state physics studies of the processes involved in the interaction of UV radiation with solids. Part III discusses the results of thermal flight experiments and on the radiation characteristics of planetary bodies, followed by topics on general radiative properties and the measurements of radiative properties of natural surfaces from satellites in Part IV. Part V contains papers on thermal similitude and on the closely related subject of radiant heat transfer analysis of thermal systems. Lastly, Part VI focuses on the heat transfer within the spacecraft under the conditions of space environment, specifically conductive and radiative transfer. This book is of great value to thermophysicists, space engineers and designers, as well as researchers in the fields of astronautics and aeronautics.

Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, Volume 18: Thermophysics and Temperature Control of Spacecraft and Entry Vehicles is a selection of technical papers based on two American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics meetings, namely, The Thermophysics Specialist Conference, held in Monterey, California on September 13-15, 1965 and the Third Aerospace Sciences Conference, held in New York on January 1966. This book covers the most important problems of thermophysical research and technology. This volume is composed of six parts encompassing 42 chapters. Part I contains papers on the thermal radiation properties of solids, including measuring techniques for solar reflectance and infrared emittance determination, and a paper on radiative transfer. Part II deals with the lunar and planetary thermal environment and includes research papers on emissivities, reflectivities, and polarization by planetary atmospheres and planetary surfaces. Part III discusses the effects of the space environment on the optical properties of thermal control surfaces. This part also presents results of flight experiments with sensors of environmental effects and flight experience with thermal coatings of satellites. Part IV covers the thermophysical measurements of ablative materials and with the char layers formed during the actual vehicle entry period or during laboratory simulation tests. Part V looks into the two comparatively areas of thermophysics, namely, the thermal similitude (thermal modeling) and interface resistance of joints under space conditions. Part VI summarizes the practical experience in thermal design gained on spacecraft flights. Thermophysicists, space engineers and designers, and research workers who are interested in thermophysical technology will find this book invaluable.

Festkorperprobleme X: Advances in Solid State Physics is a compilation of papers and lectures on semiconductor physics, low temperature physics, thermodynamics, and metal physics of the German Physical Society, Freudenstadt, on April 6-11, 1970. This volume is a collection of 13 papers in English and German on the abovementioned subjects. The book describes some characteristics of the different families of narrow bandgap semiconductors; the result arising from the interaction between free carriers and acoustic waves in solids; and the advances made in the field of modulation spectroscopy. The text further discusses the relations between the state of the photoemitted electrons and the absorption process in the solid. In Chapter 8, applications to various problems in semiconductor physics are dealt with. The Empirical Pseudopotential Method and the theory of phonon dispersion curves from a pseudopotential point of view are also considered. Further examined is the Ginzburg-Landau theory of superconductivity in relation to the probability distribution of the electric field strength of laser light that has a form completely analogous to that of the pair wave function of the theory. The implications of the thermodynamics of point defects in imperfect crystals and the association of foreign ions and vacancies due to their Coulomb interaction, resulting in complexes, are investigated. This book is of interest to electrical engineers, research engineers, professors, and students in theoretical or experimental physics.

Surface Area Determination covers the proceedings of the International Symposium on Surface Area Determination. The title presents 35 papers that are organized into nine parts; the papers primarily emphasize the methods for surface area determination. The coverage of the book includes methods such as the BET method, low adsorption methods, and flow methods. The text also reviews papers about various types of surface, including heterogeneous surfaces, porous solids, clays, and small area surfaces. The book will be of great use to researchers and practitioners of disciplines that involve surface area determination, such as chemistry, chemical engineering, and chemical physics.

Advances in Microwaves, Volume 1 is a collection of papers dealing with the design and fabrication of a two-mile accelerator, optical waveguides, and directional couplers. One paper describes the design and fabrication of the disk-loaded wave guide, which serves as the accelerating structure, of the Stanford two-mile accelerator. Another paper discusses the basic principles of guided propagation, particularly the properties of the confocal lens systems or the'beam guide'variants. One paper describes the main types of directional couplers (namely, waveguide directional couplers, TEM-Mode directional couplers) to help scientists and researchers determine a particular design. Some papers discuss singular integral equations to solve waveguide problems, the application of Lie algebraic theory to microwave networks, and partially filled waveguides and surface waveguides of rectangular cross section. One paper explains the application of the singular integral equation method to rectangular waveguides, including the infinite parallel plate configuration. Another paper cites the exponentially tapered transmission line as an example to show the application of Lie algebras in solving problems related to the microwave field. The collection is suitable for people in the field of applied mathematics, nuclear physics, quantum mechanics, and applied physics.

Electrical Phenomena in the Heart is a collection of articles that deals with cell physiology and biophysics as applicable to the heart. The book discusses the ultrastructure of heart cells, molecular arrangement of heart cell membranes, and the mechanism involved in sealing and excitation-contraction coupling. The selection describes electrophysiological studies made of embryonic heart cells to understand electrical activity, automaticity, enzyme activities, and the development of intracellular tubular systems. The text also discusses the mechanism of excitation spread between active and inactive cells. The book analyzes the structure of biological membranes and the effect of proteins on membrane potential and on the excitability process. One paper reviews the excitation process of heart cells that includes the use of a voltage clamp in cardiac preparations, as well as the role of the pacemaker. One paper examines the repolarization process involved in cardiac muscle involving the ionic composition and the kinetic properties of membrane currents, as well as the action of some drugs. The book also describes the healing process in cardiac and other muscle fibers when the heart muscle is injured. The text explains that damage to other cardiac muscle can result because of a sealing process that occurs at or near the injured site. The book also explains the model for controlling sarcoplasmic calcium concentration on a single sarcomere level in a mammalian heart. The text can prove significant to students learning heart physiology and biophysics, heart surgeons, and bio-physiologists involved in cellular research.

Selected Readings in Physics: Wave Mechanics provides information pertinent to the fundamental aspects of wave mechanics. This book discusses the discovery of quantum mechanics. Organized into two parts encompassing five chapters and eight papers, this book begins with an overview of the essential parts of a theory, including a mathematical system, a domain of determinable facts, and a system of prescriptions correlating mathematical quantities and physical facts. This text then describes the classical model of electrons as mass points. Other chapters consider the connections between mathematically calculated quantities and physically measured quantities. This book discusses as well the relationship between the concepts of frequency and energy. The final paper deals with the theory of collision processes in which the transition probabilities are determined by the asymptomatic behavior of aperiodic solutions. This book is a valuable resource for physicists, scientists, and research workers.

Charged-Particle Reaction List 1948-1971 is a guide to experiments on charged-particle-induced reactions that have been reported in journal literature during the period 1948 to June 1971. This compendium consists of the material from four Reaction Lists which have already appeared in Nuclear Data Tables. Each published article is listed under the target nuclei in the nuclear reactions which it treats. Reactions are denoted by A(a,b)B, where A and B are the target and residual nucleus, respectively; a is the bombarding charged particle and b is the outgoing product particle or particles. The guide also includes a brief information after the reaction designation, namely, the energy E of the bombarding projectile in MeV, a short statement of the type of data that is found in the paper, and a bibliographic information on the paper itself. A symbol THY in the extreme right-hand column denotes the theoretical papers concerned with analysis of nuclear reaction data. For papers dealing with experimental data on energy spectra, the angle of observation of the emerging reaction products, the accelerator, as well as the detector used are given for many entries under the column heading'Quantity Measured.'The guide will prove immensely useful for theoretical physicists, nuclear physicists, and molecular physicists.

Ferromagnetic Resonance: The Phenomenon of Resonant Absorption of a High - Frequency Magnetic Field in Ferromagnetic Substances is a collection of papers on the basic theory of ferromagnetic resonance. The book discusses the theory of ferromagnetic resonance in detail and the investigations and treatments of problems in this theory. The text consists of nine chapters covering such topics as the linear approximation of ferromagnetic resonance; non-linear processes occurring during ferromagnetic resonance in ferromagnetic semiconductor; the spin-wave theory of ferro- and antiferromagnetism and its application to the problem of ferromagnetic resonance; and the theory of the line width of the resonance absorption of the energy of a UHF field in ferromagnetics. Physicists will find the book very useful.

Henry Cavendish (1731-1810), the grandson of the second duke of Devonshire, wrote papers on electrical topics for the Royal Society, but the majority of his electrical experiments did not become known until they were collected and published by James Clerk Maxwell a century later, in 1879, long after other scientists had been credited with the same results. Among Cavendish's discoveries were the concept of electric potential, which he called the'degree of electrification'; an early unit of capacitance, that of a sphere one inch in diameter; the formula for the capacitance of a plate capacitor; the concept of the dielectric constant of a material; the relationship between electric potential and current, now called Ohm's Law; laws for the division of current in parallel circuits, now attributed to Charles Wheatstone; and the inverse square law of variation of electric force with distance, now called Coulomb's Law.

Physical Techniques in Biological Research, Volume II, Part A: Physical Chemical Techniques focuses on physical chemical techniques that have been most widely used in the study of molecules of biological significance. This book outlines the theoretical basis of the methods, describes the apparatus and manipulations used, and describes the applications of the techniques by examples. Organized into seven chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the basic property that makes the use of isotopes as tracers possible. This text then explains the predicted behavior during separations of chemically reacting systems by digital computer techniques. Other chapters consider the mutual diffusion in a binary system of components A and B. This book discusses as well the migration of charged particles or molecules in a liquid medium under the influence of an applied electric field. The final chapter deals with the basic units of electric potential differences. This book is a valuable resource for biological chemists.

International Series of Monographs in Electromagnetic Waves, Volume 11: Electromagnetic Wave Theory, Part 1 covers the proceedings of an International Scientific Radio Union (U.R.S.I.) Symposium on Electromagnetic Wave Theory. The book contains 61 chapters that are organized into three sections. The first section presents papers about wave propagation, which includes lateral waves; terrestrial waveguides; and plane waves in dissipative media. Next, the title reviews studies about wave guides, including basic properties of periodic waveguides; theoretical investigation of non-uniform waveguides; and waves in a coaxial line partially filled with plasma. The last section covers topics about surface waves, such as a dielectric prism in the corner of overmoded waveguide; lasers and optical communication systems; and microwave and laser resonators. The text will be of great use to researchers and practitioners of disciplines that study or utilize electromagnetic wave technologies, such as electrotechnics and electrical engineering.

Men of Physics: L D. Landau, Vol. 1: Low Temperature and Solid State Physics is a compilation of the most important scientific contributions of L. D. Landau, Nobel Prize winner in Physics for 1962. This volume contains eight papers that elucidate the theories of Helium II, Fermi liquids, superconductivity, electron diamagnetism, and ferromagnetism. Undergraduate students in the field of physics will find the book invaluable.

Flight Test Instrumentation is a collection of papers presented at the Third International Symposium on Flight Test Instrumentation held in 1964 under the auspices of the Department of Flight of the College of Aeronautics in Cranfield, UK. The symposium provided a forum for discussing advances in flight test instrumentation and covered topics ranging from pre-detection recording in the megacycle range to some problems and uses of fuel flow measurements in supersonic aircraft. This volume is comprised of 14 chapters and begins by describing angle of attack and angle of sideslip measurements using fully de-iced non-movable differential pressure-sensing heads and low-range capacitive pressure transducers. The next chapter explores errors in stability derivative measurements that can occur due to shortcomings in instrumentation design, as well as the implications of such errors for the development of a modern supersonic aeroplane. The application of the vector plotting technique to flight flutter testing of the Hawker Siddeley Trident is then considered. Subsequent chapters focus on the use of high-accuracy instrumentation techniques for non-steady flight measurements; strain gauging for transient heating cases; and free-flight model techniques for aerodynamic research at supersonic and hypersonic speeds. This book will be a useful resource for students, practitioners, and officials of aeronautics.

Few Particle Problems in the Nuclear Interaction emerged from the International Conference on Few Particle Problems in the Nuclear Interaction held in Los Angeles, from August 28-September 1, 1972. The aim of the conference was to discuss recent developments in low and medium energy few-particle problems. This included the fields of the nuclear three-body problem; nuclear forces (in particular, three-body forces); symmetries; and the interaction of mesons, leptons, and photons with few-nucleon systems. Special sessions were also devoted to the application of the results and techniques of the few-particle research to the problems of other fields, in particular nuclear structure and astrophysics. The conference was organized into nine plenary sessions and 13 parallel sessions. This volume contains 184 papers presented during the nine sessions on the following topics: the nucleon-nucleon interaction; three-body forces; hypernuclear systems; symmetries; three-body problems; multiparticle reactions; proposed studies of few-nucleon systems with meson factories; few-nucleon systems and leptons, mesons, and photons; and applications.

Nuclear, Particle, and Many Body Physics, Volume I is a collection of scientific papers dedicated to the memory of Amos de-Shalit, a distinguished physicist. The book contains chapters that discuss various studies in the field of nuclear and particle physics. The text covers such topics as chemical binding in classical Coulomb lattices; algebraic treatment of subsidiary conditions in dual resonance models; the complete Schwarzschild solution; the investigation of nucleon-nucleon correlations by means of high-energy scattering; and some aspects on the magnetic-dipole moments of states in near-spherical nuclei. Theoretical, experimental, and nuclear physicists, researchers, and students in the field of physics will find the book invaluable.

Progress in International Research on Thermodynamic and Transport Properties covers the proceedings of the 1962 Second Symposium by the same title, held at Purdue University and the Thermophysical Properties Research Center. This symposium brings together theoretical and experimental research works on the thermodynamic and transport properties of gases, liquids, and solids. This text is organized into nine parts encompassing 68 chapters that cover topics from thixotropy to molecular orbital calculations. The first three parts review papers on theoretical, experimental, and computational studies of the various aspects of thermodynamic properties. These parts discuss the principles of phase equilibria, throttling, volume heat capacity, steam, volumetric behavior, enthalpy, and density. The subsequent part highlights the theoretical evaluations of transport properties, such as viscosity, diffusion, and conductivity, as well as the transport processes. These topics are followed by surveys of the theories in intermolecular forces and their applications. Other parts consider the measurement of thermal conductivity, viscosity, and radiation. The final parts examine the properties of ionized gases and non-Newtonian fluids. This book will prove useful to mechanical and chemical engineers.

The Old Quantum Theory explains how the classical laws were modified by Planck, Einstein, Rutherford, Bohr, and other contributors to account for atomic phenomena, comprising the development of quantum theory from its start at the very end of the 19th century until the beginning of the 20th century. This book begins by discussing Planck's discovery of his radiation law, followed by Einstein's introduction to quanta. Next is a description of the Rutherford model of the atom and Bohr's postulates, which are confirmed by the Franck-Hertz experiment. This selection concludes with a description of how Bohr's theory could explain the main features of the atomic spectra. A brief summary of other important developments in the period are also elaborated. This publication is beneficial to students and researchers conducting work on the history of quantum mechanics from the 1900s to the development of wave mechanics.

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Volume VI is a collection of research papers that present geochemical and geophysical investigations of the constitution and history of the earth; geological phenomena; and oil and ore formation. The book is composed of seven chapters written by different authors who are experts in the fields of geophysics and geochemistry. It covers the description of the structure and composition of the earth's mantle; a survey of the developments in the study of seismic surface waves; and model experiments of tectonic processes. Articles on the application of trace element data to problems in petrology and factors in the distribution of the trace elements during the crystallization of magmas, both important topics on mining, are presented as well. Geologists, geophysicists, geochemists, and students of petrology and mineralogy will find this book a good source of information.

Statistical Methods in Radio Wave Propagation contains the proceedings of a symposium held at the University of California, Los Angeles, on June 18-20, 1958. The papers explore the use of statistical techniques in the analysis and interpretation of data pertaining to the propagation of radio waves. The discussion is organized around three themes: statistical theory and methodology; radio propagation phenomena having a joint statistical and physical structure; and instrumentation. This book is comprised of 23 chapters and begins by summarizing the principal results of a series of statistical studies on the intensity distributions due to rapid fading. The reader is then introduced to some theoretical investigations on fading phenomena; radio-measurement of ionospheric drift as a problem in parameter estimation; the propagation of random radiation in free space; and the statistics of working spells and periods of breakdown for a number of radio links in series. The remaining chapters deal with airborne measurements of tropospheric index of refraction fluctuations; the distribution of the fade lengths of a randomly fading radio signal; diversity statistics in scatter propagation; and extrapolation of spatial correlation functions. The final chapter describes a rapid statistical data processing system for radio propagation research. This monograph will be a useful resource for both radio scientists and statisticians.

Facets of Physics contains the major papers in the symposium on May 3, 1968 dedicated to Gregory Breit's honor. This book covers different facets of physics and the contributions made by Breit. The book reviews the development of the current knowledge of the nucleon-nucleon interaction, the status of understanding on the nuclear matter, and the detailed treatment of the finite nuclei. It also examines the consequences of the short-range nature of nuclear forces, the importance of the Breit interaction in atomic physics and quantum thermodynamics, and different proton-proton scattering studies. This book is a good reading material for nuclear physicists and other scientists who are interested in atomic physics and quantum thermodynamics.