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This book presents insights from the IUTAM Symposium on Nonlinear Dynamics for Design of Mechanical Systems Across Different Length/Time Scales. It covers a diverse array of topics, including applications of parametric amplification and self-excitation, as well as the design and analysis of devices and systems that harness geometric and material nonlinearities. The book features chapters on nonlinear energy transfer, eigenfrequency detection through subharmonic and superharmonic resonances, and the innovative use of nonlinear mode localization. The authors explore dynamic stabilization under high-frequency excitation, the utilization of multimode interactions and nonlinear normal modes, and the application of nonlinear resonance and bifurcation in creating ultrasensitive sensors and high-performance actuators. This book provides a comprehensive record of the symposium's discussions, representing a collective effort to expand our understanding of nonlinear phenomena and its potential to reshape the landscape of mechanical system design.

Exploring the intricate interaction of refractories with their application environments, this book delves into the realms of physical chemistry, heat and mass transfer, thermo-mechanics, and mineralogy. Departing from the conventional phenomenological approach, it ties experiences and lab findings to these core principles, fostering a deep understanding. This shift not only enhances traditional testing methods but also widens the scope for alternative investigative approaches. Emphasizing the connection to fundamental laws across scientific disciplines, readers gain profound insights into refractory behavior, elevating their problem-solving prowess. In sync with the current trends of simulation methods in refractory science and metallurgy, this book offers a contemporary perspective on the subject.

This book contains the proceedings of the Cambridge Unsteady Flow Symposium, held on 4–5 March 2024 at the University of Cambridge. The book brings together internationally leading experts in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and promotes discussions on numerical methods for unsteady flows. The book covers a wide range of topics related to CFD, including but not limited to, large-eddy simulations, unsteady flows in aerospace, high order methods, and mesh generation.

This book presents material for a one semester course on Transport Phenomena for senior undergraduate and graduate students in engineering and applied sciences. The study of Transport Phenomena provides the common ground and explores the connections between Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics, and Heat and Mass Transfer, thus giving a sound foundation for all transport equations in the broader area of Thermofluids. The chosen approach highlights the importance of Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics, particularly the second law of thermodynamics, for the development of stable transport equations—global and local balance laws for mass, momentum, energy and entropy— for thermofluidic systems. The study of transport processes through solutions of the equations considers mostly simple materials in simple geometries to allow for analytical solutions. This accessible approach emphasizes the general understanding of Transport Phenomena, visualizes the interplay between the different branches of Thermofluids, and thus enhances the understanding of each field, as well as their interconnections. The material covers classical subjects such as Navier-Stokes-Fourier equations, wave propagation and diffusion, shocks and flames, and includes discussions of nonequilibrium interfaces and extended thermodynamics. Irreversible losses due to entropy generation are highlighted throughout, emphasizing the link to thermodynamics and energy systems. About 140 end-of-chapter problems of varied length and difficulty teach the required technical skills while giving further insight into the multitude of Transport Phenomena.

Mit Hilfe von Temperatur-Wärmeschaubildern ist die Nutzung von Abwärmepotenzialen veranschaulicht und entsprechende Schaltschemata werden vorgestellt. Die für eine Einbindung in Wärmenetze nötigen Abwärmepotenziale sind hinsichtlich ihrer Eintrittstemperatur in Relation zur Ein- und Austrittstemperatur klassifiziert. Als Bezugs-Szenario ist eine Abwärmenutzung nur mittels Wärmeübertrager betrachtet. Der Einsatz von Wärmepumpen ermöglicht eine größere Auskühlung der Abwärmequelle. Damit kann die Rohrleitung zwischen der Abwärmequelle und dem Wärmenetz geringer bemessen werden. Die resultierende Verringerung der Investitionskosten wird mit den zusätzlichen Kosten für die Wärmepumpe verglichen. Die Versorgungsverhältnisse der Wärmenetze sind als Wärmeleistung sowie Vorlauf- und Rücklauftemperatur in Abhängigkeit von der Außentemperatur beschrieben. Die Hauptkomponenten der Abwärmenutzung wie Rohrleitungen, Umwälzpumpen, Wärmeübertrager und Wärmepumpen sind vorgestellt. Mit Hilfe der Jahresdauerlinie für die Außentemperatur erfolgt eine energetische Bewertung der Prozesse. Für den Praktiker sind die Zusammenhänge bei der Abwärmenutzung mit den Komponenten Wärmeübergabe an das Wärmenetz und Wärmetransport von der Abwärmequelle zum Wärmenetz hinsichtlich der Bemessung auch des Teillastverhaltens erläutert. Eine überschlägige wirtschaftliche Bewertung hilft bei der Entscheidung in die Gestaltung der Abwärmenutzung.

This book aims at providing the reader with up-to-date knowledge about Tesla turbine features, mechanical design, and performance characteristics. A Tesla machine, in general, is characterised by the absence of rotating blades, therefore it is also called bladeless or boundary layer machine. In this book, suitable numerical approaches for the fluid-dynamic analysis are described, with practical examples related to physical prototypes designed, built and operated by the Authors. Interest in small scale turbines is growing mainly for energy efficiency and power recovery in a variety of applications. Considering small scales, conventional bladed turbines impose manufacturing limitations, lower performance and higher cost, which hinder their implementation. Tesla bladeless turbomachines are being re-discovered due to many advantages such as their simple design and ease of manufacturing with acceptable performance, especially for small-scale power generation and energy harvesting. To contribute to the spread of efficient and viable Tesla turbines (or expanders), this book presents holistic design guidelines to Tesla turbines, encompassing geometrical definition of Tesla rotor, of Tesla stator, of Tesla rotor-stator-casing assembly, providing practical correlations to take into account various loss mechanisms, and discussing the optimal design point definition for such type of century-aged but always young turbines.

This book highlights the latest advances in advanced insulating materials. Energy crisis and environmental pollution are two major themes currently faced by the human society. It is of unprecedented strategic importance to construct a strong smart grid with super/ultra-high voltage network as the backbone and clean energy transmission as the leading force. However, the performance of electrical equipment and devices is greatly determined by the properties of their insulating materials, especially when they have to work in extreme circumstances including high-temperature differences, intense radiation, and strong electric fields. The key advantage of polymers is that their properties could be adjusted by changing their chemical composition and molecular structure. Research on polymer insulating materials has been highly successful as progress has been made in characterizing these properties, designing molecular structures, and studying polymers'specialized properties. On the other hand, nanodielectrics are prepared by adding certain nanoscale fillers into a polymer matrix to yield better electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. When the particle pretreatment methods and the content or category of fillers are adjusted, nanodielectrics tend to have greater breakdown strength as well as better high-temperature resistance and space charge suppression. Therefore, this book covers investigations of properties of insulating materials that explore their interface effects and composite structures and introduces findings in methods that improve the performance of electrical devices. The book is not only used as a timely reference for engineering and technical personnel in related fields but also as a comprehensive textbook for college students.

This book offers a comprehensive collection of typical tasks from technical thermodynamics. It is ideal for preparing written and oral examinations at university. It contains 180 tasks that are solved in detail. Alternative solution strategies are often shown and discussed. The book is interesting for all engineering students who have to take an exam in thermodynamics. A problem-orientated approach is followed and a systematic method for solving the tasks is developed. Theoretical correlations and thermodynamic fundamentals are solved by means of concrete tasks. In addition to comprehension questions, the book contains numerous typical calculation problems. Here, too, the basics are summarised and solutions respectively solution strategies are discussed. These are conceived to provide students with strategies and tools to solve complex tasks. All these exercises should help to deepen the physical knowledge. The greater the technical competence, the more confidently one can face the exam! At best, the tasks will help you to have fun and enjoy thermodynamics! This book is a perfect complement to my textbook'Technical Thermodynamics for Engineers'.

This handbook systematically collects the latest scientific and technological knowledge on liquid metals obtained so far in this cutting edge frontier. Conventional materials such as metals, polymers, composites, ceramics and naturally derived matters, may not perform well when facing certain technological challenges. At around room temperature, most of such materials mainly stay at solid state and are often difficult to shape due to their high melting point. Meanwhile, although classical soft matters own good flexibility, their electrical conductivities including more behaviours appear not good enough which generally limited their utilizations. As a game-changing alternative, the room temperature liquid metal materials are quickly emerging as a new generation functional material which displayed many unconventional properties superior to traditional materials. Their outstanding versatile feature as “One material, diverse capabilities” is rather unique among existing materials and thus opens many exciting opportunities for scientific, technological and industrial developments. This handbook presents comprehensive reference information on liquid metal science and technology that are currently available. The major advancements as made before are collected and summarized. Representative liquid metal applications are illustrated. It helps readers obtain a comprehensive understanding of the technical progresses and fundamental discoveries in the frontier, and thus better explore and utilize liquid metal materials to address various challenging needs.

This book provides an innovative approach to learning dynamics of particles and rigid bodies, emphasizing a consistent problem-solving framework designed to help students understand the subject while building and reinforcing the mathematical tools needed to bridge the gap between physical intuition and quantitative results. The theoretical developments are supported by an extensive set of MATLAB codes that give the reader powerful tools for exploring and visualizing basic concepts. The book is aimed at engineering students at the sophomore level who have a background in calculus, linear algebra, and differential equations. Uses clear and consistent derivations of the basic concepts of dynamics and provides an extensive set of MATLAB codes Embraces direct vector notation from the start and presents a consistent numerical framework for solving nonlinear differential equations Simplifies one of the most difficult aspects of dynamics—relative motion—using a novel approach to kinematics

This book gives a step-by-step approach to the design of a cryogenic infrastructure required for superconducting, all-electric aircraft systems which is also partially applicable to liquid hydrogen fueled subsonic and hypersonic aircraft, as well as hybrids. While there is no shortage of publications on hydrogen fueled aircraft, this book puts the past journal literature through a magnifying glass and condenses it into an engineering strategy for the next steps to enable liquid hydrogen storage and distribution in aircraft. Emphasis is placed on tank design, manufacturability, safety features, and minimum tank weight, providing a holistic focus on the logistics of hydrogen management for all major components within the aircraft as well as on future superconducting motor architecture. The intention is to fully exploit the benefits of a liquid hydrogen reservoir without any need for additional cryogenic fluids, with relevance to cooling of various superconducting components e.g., motors and superconducting cables, as well as the heat sinking of power electronics and for fueling the fuel cell stack system. A liquid hydrogen tank hold-time analysis reveals the main governing factors and describes the required efforts for minimizing onboard boil off for aircraft designs with different flight mission duration. This is followed by an outlook showing where cryotankage technology and cryogenic aircraft architecture may move within the next 20 years embedded in a green hydrogen-based economy and how basic research will need to play a major role to help us realizing these future designs by consequently eliminating whitespace within today's technology landscape. This book is also an aircraft engineering resource on composites, hydrogen properties, general aircraft materials and safety.

This thesis advances our understanding of how thermal anisotropy can be exploited to extract work through a mechanism that is quite distinct from the classical Carnot heat engine. Anisotropy, the presence of thermal or chemical gradients, is ubiquitous in the real world and powers the cascade of processes that sustain life. The thesis quantifies, for the first time, the maximum amount of power and efficiency that a suitable mechanism (a Brownian gyrator) can achieve in such conditions. An important contribution at the center of the thesis is to lay out a geometric framework that brings out the importance of an isoperimetric problem to analyze and quantify optimal operation of thermodynamic engines that harvest energy when simultaneously in contact with several heat baths. Fundamental bounds are derived via isoperimetric inequalities which capture the trade-off between work and dissipation that accrue during thermodynamic cycles. A geometric theory that allows such insights is explained first – the theory of optimal mass transport – followed by rudiments of stochastic thermodynamics that allow for quantification of work and entropy production during finite-time thermodynamic transitions. The thesis further explores entropy production due to heat flowing between heat baths of different temperature through the system dynamics, and concludes with analysis as a proof-of-concept of an autonomous engine that harvests energy from a thermal gradient to continuously produce work in a stable limit cycle operation.

This book discusses heat transfer, which is an important topic in all physical phenomena that involve thermal energy transport. The focus is on the three major means of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. New materials, methods, and insights are presented that reflect the author's contributions in this area. After many years of experience in teaching and research, Dr. Wang has refined many useful analytic methods to treat thermo-fluid problems. Certain physical truths can only be revealed by analysis, and this book focuses on analytic means to solve heat transfer problems, rather than numerical and experimental methods. Although computer numerical solutions are becoming quite efficient, analytical solutions are still needed for numerical accuracy. This book is written in concise and understandable terms and is useful to practicing scientists and engineers and also serves as an ideal textbook for graduate students. For best results, readers should have completedundergraduate courses in differential equations, introductory heat transfer, and elementary fluid mechanics and should know how to use simple computer library functions such as integration and matrix inversion.

This book presents select proceedings of the fourth International Conference on Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering Research and Development (ICRAMERD 2023). The contents focus on latest research and current problems in various branches of mechanical engineering. Some of the topics discussed include fracture and failure analysis, fuels and alternative fuels, combustion and IC engines, advanced manufacturing technologies, powder metallurgy and rapid prototyping, industrial engineering and automation, vibrations and control engineering, automobile engineering, fluid mechanics and machines, heat transfer, composite materials, micro and nano-engineering for energy storage and conversion, and modeling and simulations. The book is useful for researchers and professionals in mechanical engineering.

Diese Buch beschreibt systematisch das Schweißbadverhalten beim Laser-Schweißen und dessen Einflussfaktoren aus Perspektiven der Prüftechnologie, theoretischen Berechnung und Prozesssimulationstechnologie, des physikalischen Zustandsverhaltens von Schweißbädern sowie der Auswirkungen technischer Bedingungen auf das Schweißbadverhalten. Das Buch umfasst umfangreiche Forschungsleistungen, die in China auf diesem Gebiet erzielt wurden, einige davon repräsentieren die neuesten Spitzenforschungen des Autorenteams. Diese neuesten Forschungsanstrengungen beziehen sich hauptsächlich auf das Schweißbadverhalten beim Zweistrahlen-Laserschweißen, das Laserschweißen mit Zusatzdrähten, das Vollpenetrations-Laserschweißen von sehr dicken Teilen und das Laserschweißen unter Vakuum- und Niederdruckbedingungen. Das Buch richtet sich an Bachelor- und Masterstudierende sowie Forscher, die sich für das Laser-Schweißen interessieren.

This book presents the fundamentals of thermodynamics and is designed to serve as a comprehensive textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate students. It caters to those who seek a deeper understanding of how irreversibility impacts thermodynamic processes between equilibrium states. Additionally, it aims to provide a thorough grasp of the underlying physical mechanisms governing the macroscopic behavior of multiphase and multicomponent systems, both in equilibrium and non-equilibrium states.

This book comprises the proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Fluid, Thermal and Energy Systems. The contents of this book focus on phase change heat transfer, advanced energy systems, separated flows, turbulence and multi-phase modeling, computational fluid flow and heat transfer, thermal energy storage systems, integrated energy systems, nuclear thermal hydraulics, heat transfer in nanofluids, etc. This book serves as a useful reference to researchers, academicians, and students interested in the broad field of thermo-fluid science and engineering.

This new edition retains its class-tested explanation of the physics of phase transformation and associated constraints from a metallurgical/materials science point of view, and adds an enhanced treatment of the underlying theoretical concepts with greater clarification. The new edition continues its examination of crystallography, mass transport by diffusion, thermodynamics, heat transfer and related temperature gradients, thermal deformation, and even fracture mechanics. The work presented emphasizes solidification and related analytical models based on heat transfer. This corresponds with the most fundamental physical event of continuous evolution of latent heat of fusion for directional or non-directional liquid-to-solid phase transformation at a specific interface with a certain geometrical shape, such as planar or curved front. Dr. Perez introduces mathematical and engineering approximation schemes for describing the phase transformation, mainly during solidification of pure metals and alloys. Giving clear definitions and explanations of theoretical concepts and full detail of derivation of formulae, this interdisciplinary volume is ideal for graduate and upper-level undergraduate students in applied science, and professionals in the metal making and surface reconstruction industries.

This book discusses major topics and problems in finite element methods. It is targeted to graduate students and researchers in applied mathematics, physics, and engineering, wishing to learn and familiarize themselves with finite element theory. The book describes the nodal method for squares or rectangles and triangles, as well as an increase of the error between exact solution and approximate solution. It discusses an approximation of positive symmetric first-order systems in the Friedrichs sense by finite element methods. In addition, the book also explains the continuous and discontinuous approximation methods, adapted to the structure of the transport equation, leading to linear systems of quasi-explicit resolution, and therefore commonly used in practice.

The 2nd International Conference on Futuristic Advancements in Materials, Manufacturing and Thermal Sciences (ICFAMMT-2024) was jointly organized by the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institute of Infrastructure, Technology, Research and Management (IITRAM), Ahmedabad, India, and the Space Society of Mechanical Engineers (SSME), Space Applications Centre, ISRO, Ahmedabad. This conference aims to provide splendid opportunities for academicians, researchers, industrial persons, and young scientists to address new challenges and discuss futuristic advancements in materials, manufacturing, and thermal sciences. This book includes select peer-reviewed proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Futuristic Advancements in Materials, Manufacturing and Thermal Sciences (ICFAMMT 2024). The contents of this book provide an overview of the latest research in the area of thermal and fluid sciences such as computational and numerical methods in fluid flow and heat transfer, advanced energy systems, battery thermal management system, technologies for space, and aerospace applications, supersonic combustion, two-phase/multiphase flows, measurement and instrumentation for fluid flow and transport properties, micro/nano-scale fluid flow and heat transfer. The book is useful for researchers and professionals working in the field of thermal and fluid sciences.

This comprehensive collection of problems contains questions from energy and thermal engineering practice as well as from existing exercises and examinations. The solutions are very detailed and therefore comprehensible. Since the structure of the book is based on that of the textbook'Fundamentals of Technical Thermodynamics', students can work through the contents in depth and check their learning success. In the present 2nd edition, extensions and additions have been made for a better understanding of the solution paths. Numerous checkboxes and exercises with solutions have been added. In addition, the extended introduction deals with the nature of entropy and draws attention to the benefits of thermodynamics.

Globale Wirtschaft, Wohlstandgrundsätze wie Hauswärme und Mobilität werden in Politik und Medien zunehmend und meist radikal auf dem Altar der Klimarettung geopfert. Vorbei an Physik, Thermodynamik, und technische Vielfalt, werden jeweils monopolartige, universelle Lösungen dekretiert: Automobilantriebe nur noch elektrisch, rückwärtslaufende, luftsaugende'Wohnungs-Kühlschränke'als Heizofen, Strom für die große und kleine, sehr vielfältige Industrie nur noch aus Windrädern und Solarpaneelen, obwohl ihr Beitrag seit Jahrzehnten nahezu vernachlässigbar bleibt.Dieses Buch entzaubert, auf Basis nachvollziehbarer Zusammenhänge aus Physik und Thermodynamik, solche gefährlichen Klima-Märchen. Wind und Sonne sind gut, aber bei weitem nicht genug. Das Buch beschreibt vielfältige, klimagerechte Kraftstoffe aus Pflanzenresten, Algen, Altölen und Fetten, es beschreibt'grünen'Wasserstoff als Speicher- oder als Zwischenspeichermedium. Es beschreibt aber auch überraschende, unerwartete Energieszenarien, die aus Verkettung sonst üblichen thermischen Maschinen zustande kommen: ein Düsenjet-Strahltriebwerk kombiniert mit einem Dampf-Kraftwerk, ein Panzer mit Dieselmotor als mobiles Heiz- und Kraftwerk?

​Dieses essential beschreibt zwei der wichtigsten physikalischen Begriffe, die Energie und die Entropie. Die innere und die äußere Energie von Materie und Feldern wird definiert und an Beispielen erläutert. Die Energie kann in vielerlei Formen existieren, die zum Teil ineinander umgewandelt werden können. Ob das möglich ist oder nicht, das beschreiben der Zweite Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik und die Entropie. Diese kann auf zweierlei Weise definiert werden, auf thermodynamischer und auf statistischer Grundlage. Der weitgehend geheimnisvolle Begriff der Entropie wird erläutert und seine Missdeutungen werden beschrieben.

This second volume of the textbook Hydraulic and Thermal Machines focuses on thermal machines. It covers the fundamentals of heat transfer and thermodynamics for reacting and non-reacting mixtures, and compressible fluids, followed by the principles of design, control and operation of thermal machines. With an uncomplicated yet rigorous approach, and using numerous examples, the book gradually guides readers through different kind of fluid machines/systems such as compressors, turbines, vapor and gas turbine power plants, internal combustion engines, and hybrid systems, discussing important issues for their application in propulsion. Furthermore, the book covers reversed cycle systems, with a special attention to air conditioning.

This book covers the classical areas of technical thermodynamics: The first part deals with the basic equations for energy conversion and idealized fluids. The second part deals with real fluids, which can be subject to a phase change, for example. Furthermore, thermodynamic mixtures of fluids are considered, e.g., humid air and gas mixtures. In the last part of the book, combustion processes and chemical reactions are presented and thermodynamically balanced. In each chapter, there are examples and exercises to deepen the theoretical knowledge. In this third edition of the textbook, a chapter on thermodynamics of mixtures has been added. This includes both gas and liquid mixtures, which are considered ideal and real. Equilibrium conditions and state functions are derived step by step and discussed using the example of binary mixtures. The book is aimed at students of mechanical engineering and professional engineers.

This textbook can be used for the first required course in fluid mechanics. It can be used in any curriculum: mechanical, civil, chemical, aerospace, or a general required course for all engineers. The course can be taught using the more conventional elemental approach for pipe flow, channel flow, and flow between cylinders. This textbook adopts a judicious approach, minimizing mathematical intricacies to ensure that the book is accessible for all students. The text has been designed to allow students to better understand the fundamentals, aided by numerous examples and home problems. Students often find it quite difficult to understand many concepts encountered in fluid mechanics, such as laminar flow, the entrance region, the separated region, and turbulence. The book ensures that these concepts are presented correctly and in an easy-to-understand format. To mention a few, the turbulent entrance region is only for large Reynolds numbers although not many texts mention this, the separated region and the wake are often confused, and laminar flow and turbulent flow definitions usually lack clarity. This book elucidates derivations and phenomena in a manner that renders them comparably more comprehensible than those presented in other textbooks. This book uses a student-friendly format to ensure easy understanding.

The book presents select proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanical Engineering (INCOME 2023). It presents the topics related to thermal and fluid mechanics including various sources of energy. The topics covered include theoretical and practical aspects of thermal and fluid systems and thermal design of the related equipment. The book also includes latest topics such as solar energy, computational techniques, enhancement of energy storage capacity, fluid solid interaction, and hybrid energy systems. The book is a valuable reference for beginners, researchers, and professionals interested in research, design, and development in thermal and fluid sciences.

This book presents select proceedings of the International Conference on Recent Advances in Industrial and Systems Engineering (RAISE 2023). It covers the latest research in the areas of industrial and systems engineering, including manufacturing, supply chain digitalization, resilience, and sustainability. Various topics covered in this book are additive manufacturing, artificial intelligence, modeling and simulation, production planning and management, digital manufacturing, and many more. This book is useful for researchers and professionals working in the areas of industrial and production engineering, supply chain management, quality control, and allied fields.

Global economy, principles of prosperity such as home heating and mobility are increasingly and often radically sacrificed on the altar of climate salvation in politics and media. Ignoring physics, thermodynamics, and technical diversity, monopolistic, universal solutions are decreed: automobile drives exclusively electric, reverse-running, air-sucking'household refrigerators'as heaters, electricity for the large and small, highly diverse industry solely from wind turbines and solar panels, even though their contribution has remained nearly negligible for decades. This book demystifies such dangerous climate myths based on understandable principles from physics and thermodynamics. Wind and sun are good, but by far not enough. The book describes diverse, climate-friendly fuels from plant residues, algae, used oils, and fats. It discusses'green'hydrogen as a storage or intermediate storage medium. It also describes surprising, unexpected energy scenarios that arise from the interconnection of conventional thermal machines: a jet engine combined with a steam power plant, a tank with a diesel engine as a mobile heating and power plant?

This comprehensive textbook covers engineering thermodynamics from beginner to advanced level. The presentation is concise, with material for about three full-term university courses on 700 pages, without compromising breadth or depth. First and second law of thermodynamics are developed from everyday observations with accessible and rational arguments. The laws of thermodynamics are applied to a multitude of systems and processes, from simple equilibration processes, over steam and gas power cycles, refrigerators and heat pumps, to chemical systems including fuel cells. Entropy and the second law are emphasized throughout, with focus on irreversible processes and work loss. Insightful development of theory is accompanied by detailed solutions of example problems, which teach the required technical skills while giving insight into the multitude of thermodynamic processes and applications. About 550 end-of-chapter problems highlight all important concepts and processes.

Der hier vorliegende zweite Band des dreiteiligen Standardwerks zur Energiegewinnung aus Biomasse widmet sich der thermo-chemischen Konversion fester organischer Stoffe.Damit beinhaltet dieser Band die Grundlagen zu den biogenen Festbrennstoffen und deren Eigenschaften sowie eine systematische Übersicht zu den Verfahren der thermo-chemischen Umwandlung inklusive direkter thermo-chemischer Umwandlung auf Basis rezenter Biomasse. Ebenfalls dargestellt werden die Gaserzeugung, die Pyrolyse, die hydrothermalen Verfahren und mögliche Synthesen zur Weiterverarbeitung.Die Ressourcen und deren Bereitstellung sowie die Prozesse der bio-chemischen sowie der physikalisch-chemischen Konversion sind in den beiden anderen Bänden der Reihe „Energie aus Biomasse“ beschrieben.Die drei Bücher dieser Reihe bieten einen umfassenden Überblick der biologischen, physikalischen und chemischen sowie technischen Grundlagen einer Energiegewinnung aus Biomasse. Auch stellen sie den aktuellen Stand der jeweiligen Anlagentechnik bzw. der entsprechenden Konversionsverfahren dar. Den Herausgebern ist es gelungen, unter Mitarbeit einer Vielzahl kompetenter Fachleute aus dem deutschsprachigen Raum ein umfassendes Werk mit allen wesentlichen Möglichkeiten einer Energiegewinnung aus organischen Stoffen zu erarbeiten.

This second edition presents an enriched and expanded exploration of the fundamental principles of thermodynamics tailored for graduate-level studies. Drawing on over three decades of academic teaching experience, the author has refined the content, making it more accessible and comprehensive. Chapter 1 has been restructured for clarity, delineating'Legendre Transformation'and'Thermodynamic Potentials'into separate sections, while the treatment of'Chemical Potentials'has been significantly augmented, encompassing two-component ideal gas mixtures and a re-derivation of chemical potentials for dilute solutions. Additionally, the section on thermodynamic stability now boasts enhanced explanations and illustrative figures. Chapter 2 introduces a groundbreaking section,'Electrolyte Solution in Electric Field as a Non-Uniform System,'providing fresh insights into unexplored realms. Chapter 3, now enriched with several new sections, delves into topics such as'Contact Angles on Heterogeneous Surfaces and Rough Surfaces,''Elastic Liquid-Fluid Interface,''Curvature Effect on Surface Tension,''Solute Effect on Equilibrium Pressure,'and'Heterogeneous Bubble Nucleation in a Dilute Solution.'Chapter 4 features new elucidations and discussions aimed at bolstering comprehension, while the entirely new Chapter 5 offers solutions to selected homework and exam questions, adding a practical dimension to the theoretical framework. This edition, encompassing approximately 50% new content, expands the book by 131 pages, rendering it an even more invaluable resource for professors instructing advanced thermodynamics and graduate students delving into this intricate subject matter.

The book focuses primarily on experimental and analytical methods developed over many years to characterize the deformation and fracture of brittle materials under dynamic loading conditions. The dynamic response of brittle materials is highly nonlinear and complex, with practical applications ranging from explosive excavation of rocks to the design of ceramic armor and the protection of spacecraft windows from meteor impacts. It provides a comprehensive exploration of the challenges and methodologies involved in impact experiments and computational modeling of brittle solids under shock and impact loading, making it essential reading for those seeking realistic solutions to blast and ballistic problems. For example, the book emphasizes the significance of validating numerical code solutions through simulations. This involves understanding and evaluating the impact of various factors such as appropriate boundary conditions, high-resolution finite element meshes, solution time steps, contact algorithms, interface modeling, artificial viscosity, erosion of elements, particle conversion, and model parameters on the accuracy of solutions. It selectively presents examples of modeling and simulations of ballistic problems drawn from the open literature. While numerous articles on the book's topic exist in the literature, this volume integrates key aspects of high strain rate impact experiments, modeling, and simulations of brittle failure in ceramics, rocks, oil shale, and cementitious materials across various stress and strain states. To the best of the authors'knowledge, no other compilation covers such a wide array of experimental techniques used in this field, particularly for ceramics, yet adaptable for other heterogeneous brittle solids. Despite the extensive literature on this subject, most impact experimental configurations have been limited to specific geometries and have not encompassed the broad range of techniques necessary to characterize and validate constitutive behaviors used in modern numerical codes. Many researchers and engineers are often unaware of the specialized experiments and models presented in international conference proceedings or technical presentations. This book addresses that gap by encompassing a broader range of unique impact experiments, constitutive and damage modeling, and computational simulations not found in any existing publication.

This new edition offers expanded coverage of fractional calculus, including Riemann–Liouville fractional integrals, Riemann–Liouville and Caputo fractional derivatives, Riesz fractional operators, and Mittag-Leffler and Wright functions. Additionally, it provides a comprehensive examination of fractional heat conduction and related theories of thermoelasticity. Readers will gain insights into the concepts of time and space nonlocality and their impact on the generalizations of Fourier's law in thermoelasticity. This edition presents a detailed formulation of the problem of heat conduction in different domains and the associated thermal stresses, covering topics such as the fundamental solution to the Dirichlet problem, constant boundary conditions for temperature, and the fundamental solution to the physical Neumann problem. New insights into time-harmonic heat impact on the boundary have also been added. Cracks in the framework of fractional thermoelasticity are also considered.

This book explores the opportunities and challenges of hydrogen transport through different carriers (i.e., liquefied hydrogen, ammonia, toluene, and dibenzyltoluene). Each value chain analyzed includes: renewable H2 conversion to the carrier, storage of the hydrogenated carrier, its seaborne transport, reconversion of the carrier to produce H2 and hydrogen distribution. The conversion and reconversion processes are the cost drivers of the whole value chain. These stages are investigated through an in-depth techno-economic assessment, to highlight the critical issues and the need for further investigation (low TRL). The alternatives are examined considering: different H2 applications (industrial and mobility sector); different costs of utilities (present and future scenarios); and different distances from the loading to the unloading terminal. All these scenarios are discussed and compared by means of the levelized cost method, to understand which is the most cost-effective choice for each case study. As a result, H2 application to the industrial sector shows the lowest costs, with ammonia being the best alternative for transporting and storing hydrogen in this case. Liquefied hydrogen is the most expensive H2 carrier for the industrial application, as a consequence of the high liquefaction costs while holding promises for the mobility sector.

This book presents the select proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Recent Advancements of Mechanical Engineering (ICRAME 2022), which was held during 4th to 6th February 2021 at National Institute of Technology Silchar. The book entails the recent developments in different fields of mechanical engineering. The topics covered in this book include thermal engineering, design engineering, production and industrial engineering and surface engineering. The book will be useful for researchers and professionals working in the various fields of mechanical engineering.

This new proceedings discusses developments in air, gas and refrigeration compressors, vacuum pumps, and expanders. It is the 13th edition of the International Conference on Compressors and their Systems, a three-day conference organised by the Centre for Compressors Technology at City, University of London in collaboration with, among other, the MEchE, IIR, and IOR.The conference offers a platform to identify current challenges in the field and provide the essential content and direction to shape future research. The International Conference on Compressors and their Systems series began in 1999 as a result of industrial consultation and a need for academic collaboration. Initially, the conference was organised by the Fluid Machinery Group of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE) with the support of Holroyd. From 2009, the Centre for Compressor Technology at City, University of London took over its management and the conference is now one of the main conventions,taking place biennially in the UK, becoming world-renowned for its place in industry and academia to gather and discuss a broad range of topical issues related to compressors and compression systems.This year's conference has the theme'Compressors and Expanders in Future Energy Systems” and will be of interest to researchers and engineers in industry.

This book presents the select proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Recent Advancements in Mechanical Engineering (ICRAME 2024). Various topics covered in this book are thermal engineering, design engineering, manufacturing/production engineering, engineering design, novel materials for thin film solar cells, solar thermal, hydrogen, cryogenic applications, renewable energy, conventional and non-conventional machining, ergonomics, and many more. The book is useful for researchers and professionals working in the various areas of mechanical engineering.

This book reports on cutting-edge applied research and methods in the area of heat and mass transfer and computational fluid dynamics. With a special emphasis on computational methods, it covers applications to different fields, including mechanical engineering, aerospace, and energy, among others. Some relevant experimental validations are described as well. Being the second volume of the two-volume proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computational Heat and Mass Transfer, ICCHMT 2023, held on September 4-8, 2023, in Düsseldorf, Germany, this book offers a timely perspective of research and applications in the field of computational heat and mass transfer. It also provides both academics and professionals with extensive information and a source of inspiration for new developments and collaborations.

This book covers all aspects of composite materials processing and manufacturing using microwave heating technology and their applications in various industrial processes. Depending in the processing and material used, the composites are divided into three major segments: Metal matrix composites (MMCS), ceramics composites (CMCS), and polymer matrix composites (PMCS), respectively. During the manufacturing process of these composite materials, conventional heating technologies are used in which the heat is transferred from the electrical resistance coils to the material via conventional modes of heat transfer. Issues like non-uniform temperature distribution, poor curing efficiency, generation of the in-process scrap, long process cycle, high energy consumption and cost make traditional manufacturing route a difficult choice to select. Recently, microwave-assisted heating has emerged as a promising route for the fabrication of composites as a cost-effective environmentally sustainablemanufacturing process that yields improved mechanical properties which is the main topic of this book. It looks into the mechanism, salient features, and important aspects of microwave heating and their interaction with different composites materials. It also presents other manufacturing processes of various composites using microwave heating during casting, drilling, recycling, sintering, material joining, surface engineering. This book will appeal to students, researchers and scientists working in the area of composite materials processing and manufacturing.

This book leads the reader from the well-established wave description of polaritons to their particle description to quantify the polariton contribution to the heat transport along polar and metallic nanofilms, nanowires, and cavities. Over the last few decades, the surface electromagnetic waves propagating along the interface of metals (plasmon polaritons) and polar dielectrics (phonon polaritons) have been widely studied to generate and guide energy currents. And while the optical generation of these polaritons at a given frequency is well known and exploited nowadays, their thermal excitation and propagation in a broad frequency spectrum, explored in detail in this volume, have only more recently been emerging as an effective way to enhance conductive and radiative heat currents. Written by the foremost experts and researchers in nanoscale heat transport, this book consolidates in a single comprehensive view, the findings on surface electromagnetic waves as the 4th heat carriers, besides phonons, photons, and electrons.

This book presents select proceedings of the 2nd Biennial International Symposium on Fluids and Thermal Engineering (FLUTE 2023). It covers latest research trends in the areas of production engineering and technology such as sustainable manufacturing processes, rapid prototyping, process planning, production scheduling, manufacturing management and automation, metrology, optimization methods for production processes, developments in casting, welding, machining, materials and machine tools. The contents of this book are useful for researchers and professionals working in the areas of manufacturing and materials engineering.

This book provides a clear and concise understanding of the principles and applications of HVACR using a rigorous, yet, easy to follow presentation. The coverage is broad, including relevant support areas such as fluid mechanics, heat transfer, thermodynamics, psychrometrics, with specific applications to HVACR design and calculations, and main topics such as air conditioning processes, cooling / heating load calculations, refrigeration cycles, and HVACR equipment and systems. The book integrates and illustrates the use of data and information from ASHRAE Handbooks and Standards in step-by-step calculations of cooling and heating loads and other aspects of HVACR. Elucidation of the principles is further reinforced by examples and practice problems with detailed solutions. Firmly grounded in the fundamentals, the book maximizes readers'capacity to take on new problems and challenges in the field of HVACR with confidence and conviction. Providing a ready reference and review of essential principles and their applications in HVACR, the book is ideal for HVACR practitioners, undergraduate engineering students, and those specializing in HVACR, as well as for practicing engineers preparing for the engineering license exams (FE and PE) in USA and abroad. The book uses both Inch-Pound (I-P) and S I systems of units to facilitate global readership and use.

This textbook presents the classical topics of conduction heat transfer and extends the coverage to include chapters on perturbation methods, heat transfer in living tissue, numerical solutions using MATLAB®, and microscale conduction. This makes the book unique among the many published textbooks on conduction heat transfer. Other noteworthy features of the book are: The material is organized to provide students with the tools to model, analyze, and solve a wide range of engineering applications involving conduction heat transfer.Mathematical techniques and numerical solvers are explained in a clear and simplified fashion to be used as instruments in obtaining solutions.The simplicity of one-dimensional conduction is used to drill students in the role of boundary conditions and to explore a variety of physical conditions that are of practical interest.Examples are carefully selected to illustrate the application of principles andconstruction of solutions.Students are trained to follow a systematic problem-solving methodology with emphasis on thought process, logic, reasoning, and verification. Solutions to all examples and end-of-chapter problems follow an orderly problem-solving approach.An extensive solution manual for verifiable course instructors can be provided on request. Please send your request to heattextbook@gmail.com

This textbook can be used for the second required course in fluid mechanics. It can be used for the mechanical engineering or civil engineering programs. This book reviews the more conventional elemental approach for pipe flow, channel flow, and flow between cylinders. It discusses the derivation and application of the Navier-Stokes equations to several flow situations. The content presented in this book is especially designed for civil engineering students, with detailed text on open channel flow, piping systems, turbomachinery, and for mechanical engineering students, with detailed text on the potential flow, external flows including boundary-layer theory and compressible flow. The text is designed to allow students to better understand each topic, aided by numerous examples and home problems. Students often find it quite difficult to understand many concepts encountered in fluid mechanics, such as laminar flow, the entrance region, the separated region, and turbulence. The book ensures that these concepts are presented correctly and in an easy-to-understand format. This book also presents all derivations and phenomena in such a way that they are more easily understood when compared with the presentations of other textbooks.

Thermal Sciences may be used in some curricula with two required courses, and in others with only one thermal science course. This text is written so it can be used in either the two-semester sequence of Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics or in the course that also introduces Heat Transfer. Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics texts have increased in length over the years so that now they each may contain 1000 pages. Much of that material is never used in the classroom and much of it tends to confuse the students with material that is not significant to the subject at hand. We have attempted to elimi­nate much of that material, especially the material that is most often reserved for an advanced course.The Thermodynamics Part includes more material than can be covered in a one-semester course; this allows for selected mate­rial on power and refrigeration cy­cles, psychrometrics, and combustion. The Fluid Mechanics Part also contains more material than can be covered in aone-semester course allowing potential flows, boundary layers, or compressible flow to be included. The heat transfer material that is included in various chapters can be in­serted, if desired, as it is encountered in the text. A one-semester service course for non-mechanical engineers may be organized with selected sections from both the Thermodynamics Part and the Fluid Mechanics Part. Thermodynamics is presented in chapters 1 through 9, fluid mechanics in Chapters 10 through 17, and the introductory material of heat transfer is included in Sections 3.6, 4.11, and 16.6.6. All the material is presented so that students can follow the derivations with relative ease; reference is made to figures and previous equations using an easy-to-follow style of presentation. Numerous examples then illustrate all the basic principles of the text. Problems at the end of each chapter then allow for application of those principles to numerous situations encountered in real life. The problems at the end of each chapter begin with a set of multiple-choice-type questions that are typical of the questions encountered on the Fundamentals of Engineering Exam (the exam usually taken at the end of the senior year to begin the process of licensure) and the Graduate Record Exam/Engineering. Those questions are fol­lowed with problems, often grouped according to topics and ordered by level of difficulty, which illustrate the principles presented in the text material. Answers to selected problems are included at the end of the text.

This book pioneers the exploration of hybrid-energy cutting for aerospace alloys, summarizing cutting-edge research on laser-assisted, ultrasonic vibration-assisted, electrical-assisted, and hybrid-energies-assisted cutting. It also covers enhanced heat transfer in cutting processes, proposing novel technologies for achieving geometric precision and surface integrity at low costs. The book delves into multi-energy fields interaction mechanisms, material removal, tool wear, and cutting performance of aerospace alloys, alongside green and high-efficient cooling technologies. Targeting researchers, scientists, engineers, and professionals in aerospace, materials science, mechanical engineering, and manufacturing, this advanced-level resource assumes a solid background in engineering and materials science. It provides detailed discussions on theoretical aspects and practical applications of hybrid-energy cutting techniques. This book is a valuable reference for advanced researchers and practitioners in aerospace alloys cutting. It provides a comprehensive exploration of hybrid-energy technologies, detailed insights into mechanisms and performance, and a focus on sustainable and cost-effective cutting solutions.

This textbook describes the fundamentals of the phenomena of fluid dynamics in the context of engineering instances. It is designed to replace introductory books and notes on the subject for first-level engineering courses as well as higher-level courses or for professional use. The use of this book requires the basic knowledge of mathematics and physics normally delivered in the early years of undergraduate study. However, the extensive use of examples and solved exercises proposes a parallel intuitive route to understanding the necessary mathematical formalisms. It proves that a new fluid dynamics text should not contain new ideas or formalisms, but should present the material in a modern and intuitive way. The approach chosen is primarily practical, so that that readers can practice by solving the proposed problems and examples in order to be prepared to solve the new problems they will encounter in their academic and professional activities. It serves as a teaching tool for courses in basic fluid dynamics, advanced fluid dynamics, turbulence, and aerodynamics.

This book presents peer reviewed articles from The XII All Russian Scientific Conference on Current issues of Continuum Mechanics and Celestial Mechanics (XII CICMCM), held on 15-17 November 2023, at Toms in, Russia. It summarizes the latest studies on shock and explosive loading of promising materials, including functionally graded materials, porous materials, multilayer ceramic structures, advanced materials and etc. It provides a platform for researchers (and professionals) to exchange ideas and present the latest findings in these important and growing areas of applied physics and engineering.

Interfacial phenomena play a crucial role in various industrial processes and daily operations. These phenomena are related to the formation of emulsions and foams, adsorption on solid and fluid interfaces, wettability alteration, and others that strongly impact the quality and cost of products and processes. Understanding the interfacial phenomena encompasses inexorably the description of surface thermodynamics and the assessment of thermodynamic properties. The book Fundamentals of Surface Thermodynamics introduces the basics of the thermodynamics of interface from a perspective of chemical engineering thermodynamics and surface chemistry. It provides insights into real-life phenomena, emphasizing the practical significance of abstract properties routinely dealt with by scientists and engineers. The book is tailored for both graduate and undergraduate courses in chemistry and engineering schools. The book content is particularly beneficial for industry professionals involved in oil & gas, fluid transportation, nanotechnology, and other operations with multiphase complex systems, where the process effectiveness is affected by interfacial phenomena.The Fundamentals of Surface Thermodynamics brings a comprehensive description of colloidal science, ranging from conventional surfactant applications to responsive systems and nanomaterials applied to life science. The author invites the reader on a journey into the fascinating world where small-dimension entities breathe. The book aims to inspire students and professionals to delve deep into the intricacies of interface thermodynamics, thereby contributing to supporting education activities and enabling industrial solutions.