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This volume comprises a selection of the best papers presented at the Eighth International Symposium on Applications of Laser Techniques to Fluid Mechanics, held in Lisbon in July 1996.The papers describe novel ideas for instrumentation, instrumentation developments, results of measurements of wall-bounded flows, free flows and flames and flow and combustion in engines. The papers demonstrate the continuing interest in the development of an understanding of new methodologies and implementation in terms of new instrumentation.

Hybrid modelling of turbulent flows, combining RANS and LES techniques, has received increasing attention over the past decade to fill the gap between (U)RANS and LES computations in aerodynamic applications at industrially relevant Reynolds numbers. With the advantage of hybrid RANS-LES modelling approaches, being considerably more computationally efficient than full LES and more accurate than (U)RANS, particularly for unsteady aerodynamic flows, has motivated numerous research and development activities. These activities have been increasingly stimulated by the provision of modern computing facilities. The present book contains the contributions presented at the Third Symposium on Hybrid RANS-LES Methods, held in Gdansk, Poland, 10-12 June 2009. To a certain extent, this conference was a continuation of the first symposium taking place in Stockholm (Sweden, 2005) and the second in Corfu (Greece, 2007). Motivated by the extensive interest in the research community, the papers presented at the Corfu symposium were published by Springer in the book entitled “Advances in Hybrid RANS-LES Modelling” (in Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, Vol. 97). At the Gdansk symposium, along with four invited keynotes, given respectively by S. Fu, U. Michel, M. Sillen and P. Spalart, another 28 papers were presented on the following topics: Unsteady RANS, LES, Improved DES Methods, Hybrid RANS-LES Methods, DES versus URANS and other Hybrid Methods, Modelli- related Numerical Issues and Industrial Applications. After the symposium all full papers have been further reviewed and revised for publication in the present book.

The interest in the field of active flow control (AFC) is steadily increasing. In - cent years the number of conferences and special sessions devoted to AFC org- ized by various institutions around the world continuously rises. New advanced courses for AFC are offered by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Ast- nautics (AIAA), the European Research Community on Flow, Turbulence and Combustion (ERCOFTAC), the International Centre for Mechanical Sciences (CISM), the von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics (VKI), to name just a few. New books on AFC are published by prominent colleagues of our field and even a new periodical, the ‘International Journal of Flow Control', appeared. Despite these many activities in AFC it was felt that a follow-up of the highly successful ‘ACTIVE FLOW CONTROL'Conference held in Berlin in 2006 was appropriate. As in 2006, ‘ACTIVE FLOW CONTROL II'consisted only of invited lectures. To sti- late multidisciplinary discussions between experimental, theoretical and numerical fluid dynamics, aerodynamics, turbomachinary, mathematics, control engineering, metrology and computer science parallel sessions were excluded. Unfortunately, not all of the presented papers made it into this volume. As the preparation and printing of a book takes time and as this volume should be available at the conf- ence, the Local Organizing Committee had to set up a very ambitious time sch- ule which could not be met by all contributors.

Turbulence modelling has long been, and will remain, one of the most important t- ics in turbulence research, challenging scientists and engineers in the academic world and in the industrial society. Over the past decade, Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) and other hybrid RANS-LES methods have received increasing attention from the turbulence-research community, as well as from industrial CFD engineers. Indeed, as an engineering modelling approach, hybrid RANS-LES methods have acquired a remarkable profile in modelling turbulent flows of industrial interest in relation to, for example, transportation, energy production and the environment. The advantage exploited with hybrid RANS-LES modelling approaches, being - tentially more computationally efficient than LES and more accurate than (unsteady) RANS, has motivated numerous research and development activities. These activities, together with industrial applications, have been further facilitated over the recent years by the rapid development of modern computing resources. As a European initiative, the EU project DESider (Detached Eddy Simulation for Industrial Aerodynamics, 2004-2007), has been one of the earliest and most systematic international R&D effort with its focus on development, improvement and applications of a variety of existing and new hybrid RANS-LES modelling approaches, as well as on related numerical issues. In association with the DESider project, two subsequent international symposia on hybrid RANS-LES methods have been arranged in Stockholm (Sweden, 2005) and in Corfu (Greece, 2007), respectively. The present book is a result of the Second Symposium on Hybrid RANS-LES Methods, held in Corfu, Greece, 17-18 June 2007.

Current interest in a variety of low Reynolds number applications has focused attention on the design and evaluation of efficient airfoil sections at chord Reynolds numbers from about 100,000 to about 1,000,000. These applications include remotely piloted vehicles (RPVs) at high altitudes, sailplanes, ultra-light man-carrying/man powered aircraft, mini-RPVs at low altitudes and wind turbines/propellers. The purpose of this conference was to bring together those researchers who have been active in areas closely related to this subject. All of the papers presented are research type papers. Main topics are: Airfoil Design and Analysis, Computational Studies, Stability and Transition, Laminar Separation Bubble, Steady and Unsteady Wind Tunnel Experiments and Flight Experiments.

This volume contains 20 papers presented at the Sixth International Nobeyama Workshop on the New Century of Computational Fluid Dynamics, Nobeyama, Japan, April 21-24, 2003. The Nobeyama Workshop focuses on predicting the next one hundred years of development of Fluid Dynamics, accounting for the current status and future trends of high performance computation and communication. The papers cover computational electromagnetics, astrophysical topics, CFD research and applications in general, large-eddy simulation, vortical flows, mesh generation topics, visualization, DNA computing, multidisciplinary simulation and optimisation, as well as algorithmic developments. The Workshops are known for the informal and concentrated atmosphere of in-depth discussion thanks to all the efforts of Prof. Kunio Kuwahara at ISAS, Japan. In celebration of his 60th birthday, this workshop was dedicated to him.

The glass transition is well known to glass makers or from the common ex­ perience of drying a used chewing gum. A liquid melt or a rubber becomes a solid glass when its temperature is lowered or a solvent is extracted without crystallization. There are also dynamic effects. The viscosity of a liquid is small at high temperatures but increases dramatically as cooling proceeds down to the glass temperature T • The increase is continuous and amounts g to about fifteen orders of magnitude! The technical importance of the glass transition cannot be overestimated. A few examples will be presented in the Introduction. Most practical knowledge of the glass transition needed for glass or plastic technologies and applications is now readily available. Where then is the problem? Inthe last few years, glass transition research has enormously intensified. We now have several hundred papers a year in expensive, top scientific journals. In a 1995 Science magazine ranking, the glass transition belongs to the six major physical quests, along with broken charges, physical input for low-dimensional geometry, measurement philoso­ phy in quantum mechanics, coherent X-ray radiation for materials research, and applications of superconductivity. On the other hand, interested people outside the glass transition community have difficulty seeing exactly what the glass transition problems are. Inaddition, even insiders split into groups over which question could be the most important for slow dynamics in cold liquids.

Non-linear behaviour of water waves has recently drawn much attention of scientists and engineers in the fields of oceanography, applied mathematics, coastal engineering, ocean engineering, naval architecture, and others. The IUTAM Symposium on Non-linear Water Waves was organized with the aim of bringing together researchers who are actively studying non-linear water waves from various viewpoints. The papers contained in this book are related to the generation and deformation of non-linear water waves and the non-linear interaction between waves and bodies. That is, various types of non-linear water waves were analyzed on the basis of various well-known equations, experimental studies on breaking waves were presented, and numerical studies of calculating second-order non-linear wave-body interaction were proposed.

This volume contains six keynote lectures and 44 contributed papers of the TI 2009 conference that was held in Saint-Luce, La Martinique, May 31-June 5, 2009. These lectures address the latest developments in direct numerical simulations, large eddy simulations, compressible turbulence, coherent structures, droplets, two-phase flows, etc. The present monograph is a snapshot of the state-of-the-art in the field of turbulence with a broad view on theory, experiments and numerical simulations.

Schlieren and shadowgraph techniques are basic and valuable tools in various scientific and engineering disciplines. They allow us to see the invisible: the optical inhomogeneities in transparent media like air, water, and glass that otherwise cause only ghostly distortions of our normal vision. These techniques are discussed briefly in many books and papers, but there is no up-to-date complete treatment of the subject before now. The book is intended as a practical guide for those who want to use these methods, as well as a resource for a broad range of disciplines where scientific visualization is important. The colorful 400-year history of these methods is covered in an extensive introductory chapter accessible to all readers.

This book comprehensively discusses diesel combustion phenomena like ignition delay, fuel-air mixing, rate of heat release, and emissions of smoke, particulate and nitric oxide. It enables quantitative evaluation of these important phenomena and parameters. Most importantly, it attempts to model them with constants that are independent of engine types and hence they could be applied by the engineers and researchers for a general engine. This book emphasizes the importance of the spray at the wall in precisely describing the heat release and emissions for most of the engines on and off-road. It gives models for heat release and emissions. Every model is thoroughly validated by detailed experiments using a broad range of engines. The book describes an elegant quasi-one-dimensional model for heat release in diesel engines with single as well as multiple injections. The book describes how the two aspects, namely, fuel injection rate and the diameter of the combustion bowl in the piston, have enabled meeting advanced emission, noise, and performance standards. The book also discusses the topics of computational fluid dynamics encompassing RANS and LES models of turbulence. Given the contents, this book will be useful for students, researchers and professionals working in the area of vehicle engineering and engine technology. This book will also be a good professional book for practising engineers in the field of combustion engines and automotive engineering.

This volume offers a wide range of theoretical, numerical and experimental research papers on fluid dynamics. The major fields of research - fundamentals of fluid mechanics as well as their applications - are treated: - stability phenomena: convective flow, thermal and hydrodynamic systems - transition, turbulence and separation: boundary-layer, turbulent combustion, rarefied gasdynamics, near wall and off wall flow fields, energy dissipation - transonic flow: homogeneous condensation, shock-waves, effects at Mach number unity - hypersonic flow: flow over spheres, aerothermodynamics, relaxation - fluid machinery: axial fans, compressor cascades, fluid couplings - computational fluid dynamics: passive shock control, zonal computation, cylinderflow, flow over wings - miscellaneous problems.

This book presents a theoretical study of heat transfer due to laminar natural convection of nanofluids, using Al2O3-water nanofluid as an example. An innovative method of similarity transformation of velocity fields on laminar boundary layers is applied for the development of a mathematical governing model of natural convection with actual nanofluids, and a novel model of the nanofluid's variable thermophysical properties is derived by a mathematical analysis based on the developed model of variable physical properties of fluids combined with the model of the nanofluid's thermal conductivity and viscosity. Based on these, the physical property factors of nanofluids are produced, which leads to a simultaneous solution for deep investigations of hydrodynamics and heat transfer of nanofluid's natural convection.The book also proposes novel predictive formulae for the evaluation of heat transfer of Al2O3-water nanofluid's natural convection. The formulae have reliable theoretical and practical value because they are developed by rigorous theoretical analysis of heat transfer combined with full consideration of the effects of the temperature-dependent physical properties of nanofluids and the nanoparticle shape factor and concentration, as well as variations of fluid boundary temperatures. The conversion factors proposed help to turn the heat transfer coefficient and rate of fluid natural convection into those of nanofluid natural convection. Furthermore, several calculation examples are provided to demonstrate the heat transfer application of the proposed predictive formulae.

In October 1918, Jan Burgers, 23 years old, started as professor of ‘aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and their applications'at the Technical University in Delft. This can be regarded as the birth of fluid mechanics in the Netherlands, not only as an academic discipline but also as the start of the serious study of flow phenomena in engineering environments. During the period of Burgers'tenure in Delft (till 1955) three Dutch institutes were founded which to this day remain important centres of research in various fields of fluid mechanics: aerospace engineering, hydraulics, and naval engineering. Burgers and others developed mathematical, experimental, and numerical approaches of a broad range of fluid flows; some of their achievements have become well-known worldwide and can be seen as highlights of Dutch fluid mechanics. From the 1950s ‘stromingsleer'(flow theory) attained a permanent and respected place in the curriculum and research of (technical) universities, at many old and new research institutes and also at several industrial research laboratories. In the 1980s fluid mechanics finally became ‘recognized'as a serious branch of physics and an important field of (applied) science. This resulted in a close cooperation between academic groups, institutes and industry and the foundation of the Burgerscentrum, the Research School for Fluid Mechanics in the Netherlands. One hundred years after Burgers'appointment in Delft, Dutch fluid mechanics is still very much alive. This volume gives a full account of its rich history and also offers a view on the broad range of areas of application: transport, energy production, biology and medicine, production processes, etc. It has been written not only for those working in this field but also for those interested in the history of Dutch science and in the development of science and the fascinating world of fluid flow phenomena.

This revised book covers the fundamentals of thermodynamics required to understand electrical power generation systems, honing in on the application of these principles to nuclear reactor power systems. This text treats the fundamentals of thermodynamics from the perspective of nuclear power systems. In addition to the Four Laws of Thermodynamics, it discusses Brayton and Rankine power cycles in detail with an emphasis on how they are implemented in nuclear systems. Chapters have been brought up-to-date due to significant new results that have become available for intercooled systems and combined cycles and include an updated steam table. The book starts with basic principles of thermodynamics as applied to power plant systems. It then describes how Nuclear Air-Brayton systems will work. It documents how they can be designed and the expected ultimate performance. It describes several types of Nuclear Air-Brayton systems that can be employed to meet different requirements andestimates component sizes and performance criteria for Small Modular Reactors (SMR) based on the Air-Brayton concept. The book provides useful insight into the engineering of nuclear power systems for students and the tabular data will be of great use to practicing engineers.

This book reports on the German research initiative AeroStruct, a three-year collaborative project between universities and the aircraft industry. It describes the development of an integrated multidisciplinary simulation environment for aircraft analysis and optimization using high-fidelity methods. This system is able to run at a high level of automatism, thus representing a step forward with respect to previous ones. Its special features are: a CAD description that is independent from the disciplines involved, an automated CFD mesh generation and an automated structure model generation including a sizing process. The book also reports on test cases by both industrial partners and DLR demonstrating the advantages of the new environment and its suitability for the industry. These results were also discussed during the AeroStruct closing Symposium, which took place on 13-14 October 2015 at the DLR in Braunschweig, Germany. The book provides expert readers with a timely report on multidisciplinary aircraft design and optimization. Thanks to a good balance between theory and practice, it is expected to address an audience of both academics and professional, and to offer them new ideas for future research and development.

This book addresses the principles involved in the design and engineering of planing monohull power boats, with an emphasis on the theoretical fundamentals that readers need in order to be fully functional in marine design and engineering. Author William Vorus focuses on three topics: boat resistance, seaway response, and propulsion and explains the physical principles, mathematical details, and theoretical details that support physical understanding. In particular, he explains the approximations and simplifications in mathematics that lead to success in the applications of planing craft design engineering, and begins with the simplest configuration that embodies the basic physics. He leads readers, step-by-step, through the physical complications that occur, leading to a useful working knowledge of marine design and engineering. Included in the book are a wealth of examples that exemplify some of the most important naval architecture and marine engineering problems that challenge manyof today's engineers.

This book provides an accessible introduction to the basic theory of fluid mechanics and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) from a modern perspective that unifies theory and numerical computation. Methods of scientific computing are introduced alongside with theoretical analysis and MATLAB® codes are presented and discussed for a broad range of topics: from interfacial shapes in hydrostatics, to vortex dynamics, to viscous flow, to turbulent flow, to panel methods for flow past airfoils.The third edition includes new topics, additional examples, solved and unsolved problems, and revised images. It adds more computational algorithms and MATLAB programs. It also incorporates discussion of the latest version of the fluid dynamics software library FDLIB, which is freely available online. FDLIB offers an extensive range of computer codes that demonstrate the implementation of elementary and advanced algorithms and provide an invaluable resource for research, teaching, classroom instruction, and self-study.This book is a must for students in all fields of engineering, computational physics, scientific computing, and applied mathematics. It can be used in both undergraduate and graduate courses in fluid mechanics, aerodynamics, and computational fluid dynamics. The audience includes not only advanced undergraduate and entry-level graduate students, but also a broad class of scientists and engineers with a general interest in scientific computing.

This book provides an analysis of contemporary problems in combustion science, namely flame propagation, detonation and heterophaseous combustion based on the works of the author. The current problems in the area of gas combustion, as well as the methods allowing to calculate and estimate limiting conditions of ignition, and flame propagation on the basis of experimental results are considered. The book focuses on the virtually inaccessible works of Russian authors and will be useful for experienced students and qualified scientists in the area of experimental studies of combustion processes.

This SpringerBrief equips readers to develop defensible fire safety designs for a range of concrete structures. It identifies current gaps in the research and provides a more complete understanding of the structural and thermal response of contemporary Post-tensioned (PT) concrete structures to fire. The brief includes chapters on contemporary construction using PT concrete, previous structural fire test research programs, recent research programs, real fire case studies, and current research needs. It explores the progression of PT concrete structures, looking at the sustainability and aesthetic benefits, the ongoing development of stronger concretes, and best practice guidance for improving safety in the event of fire. Designed for practitioners and researchers in fire engineering, this brief is a valuable tool for those studying the impact of fire on concrete, fire safety designs, and building safety optimization. Advanced-level students in civil engineering will also find the content useful.

This Brief describes six basic models of buoyancy-driven convection in a fluid layer: three configurations of internally heated convection and three configurations of Rayleigh-Bénard convection. The author discusses the main quantities that characterize heat transport in each model, along with the constraints on these quantities. This presentation is the first to place the various models in a unified framework, and similarities and differences between the cases are highlighted. Necessary and sufficient conditions for convective motion are given. For the internally heated cases only, parameter-dependent lower bounds on the mean fluid temperature are proven, and results of past simulations and laboratory experiments are summarized and reanalyzed. The author poses several open questions for future study.

This book covers the major problems of turbulence and turbulent processes, including physical phenomena, their modeling and their simulation.After a general introduction in Chapter 1 illustrating many aspects dealing with turbulent flows, averaged equations and kinetic energy budgets are provided in Chapter 2. The concept of turbulent viscosity as a closure of the Reynolds stress is also introduced. Wall-bounded flows are presented in Chapter 3 and aspects specific to boundary layers and channel or pipe flows are also pointed out. Free shear flows, namely free jets and wakes, are considered in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 deals with vortex dynamics. Homogeneous turbulence, isotropy and dynamics of isotropic turbulence are presented in Chapters 6 and 7. Turbulence is then described both in the physical space and in the wave number space. Time dependent numerical simulations are presented in Chapter 8, where an introduction to large eddy simulation is offered. The last three chaptersof the book summarize remarkable digital techniques current and experimental. Many results are presented in a practical way, based on both experiments and numerical simulations.The book is written for a advanced engineering students as well as postgraduate engineers and researchers. For students, it contains the essential results as well as details and demonstrations whose oral transmission is often tedious. At a more advanced level, the text provides numerous references which allow readers to find quickly further study regarding their work and to acquire a deeper knowledge on topics of interest.

This book is a comprehensive and intensive book for graduate students in fluid dynamics as well as scientists, engineers and applied mathematicians. Offering a systematic introduction to the physical theory of vortical flows at graduate level, it considers the theory of vortical flows as a branch of fluid dynamics focusing on shearing process in fluid motion, measured by vorticity.It studies vortical flows according to their natural evolution stages,from being generated to dissipated. As preparation, the first three chapters of the book provide background knowledge for entering vortical flows.The rest of the book deals with vortices and vortical flows, following their natural evolution stages. Of various vortices the primary form is layer-like vortices or shear layers, and secondary but stronger form is axial vortices mainly formed by the rolling up of shear layers. Problems are given at the end of each chapter and Appendix, some for helping understanding the basic theories, and some involving specific applications; but the emphasis of both is always on physical thinking.

This book develops the theoretical foundations of disperse two-phase flows, which are characterized by the existence of bubbles, droplets or solid particles finely dispersed in a carrier fluid, which can be a liquid or a gas. Chapters clarify many difficult subjects, including modeling of the interfacial area concentration. Basic knowledge of the subjects treated in this book is essential to practitioners of Computational Fluid Dynamics for two-phase flows in a variety of industrial and environmental settings.The author provides a complete derivation of the basic equations, followed by more advanced subjects like turbulence equations for the two phases (continuous and disperse) and multi-size particulate flow modeling. As well as theoretical material, readers will discover chapters concerned with closure relations and numerical issues. Many physical models are presented, covering key subjects including heat and mass transfers between phases, interfacial forces and fluid particles coalescence and breakup, amongst others.This book is highly suitable for students in the subject area, but may also be a useful reference text for more advanced scientists and engineers.

Viscous flow is treated usually in the frame of boundary-layer theory and as two-dimensional flow. Books on boundary layers give at most the describing equations for three-dimensional boundary layers, and solutions often only for some special cases.This book provides basic principles and theoretical foundations regarding three-dimensional attached viscous flow. Emphasis is put on general three-dimensional attached viscous flows and not on three-dimensional boundary layers. This wider scope is necessary in view of the theoretical and practical problems to be mastered in practice. The topics are weak, strong, and global interaction, the locality principle, properties of three-dimensional viscous flow, thermal surface effects, characteristic properties, wall compatibility conditions, connections between inviscid and viscous flow, flow topology, quasi-one- and two-dimensional flows, laminar-turbulent transition and turbulence. Though the primary flight speed range is that of civil air transport vehicles, flows past other flying vehicles up to hypersonic speeds are also considered. Emphasis is put on general three-dimensional attached viscous flows and not on three-dimensional boundary layers, as this wider scope is necessary in view of the theoretical and practical problems that have to be overcome in practice.The specific topics covered include weak, strong, and global interaction; the locality principle; properties of three-dimensional viscous flows; thermal surface effects; characteristic properties; wall compatibility conditions; connections between inviscid and viscous flows; flow topology; quasi-one- and two-dimensional flows; laminar-turbulent transition; and turbulence. Detailed discussions of examples illustrate these topics and the relevant phenomena encountered in three-dimensional viscous flows. The full governing equations, reference-temperature relations for qualitative considerations and estimations of flow properties, and coordinates for fuselages and wings are also provided. Sample problems with solutions allow readers to test their understanding.

This book is an account on the thermomechanical behaviour of granular and porous materials and deals with experiments, theoretical deduction of macroscale equations by means of averaging from microscale properties, embedding the macroscopic description into a continuum-thermodynamical and statistical context and analysis of solutions of macroscopic models by numerical techniques. It addresses itself to engineers (chemical, civil, mechanical) applied mathematicians and physicists at the advanced student or Ph. D. level at universities, research centres and in industry.

The aim of this book is to provide, both the non-specialist and the specialist in EHD, with the ability to extract meaningful information from his/her experimental data and acquire a good physical understanding, by applying the ideas presented in this book. In addition to providing the scientific background, it is also intended to take the reader to the frontiers of research in this field, so they may go, without effort, into the specialized literature. This book may be considered as complementary to the excellent treatment of EHD made in the classical book'Continuum Electromechanics” by Melcher, in that care has been taken to avoid overlapping of the subjects. In case a topic is treated in both texts, the results presented in the book by Melcher serve as an introduction to the more advanced treatment presented in this book.

This volume contributes to one of the most important topics of Fluid Mechanics in future and presents recent research results on control theory and applied control methods. Understanding and handling of control methods of nonlinear systems, typical of Fluid Mechanics, is the key to reduce losses and to improve the efficiency and safety of technical processes.

This book presents the basic theory and experimental techniques of transport phenomena in materials processing operations. Such fundamental knowledge is highly useful for researchers and engineers in the field to improve the efficiency of conventional processes or develop novel technology. Divided into four parts, the book comprises 11 chapters describing the principles of momentum transfer, heat transfer, and mass transfer in single phase and multiphase systems. Each chapter includes examples with solutions and exercises to facilitate students'learning. Diagnostic problems are also provided at the end of each part to assess students'comprehension of the material. The book is aimed primarily at students in materials science and engineering. However, it can also serve as a useful reference text in chemical engineering as well as an introductory transport phenomena text in mechanical engineering. In addition, researchers and engineers engaged in materials processing operations will find the material useful for the design of experiments and mathematical models in transport phenomena. This volume contains unique features not usually found in traditional transport phenomena texts. It integrates experimental techniques and theory, both of which are required to adequately solve the inherently complex problems in materials processing operations. It takes a holistic approach by considering both single and multiphase systems, augmented with specific practical examples. There is a discussion of flow and heat transfer in microscale systems, which is relevant to the design of modern processes such as fuel cells and compact heat exchangers. Also described are auxiliary relationships including turbulence modeling, interfacial phenomena, rheology, and particulate systems, which are critical to many materials processing operations.

This volume offers a comprehensive examination of the subject of heat and mass transfer with nanofluids as well as a critical review of the past and recent research projects in this area. Emphasis is placed on the fundamentals of the transport processes using particle-fluid suspensions, such as nanofluids. The nanofluid research is examined and presented in a holistic way using a great deal of our experience with the subjects of continuum mechanics, statistical thermodynamics, and non-equilibrium thermodynamics of transport processes. Using a thorough database, the experimental, analytical, and numerical advances of recent research in nanofluids are critically examined and connected to past research with medium and fine particles as well as to functional engineering systems. Promising applications and technological issues of heat/mass transfer system design with nanofluids are also discussed.This book also:Provides a deep scientific analysis of nanofluids using classical thermodynamics and statistical thermodynamics to explain and interpret experimental observationsPresents the theory and experimental results for both thermodynamic and transport propertiesExamines all transport properties and transport processes as well as their relationships through the pertinent macroscopic coefficientsCombines recent knowledge pertaining to nanofluids with the previous fifty years of research on particulate flows, including research on transient flow and heat transfer of particulate suspensionsConducts an holistic examination of the material from more than 500 archival publications

This book puts emphasis on developing the basic ideas behind the different approaches to non-equilibrium thermodynamics and on applying them to solids. After a survey about different approaches an introduction to their common fundamentals is given in the first part. In the second part the mechanical behavior of special materials such as viscoelasticity, viscoplasticity, viscoelastoplasticity, and thermoplasticity are discussed. The third part is devoted to extended thermodynamics. The basic ideas, phenomenological as well as microscopical, are reviewed and applied to thermo- and viscoelastic materials. Electromagnetic solids showing dielectric relaxation, such as ceramics, showing electromagneto-mechanical hysteresis and superconductivity are treated in the fourth part. In the last part stability with regard to constitutive equations is investigated. Especially stability of quasi-static processes and of elastic-plastic systems are discussed.

This book is an introduction to terrestial magnetohydrodynamics. It is a compendium of introductory lectures by experts in the field, focussing on applications in industry and the laboratory. A concise overview of the subject with references to further study.

The purpose of this book, Transport Phenomena and Drying of Solids and Particulate Materials, is to provide a collection of recent contributions in the field of heat and mass transfer, transport phenomena, drying and wetting of solids and particulate materials. The main benefit of the book is that it discusses some of the most important topics related to the heat and mass transfer in solids and particulate materials. It includes a set of new developments in the field of basic and applied research work on the physical and chemical aspects of heat and mass transfer phenomena, drying and wetting processes, namely, innovations and trends in drying science and technology, drying mechanism and theory, equipment, advanced modelling, complex simulation and experimentation. At the same time, these topics will be going to the encounter of a variety of scientific and engineering disciplines. The book is divided in several chapters that intend to be a resume of the current state of knowledge for benefit of professional colleagues.

Results from several applications of particle image velocimetry (PIV) to unsteady flows at a laboratory scale have been published, and commercial products are now available for more general laboratory use, but for certain industrially important applications, reliable equipment is often available only from in-house research and development teams. This PIV handbookis intended to transfer know-how from PIV development laboratories to end-users in industry and universities. The book discusses the scientific and technical aspects required to set up a PIV system, allows users to assess the problems involved in the application of PIV, and enables them to design, optimize, and use PIV systems to meet their special needs.

This investigation is an outgrowth of my doctoral dissertation at Princeton University. I am particularly grateful to Professors George F. Pinder and William G. Gray of Princeton for their advice during both my research and my writing. I believe that finite-element collocation holds promise as a numer­ ical scheme for modeling complicated flows in porous media. However, there seems to be a'conventional wisdom'maintaining that collocation is hopelessly beset by oscillations and is, in some way, fundamentally inappropriate for multiphase flows. I hope to dispel these objections, realizing that others will remain for further work. The U. S. National Science Foundation funded much of this study through grant number NSF-CEE-8111240. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ;; FOREWORD ;; ; CHAPTER ONE. THE PHYSICAL SYSTEM. 1.1 Introduction. 1 1.2 The reservoir and its contents. 5 1.3 Reservoir mechanics. 9 1.4 Supplementary constraints. 18 1.5 Governing equations. 26 CHAPTER TWO. REPRESENTING FLUID-PHASE BEHAVIOR. 39 2.1 Thermodynamics of the fluid system. 40 2.2 Standard equation-of-state methods. 45 2.3 Maxwell-set interpolation.

Speckle photography is an advanced experimental technique used for quantitatve determination of density, velocity and temperature fields in gas, liquid, and plasma flows. This book presents the most important equations for the diffraction theory of speckle formation and the statistical properties of speckle fields. It also describes experimental set-ups and the equipment needed to implement these methods. Speckle photography methods for automatic data acquisition and processing are considered and examples for their use are given.

The Boundary Element Method has now become a powerful tool of engineering analysis and is routinely applied for the solution of elastostatics and potential problems. More recently research has concentrated on solving a large variety of non-linear and time dependent applications and in particular the method has been developed for viscous fluid flow problems. This book presents the state of the art on the solution of viscous flow using boundary elements and discusses different current approaches which have been validated by numerical experiments.. Chapter 1 of the book presents a brief review of previous work on viscous flow simulation and in particular gives an up-to-date list of the most important BEM references in the field. Chapter 2 reviews the governing equations for general viscous flow, including compressibility. The authors present a compre­ hensive treatment of the different cases and their formulation in terms of boundary integral equations. This work has been the result of collaboration between Computational Mechanics Institute of Southampton and Massa­ chusetts Institute of Technology researchers. Chapter 3 describes the gen­ eralized formulation for unsteady viscous flow problems developed over many years at Georgia Institute of Technology. This formulation has been extensively applied to solve aer09ynamic problems.

The aim of this book is to provide information about performing experi­ ments at low temperatures, as well as basic facts concerning the low tem­ perature properties of liquid and solid matter. To orient the reader, I begin with chapters on these low temperature properties. The major part of the book is then devoted to refrigeration techniques and to the physics on which they are based. Of equal importance, of course, are the definition and measurement of temperature; hence low temperature thermometry is extensively discussed in subsequent chapters. Finally, I describe a variety of design and construction techniques which have turned out to be useful over the years. The content of the book is based on the three-hour-per-week lecture course which I have given several times at the University of Bayreuth between 1983 and 1991. It should be particularly suited for advanced stu­ dents whose intended masters (diploma) or Ph.D. subject is experimental condensed matter physics at low temperatures. However, I believe that the book will also be of value to experienced scientists, since it describes sev­ eral very recent advances in experimental low temperature physics and technology, for example, new developments in nuclear refrigeration and thermometry.

The book is about calorimetry and thermal analysis methods, alone or linked to other techniques, as applied to the characterization of catalysts, supports and adsorbents, and to the study of catalytic reactions in various domains: air and wastewater treatment, clean and renewable energies, refining of hydrocarbons, green chemistry, hydrogen production and storage. The book is intended to fill the gap between the basic thermodynamic and kinetics concepts acquired by students during their academic formation, and the use of experimental techniques such as thermal analysis and calorimetry to answer practical questions. Moreover, it supplies insights into the various thermal and calorimetric methods which can be employed in studies aimed at characterizing the physico-chemical properties of solid adsorbents, supports and catalysts, and the processes related to the adsorption desorption phenomena of the reactants and/or products of catalytic reactions. The book also covers the basic concepts for physico-chemical comprehension of the relevant phenomena. Thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the catalytic reactions can be fruitfully investigated by means of thermal analysis and calorimetric methods, in order to better understand the sequence of the elemental steps in the catalysed reaction. So the fundamental theory behind the various thermal analysis and calorimetric techniques and methods also are illustrated.

Plasma Physics - Basic Theory with Fusion Applications presents a thorough treatment of plasma physics, beginning at an introductory level and including an extensive discussion of applications in thermonuclear fusion research. The physics of fusion plasmas is explained in relation to recent progress in tokamak research and other plasma confinement schemes, such as stellarators and intertial confinement. The unique and systematic presentation and numerous problems will help readers to understand the overall structure of plasma theory and will facilitate access to more advanced literature on specialized topics. This new edition has been updated with more recent-results.

This book completes the physical foundations and experimental techniques described in volume 1 with an updated review of the accessory equipment indispensable in molecular beam experiments. It extends the subject to cluster beams and beams of hyperthermal and subthermal energies. As in volume 1, a special effort is made to outline the physical foundations of the various experimental techniques. Hence this book is intended not only as a reference standard for researchers in the field, but also to bring the flavor of current molecular beam research to advanced undergraduates and graduate students and to enable them to gain a solid background in the field and its technique.

From the preface: Fluid dynamics is an excellent example of how recent advances in computational tools and techniques permit the rapid advance of basic and applied science. The development of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has opened new areas of research and has significantly supplemented information available from experimental measurements. Scientific computing is directly responsible for such recent developments as the secondary instability theory of transition to turbulence, dynamical systems analyses of routes to chaos, ideas on the geometry of turbulence, direct simulations of turbulence, three-dimensional full-aircraft flow analyses, and so on. We believe that CFD has already achieved a status in the tool-kit of fluid mechanicians equal to that of the classical scientific techniques of mathematical analysis and laboratory experiment.

In recent years, the performance of digital computers has been improved by the rapid development of electronics at remarkable speed. In addition, substantial research has been carried out in developing numerical analysis techniques. Nowadays, a variety of problems in the engineering and scientific fields can be solved by using not only super computers but also personal computers. After the first book titled'Boundary Element'was published by Brebbia in 1978, the boundary element method (BEM) has been recognized as a powerful numerical technique which has some advantages over the finite difference method (FDM) and finite element method (FEM). A great amount of research has been carried out on the applications of BEM to various problems. The numerical analysis of fluid mechanics and heat transfer problems plays a key role in analysing some phenomena and it has become recognized as a new research field called'Computational Fluid Dynamics'. In partic­ ular, the analysis of viscous flow including thermal convection phenomena is one of the most important problems in engineering fields. The FDM and FEM have been generally.applied to solve these problems because of non­ singularities of governing equations.

Der VDI-Wärmeatlas ist ein unentbehrliches Arbeitsmittel für den Ingenieur, der sich mit Fragen zur Wärme- und Stoffübertragung beschäftigt. Das Werk ermöglicht die technisch wie wirtschaftlich optimale Auslegung verfahrenstechnischer Apparate und Anlagen. Da alle Beiträge einem umfassenden fachlichen Prüfverfahren unterzogen wurden, erhält der Nutzer ein Höchstmaß an Sicherheit, dass die Daten, Berechnungsverfahren und Aussagen dem neuesten Stand des Wissens entsprechen. Auf Grund jüngster Entwicklungen und mit Blick auf erkennbare Trends wurde die 9. Auflage zum Teil neu strukturiert. Sie zeichnet sich gegenüber der Vorauflage dadurch aus, dass sie neben zahlreichen Aktualisierungen und Ergänzungen auch viele völlig neu geschriebene Beiträge enthält (v.a. in Teil L: Druckverlustberechnung). Um wie bisher allen Interessenten gerecht zu werden, gibt es den Wärmeatlas weiterhin in Buchform, als Ringbuch und CD-ROM.

This publication is aimed at students, teachers, and researchers of Continuum Mechanics and focused extensively on stating and developing Initial Boundary Value equations used to solve physical problems. With respect to notation, the tensorial, indicial and Voigt notations have been used indiscriminately. The book is divided into twelve chapters with the following topics: Tensors, Continuum Kinematics, Stress, The Objectivity of Tensors, The Fundamental Equations of Continuum Mechanics, An Introduction to Constitutive Equations, Linear Elasticity, Hyperelasticity, Plasticity (small and large deformations), Thermoelasticity (small and large deformations), Damage Mechanics (small and large deformations), and An Introduction to Fluids. Moreover, the text is supplemented with over 280 figures, over 100 solved problems, and 130 references.

Natural fires can be considered as scale-dependant, non-linear processes of mass, momentum and heat transport, resulting from a turbulent reactive and radiative fluid medium flowing over a complex medium, the vegetal fuel. In natural outdoor conditions, the experimental study of natural fires at real scale needs the development of an original metrology, one able to capture the large range of time and length scales involved in its dynamic nature and also able to resist the thermal, mechanical and chemical aggression of flames on devices. Robust, accurate and poorly intrusive tools must be carefully set-up and used for gaining very fluctuating data over long periods. These signals also need the development of original post-processing tools that take into account the non-steady nature of their stochastic components. Metrology for Fire Experiments in Outdoor Conditions closely analyzes these features, and also describes measurements techniques, the thermal insulation of fragile electronic systems, data acquisition, measurement errors and optimal post-processing algorithms. This book is intended for practitioners as a reference guide for optimizing measurements techniques in an outdoor environment. Advanced-level students and researchers will also find the book invaluable.

This book is about optimization techniques and is subdivided into two parts. In the first part a wide overview on optimization theory is presented. Optimization is presented as being composed of five topics, namely: design of experiment, response surface modeling, deterministic optimization, stochastic optimization, and robust engineering design. Each chapter, after presenting the main techniques for each part, draws application oriented conclusions including didactic examples. In the second part some applications are presented to guide the reader through the process of setting up a few optimization exercises, analyzing critically the choices which are made step by step, and showing how the different topics that constitute the optimization theory can be used jointly in an optimization process. The applications which are presented are mainly in the field of thermodynamics and fluid dynamics due to the author's background.

Die in der 29. Auflage völlig neu konzipierte Grundlagen-HÜTTE enthält in einem Band das Grundwissen der wichtigsten Ingenieurfächer. Die Stoffauswahl orientiert sich an den Studiengängen der Technischen Universitäten und Fachhochschulen und macht das moderne Standardwerk neben dem DUBBEL zum unverzichtbaren Bestandteil der Lehrbuch-Grundausstattung eines jeden Technikstudenten. In dem nach kurzer Zeit notwendig gewordenen Nachdruck wurden Satzfehler korrigiert und einige Textpassagen verbessert.