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The revised edition of this book offers an expanded review of acoustic metamaterials; novel materials which can manipulate sound waves, surface Rayleigh waves and water waves, in surprising ways, which include collimation, focusing, negative refraction, passive and active cloaking, sonic screening and extraordinary transmission. It covers both experimental and theoretical aspects of acoustic and elastic waves propagating in structured composites, with a focus on effective properties associated with negative refraction, lensing and cloaking. Updated chapters cover filtering effects, extraordinary transmission, sub-wavelength imaging via tomography or time-reversal techniques, cloaking via transformation acoustics, elastodynamics, and acoustic scattering cancellation. For this revised edition, six new chapters have been introduced to reflect recent developments in experimental acoustics and metasurfaces including acoustic impedance gratings and mirror symmetric metamaterials, phononic subsurfaces, time-modulated and topological crystals. The latter two are illustrated by simple Python program examples. The broad scope gives the reader an overview of the state of the art in acoustic metamaterials research and an indication of future directions and applications. It will serve as a solid introduction to the field for advanced students and researchers in physics, applied mathematics and mechanical engineering, and a valuable reference for those working in metamaterials and related areas.

This book explores light and other types of waves, using this as a window into other aspects of physics. It emphasizes a conceptual understanding, using examples chosen from everyday life and the natural environment. For example, it explains how hummingbird feathers create shimmering colors, how musical instruments produce sound, and how atoms stick together to form molecules. It provides a unique perspective on physics by emphasizing commonalities among different types of waves, including string waves, water waves, sound waves, light waves, the matter waves of quantum mechanics, and the gravitational waves of general relativity. This book is targeted toward college non-science majors, advanced high school students, and adults who are curious about our physical world. It assumes familiarity with algebra but no further mathematics and is classroom-ready with many worked examples, exercises, exploratory puzzles, and appendices to support students from a variety of backgrounds.

This book presents fundamental theory of shock and detonation waves as well as selected studies in detonation research in Japan, contributed by selected experts in safety research on explosives, development of industrial explosives, and application of explosives. It also reports detonation research in Japan featuring industrial explosives that include ammonium nitrate-based explosives and liquid explosives. Intended as a monographic-style book, it consistently uses technical terms and symbols and creates organic links between various detonation phenomena in application of explosives, fundamental theory of detonation waves, measurement methods, and individual studies. Among other features, the book presents a historical perspective of shock wave and detonation research in Japan, pedagogical materials for young researchers in detonation physics, and an introduction to works in Japan, including equations of state, which are worthy of attention but about which very little is knowninternationally. Further, the concise pedagogical chapters also characterize this book as a primer of detonation of condensed explosives and help readers start their own research.

This book offers detailed insights into new methods for high-fidelity CFD, and their industrially relevant applications in aeronautics. It reports on the H2020 TILDA project, funded by the European Union in 2015-2018. The respective chapters demonstrate the potential of high-order methods for enabling more accurate predictions of non-linear, unsteady flows, ensuring enhanced reliability in CFD predictions. The book highlights industrially relevant findings and representative test cases on the development of high-order methods for unsteady turbulence simulations on unstructured grids; on the development of the LES/DNS methodology by means of multilevel, adaptive, fractal and similar approaches for applications on unstructured grids; and on leveraging existent large-scale HPC networks to facilitate the industrial applications of LES/DNS in daily practice. Furthermore, the book discusses multidisciplinary applications of high-order methods in the area of aero-acoustics. All in all, it offers timely insights into the application and performance of high-order methods for CFD, and an extensive reference guide for researchers, graduate students, and industrial engineers whose work involves CFD and turbulence modeling.

This book contains a thorough and unique record of recent advances in the important scientific fields fluid–structure interaction, acoustics and control of priority interest in the academic community and also in an industrial context regarding new engineering designs. It updates advances in these fields by presenting state-of-the-art developments and achievements since the previous Book published by Springer in 2018 after the 4th FSSIC Symposium. This book is unique within the related literature investigating advances in these fields because it addresses them in a complementary way and thereby enhances cross-fertilization between them, whereas other books treat these fields separately.

This classic textbook on experimental physics, written by Robert W. Pohl to accompany his famous lecture courses, served generations of physics and other science majors, not only in his native Germany, and was for many years a standard textbook. Pohl's lucid and memorable style and his consistent use of vivid demonstration experiments made his textbooks unique in their time.This completely revised and updated modern edition retains his style and clarity in an up-to-date format. The accompanying videos document the original demonstrations and add many modern touches, bringing to life the numerous illustrations in the book and providing an instructive and motivating complement to the text. They are linked to the corresponding topics in the text and can be accessed directly online from the e-book version. Volume I covers elementary mechanics, acoustics (vibrations and waves) and thermodynamics.The exercises provide an aid to understanding the material as well as complementary information.This book addresses students of physics and of other natural sciences and engineering, but also teachers and lecturers, who will profit from Pohl's many demonstration experiments, and other interested readers who want to gain an understanding of the fundamentals of physics from an experimental viewpoint.

This book provides an up-to-date presentation of a broad range of contemporary problems in inverse scattering involving acoustic, elastic and electromagnetic waves. Descriptions will be given of traditional (but still in use and subject to on-going improvements) and more recent methods for identifying either: a) the homogenized material parameters of (spatially) unbounded or bounded heterogeneous media, or b) the detailed composition (spatial distribution of the material parameters) of unbounded or bounded heterogeneous media, or c) the location, shape, orientation and material characteristics of an object embedded in a wellcharacterized homogeneous, homogenized or heterogeneous unbounded or bounded medium, by inversion of reflected, transmitted or scattered spatiotemporal recorded waveforms resulting from the propagation of probe radiation within the medium.

Discoveries of chaotic, unpredictable behaviour in physical deterministic systems has brought about new analytic and experimental techniques in dynamics. The modern study of the new phenomena requires the analyst to become familiar with experiments (at least with numerical ones), since chaotic solutions cannot be written down, and it requires the experimenter to master the new concepts of the theory of nonlinear dynamical systems. This book is unique in that it presents both viewpoints: the viewpoint of the analyst and of the experimenter. In the first part F. Moon outlines the new experimental techniques which have emerged from the study of chaotic vibrations. These include Poincaré sections, fractial dimensions and Lapunov exponents. In the text by W. Szemplinska-Stupnicka the relation between the new chaotic phenomena and classical perturbation techniques is explored for the first time. In the third part G. Iooss presents methods of analysis for the calculations of bifurcations in nonlinear systems based on modern geometric mathematical concepts.

The subject of the book is directly related to environmental noise and vibration phenomena (sound emission by vibrating structures, prediction and reduction,...). Transportation noise is one of the main applications. The book presents an overview of the most recent knowledge on interaction phenomena between a structure and a fluid, including nonlinear aspects. It covers all aspects of the phenomena, from the mathematical modeling up to the applications to automotive industrial problems. The aim is to provide readers with a good understanding of the physical phenomena as well as the most recent knowledge of predictive methods.

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfängen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen für die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfügung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden müssen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

In the 1950s the direct observation of dislocations became possible, stimulat­ ing the interest of many research workers in the dynamics of dislocations. This led to major contributions to the understanding of the plasticity of various crys­ talline materials. During this time the study of metals and alloys of fcc and hcp structures developed remarkably. In particular, the discovery of the so-called in­ ertial effect caused by the electron and phonon frictional forces greatly influenced the quantitative understanding of the strength of these metallic materials. Statis­ tical studies of dislocations moving through random arrays of point obstacles played an important role in the above advances. These topics are described in Chaps. 2-4. Metals and alloys with bcc structure have large Peierls forces compared to those with fcc structure. The reasons for the delay in studying substances with bcc structure were mostly difficulties connected with the purification techniques and with microscopic studies of the dislocation core. In the 1970s, these difficulties were largely overcome by developments in experimental techniques and computer physics. Studies of dislocations in ionic and covalent bonding materials with large Peierls forces provided infonnation about the core structures of dislocations and their electronic interactions with charged particles. These are the main subjects in Chaps. 5-7.

In 1942 Guderley investigated the behaviour of the typical parameters near the axis when he was studying the focusing of cylindrical shock waves by solving the partial differential equations using the similarity method. He pre­ dicted an infinitely large pressure and temperature at the axis of convergence. Since then many theoretical and experimental studies have been performed on shock focusing as an energy source for the generation of very high pressures and temperatures. Many experimental investigations confirmed the idea of Guderley that at the centre of convergence extremely high pressures and temperatures can be obtained. At the Technical University of Darmstadt we performed a numerical exper­ iment to investigate the shock-focusing phenomenon, and many test problems were solved using the Rusanov scheme. At the centre of convergence we ob­ tained extremely high pressures and temperatures. The results of these inves­ tigations were compared with the experimental work done at the Max Planck Institute for Fluid Dynamics Research in Gottingen. The three-dimensional time-dependent shock wave which was created by a centred gas volume under high pressure interacts with the plane walls of the cavity and leads to a focusing effect after the explosion. The symmetry-preserving character of the invari­ ant difference scheme under use was proved numerically by calculation over a long interval of time. A test run of our investigation was also made at the Institute of Computational Fluid Dynamics in Tokyo, Japan.

This volume presents selected papers from the IUTAM Symposium on Reynolds Number Scaling in Turbulent Flow, convened in Princeton, NJ, USA, September I1-13, 2002. The behavior ofturbulence at high Reynolds number is interesting from a fundamental point of view, in that most theories of turbulence make very specific predictions in the limit of infinite Reynolds number. From a more practical point of view, there exist many applications that involve turbulent flow where the Reynolds numbers are extremely large. For example, large vehicles such as submarines and commercial transports operate at Reynolds 9 numbers based on length ofthe order oft0, and industrial pipe flows cover a 7 very wide range of Reynolds numbers up to 10 • Many very important applications of high Reynolds number flow pertain to atmospheric and other geophysical flows where extremely high Reynolds numbers are the rule rather than the exception, and the understanding of climate changes and the prediction of destructive weather effects hinges to some extent on our appreciation ofhigh-Reynolds number turbulence behavior. The important effects of Reynolds number on turbulence has received a great deal of recent attention. The objective of the Symposium was to bring together many of the world's experts in this area to appraise the new experimental results, discuss new scaling laws and turbulence models, and to enhance our mutual understanding of turbulence.

The General Assembly of the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics in its meeting on August 28, 1994, selected for 1996 only four Mechanics Symposia, of which ours is the only one related to Fluid Mechanics: Variable Density Low Speed Turbulent Flows. This IUTAM Symposium, organized by the Institut de Recherche sur les Phenomenes Hors Equilibre (Marseille), is the logical continuation of the meetings previously organized or co-organized - on the French or European level, such as Euromech 237, Marseille, 1988 - by the same research group ofMarseille. This meeting focused specifically on the structure of turbulent flows in which density varies strongly : the effect of this variation on the velocity and scalar fields is in no sense negligible. We were mainly concerned with low-speed flows subjected to strong local changes of density as a consequence of heat or mass transfer or of chemical reactions. Compressible turbulent flows - such a!'supersonic ones - were also considered in order to underline their similarities to and their differences from low-speed variable density flows.

The decision of the General Assembly of the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics to organize a Symposium on Dynamics of Slender Vortices was greeted with great enthusiasm. The acceptance of the proposal, forwarded by the Deutsches Komitee fiir Mechanik (DEKOMECH) signalized, that there was a need for discussing the topic chosen in the frame the IUTAM Symposia offer. Also the location of the symposium was suitably chosen: It was decided to hold the symposium at the RWTH Aachen, where, years ago, Theodore von Karman had worked on problems related to those to be discussed now anew. It was clear from the beginning of the planning, that the symposium could only be held in the von Karman-Auditorium ofthe Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen, a building named after him. The symposium was jointly organized by the editors of this volume, strongly supported by the local organizing committee. The invitations of the scientific committee brought together scientists actively engaged in research on the dynamics of slender vortices. It was the aim of the committee to have the state of the art summarized and also to have the latest results of specific problems investigated communicated to the participants of the symposium. The topics chosen were asymptotic theories, numerical methods, vor­ tices in shear layers, interaction of vortices, vortex breakdown, vortex sound, and aircraft and helicopter vortices.

The topic of surface waves lies at the interface between a number of disci­ plines - physics, theoretical and applied mechanics, electroacoustics, ap­ plied mathematics, surface science and seismology. This volume, based on papers delivered at European Mechanics Colloquium 226, reflects this diversity in approach and background, while showing strong links between phenomena arising from different fields. The emphasis is on recent de­ velopments such as nonlinear and other nonclassical effects,which have great importance for both pure science and for applications such as signal processing, nondestructive evaluation and seismic studies. In recent years there has been considerable progress in the mathe­ matical treatment of nonlinear effects, of viscoelastic and of more novel constitutive effects which modify the predictions of linear elastic and piezo­ electric theory for surface acoustic wave (SAW) propagation. A number of these themes serve to group the contents of this volume. Part I contains recent advances in the rigorous mathematical treatment of nonlinearity, together with a paper giving experimental results showing the need for further theoretical development. Part II deals with anisotropic elasticity, showing that even the linear theory presents many possible behaviours, which are still not fully categorized.

The call for papers for the rUTAM-Symposium on Mechanics of Passive and Active Flow Control brought an overwhelming response of applications for contributions. Fi­ nally 12 invited lectures, 48 papers and 23 posters were selected by thc Scientific Com­ mittee to be presented in the conference. 58 papers are published in this volume. Due to the limited number of pages available, poster presentations could not be considered for publication. The editors would like to thank all the members of the Scientific Committee for their very valuable assistance. The papers presented at the rUT AM Symposium were classified under three groups de­ voted to • Passive Control Methods, • Active Control Methods and • Control Concepts. This was done to contrast at first between the passive techniques where the control power is mainly supplied by the flow itself and the active techniques where the power is pro­ vided by external sources; the third group was devoted to control concepts for presenting methods of control theory and new techniques of flow control.

This text is based on lectures given by the authors to students of the Physico­ Technical Institute in Moscow in the course of many years. Teaching mechan­ ics of continuous media to students in physics has some specific features. Un­ fortunately, the students rarely have enough time for this branch of science. Over a comparatively short period of time and without sophisticated mathe­ matics, the lecturer has to set forth the principal facts and methods of this rather important aspect of theoretical physics. The goal can be achieved only if the knowledge and intuition obtained by students in other courses has been mobilized efficiently. These observations have extensively been taken into account when classical as well as more contemporary and actively developing branches of mechanics of continua are considered. The theory of wave propagation is the most important topic in mechanics of continua for those who work in the field of physics and geophysics. That is why most attention is paid to this topic in the main text as well as in numerous exercises. The propagation of various kinds of hydrodynamic, magnetohydro­ dynamic, acoustic and seismic waves is considered in some detail. We begin with simple questions and proceed to more complicated ones. Accordingly, we treat the elasticity theory first. In the limits this appears to be simpler than the mechanics of fluids. For further study of each topic the reader will find references in the bibliography.

Modern Methods in Analytical Acoustics considers topics fundamental to the understanding of noise, vibration and fluid mechanisms. The series of lectures on which this material is based began by some twenty five years ago and has been developed and expanded ever since. Acknowledged experts in the field have given this course many times in Europe and the USA. Although the scope of the course has widened considerably, the primary aim of teaching analytical techniques of acoustics alongside specific areas of wave motion and unsteady fluid mechanisms remains. The distinguished authors of this volume are drawn from Departments of Acoustics, Engineering of Applied Mathematics in Berlin, Cambridge and London. Their intention is to reach a wider audience of all those concerned with acoustic analysis than has been able to attend the course.

Rapid advances in Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of turbulence provide opportunities for improved prediction of incompressible and compressible turbulent flows. The book includes five invited and thirty-eight contributed papers presented at the Second AFOSR International Conference on DNS and LES held at Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, on June 7-9, 1999. A broad range of topics in DNS and LES are presented, including new developments in LES modeling, numerical algorithms for LES and DNS, DNS and LES of reacting flows, and DNS and LES for supersonic and hypersonic boundary layers. The book provides a extensive view of the state of the art in DNS and LES.

Roger Fosdick The Journal of Elasticity: The Physical and Mathematical Science of Solids invites expository articles from time-to-time in order to collect results in areas of research that have made significant impact on the field of solid mechanics and that show continued interest in present-day research and thinking. The Stroh formalism is one such area, especially as it impacts upon the analysis of anisotropic media, that has been generalized from linear elastostatics to cover linear theories of piezoelectro-elasticity and megneto-elasticity as well as elastic wave phenomena. In this work, Kazumi Tanuma presents the essential elements of the Stroh formalism, its major theorems with proofs and applications, in a research-level textbook form. The presentation is self-contained and the development is clear and concise. Professor Tanuma's efforts to produce a straightforward, accurate and readable account of this subject are clearly evident. He has organized the subject with a common logical thread throughout and he has given basis for not only the importance of this area of research, but, most importantly, for understanding its meaning and significance.