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Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control, and Models: Volume Two: The Neuroscience of Zika examines diagnosis, vaccines, and potential therapy methods for Zika virus syndrome. The book also details the neuroscience of Guillain-Barré syndrome, its effects and neuromuscular rehabilitation. It is designed to help readers better understand detection, therapies for Zika virus, preventative vaccines, diagnosis and associated microcephaly. Chapters on models enable further research and understanding. This book has applicability for neuroscientists, neurologists, virologists and anyone working to better understand the evolution and pathogenesis of Zika virus-related conditions. - Provides a broad range of topics related to the neuroscience of Zika, including its diagnosis, vaccines and therapy - Contains chapter abstracts, key facts, a dictionary of terms and summary points to aid in understanding - Discusses novel and non-pharmacological therapies, Guillain-Barré Syndrome and vaccine development - Features chapters on rat, mouse, and guinea pig models of Zika and case reports of Zika co-infection with chikungunya, dengue-2 and Guillain-Barré - Includes coverage of microcephaly and developmental delays and examines Zika outbreaks in Brazil, Honduras, Uganda, Jamaica and Mozambique

Zika Virus Biology, Transmission, and Pathology: The Neuroscience of Zika provides a detailed introduction to the molecular biology of the Zika virus and its features, transmission, and impact on neurological systems. Designed to better readers'understanding of the Zika virus, this volume features chapters on the immune response, molecular mechanisms, and other areas to better understand underlying pathways. This book has applicability for neuroscientists, neurologists, virologists and anyone working to better understand the evolution and pathogenesis of Zika virus-related conditions. Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control, and Models: The Neuroscience of Zika examines diagnosis, vaccines, and potential therapy methods for Zika virus syndrome. The book also details the neuroscience of Guillain-Barré syndrome, its effects and neuromuscular rehabilitation. It is designed to help readers better understand detection, therapies for Zika virus, preventative vaccines, diagnosis and associated microcephaly. Chapters on models enable further research and understanding. This book has applicability for neuroscientists, neurologists, virologists and anyone working to better understand the evolution and pathogenesis of Zika virus-related conditions.Zika Virus Biology, Transmission, and Pathology: - Presents the most comprehensive coverage of a broad range of topics related to the neuroscience of Zika, including transmission and virus biology - Contains an abstract, key facts, a mini dictionary of terms, and summary points to aid in understanding in each chapter - Features chapters on Zika vectors and fetal imaging - Includes coverage of microcephaly and developmental delays and examines Zika outbreaks in Brazil, Puerto Rico and India - Discusses unique topics in Zika biology, associated neuro-inflammation, and impacts on neurological systems Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control, and Models: - Provides a broad range of topics related to the neuroscience of Zika, including its diagnosis, vaccines and therapy - Contains chapter abstracts, key facts, a dictionary of terms and summary points to aid in understanding - Discusses novel and non-pharmacological therapies, Guillain-Barré Syndrome and vaccine development - Features chapters on rat, mouse, and guinea pig models of Zika and case reports of Zika co-infection with chikungunya, dengue-2 and Guillain-Barré - Includes coverage of microcephaly and developmental delays and examines Zika outbreaks in Brazil, Honduras, Uganda, Jamaica and Mozambique

In The Genius Within, David Adam explores the groundbreaking neuroscience of cognitive enhancement that is changing the way the brain and the mind works—to make it better, sharper, more focused and, yes, more intelligent. He considers how we measure and judge intelligence, taking us on a fascinating tour of the history of brain science and medicine, from gentlemen scientist brain autopsy clubs to case studies of mental health patients with extraordinary savant abilities. In addition to reporting on the latest research and fascinating case studies, David also goes on his own personal journey to investigate the possibilities of neuroenhancement, using himself as a guinea pig for smart pills and electrical brain stimulation in order to improve his IQ scores and cheat his way into MENSA. Getting to the heart of how we think about intelligence and mental ability, The Genius Within plunges into deep ethical, neuroscientific, and historical pools of enquiry about the science of brain function, untapping potential, and what it means for all of us.Going to the heart of how we consider, measure, and judge mental ability, The Genius Within asks difficult questions about the science that could rank and define us, and inevitably shape our future.

Using herself as a guinea pig, a science journalist explores'neuroplasticity'to find out whether she can make meaningful, lasting changes to the way her brain works.In books like THE HAPPINESS PROJECT, THE NO-SPEND YEAR, and THE YEAR OF YES, individuals have tried a specific experience and then reported on it, sharing the takeaway for the rest of us. In MY PLASTIC BRAIN, Caroline Williams spends a year exploring'neuroplasticity'--the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections--to find out whether she can make meaningful, lasting changes to the way her brain works. A science journalist with access to cutting edge experts and facilities, she volunteers herself as a test subject, challenging researchers to make real changes to the function and performance of her brain. She seeks to improve on everyday weaknesses such as her limited attention span and tendency to worry too much. She then branches out into more mysterious areas such as creativity and the perception of time. From Boston to Oxford, England, and Philadelphia to Freiburg, Germany, Williams travels to labs or virtually meets with scientists and tries their techniques of mindfulness meditation, magnetic brain stimulation, sustained focus exercises, stress response retraining, and more. She shares her intimate journey with readers to discover what neuroscience can really do for us.

Can you really rewire an adult brain?In theory the answer is'yes', but there's a problem: no one seems to know exactly how to do it. In Override, science journalist Caroline Williams sets off on a mission to find the answer. Delving into the latest studies on brain plasticity, which indicate that brain games don't actually do much to make you smarter, she tries to square her findings with the reality of brain plasticity — that the brain adapts physically as we learn something new. Visiting top neuroscientists in their labs, Williams volunteers herself as a guinea pig in neuroscience studies, challenging researchers to make real changes to her — functioning, but imperfect — brain. Seeking first to improve on her own weaknesses, such as a limited attention span and a tendency to worry too much, she then branches out into more mysterious areas such as intelligence, creativity, and the perception of time.Trying everything from high-tech brain stimulation to meditation, adding bolt-on senses and retraining her stress response, Override is a very intimate, fascinating journey into discovering what neuroscience can really do for us — and, crucially, whether it's worth all the bother. PRAISE FOR CAROLINE WILLIAMS ‘A more nuanced understanding of how our brains really work that is both empowering and insightful.'The Irish Times ‘Presented in crisp chapters, Override is a diverting investigation into how neuroscience can nudge us towards making more efficient use of our brain's resources.'The Irish Examiner

“Oliver Sacks meets Stephen King”• in this propulsive, haunting journey into the life of the most studied human research subject of all time, the amnesic known as Patient H.M. For readers of The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks comes a story that has much to teach us about our relentless pursuit of knowledge.Winner of the PEN/E.O. Wilson Literary Science Writing Award • Los Angeles Times Book Prize WinnerNAMED ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR BYThe Washington Post • New York Post • NPR • The Economist • New York • Wired • Kirkus Reviews • BookPage In 1953, a twenty-seven-year-old factory worker named Henry Molaison—who suffered from severe epilepsy—received a radical new version of the then-common lobotomy, targeting the most mysterious structures in the brain. The operation failed to eliminate Henry's seizures, but it did have an unintended effect: Henry was left profoundly amnesic, unable to create long-term memories. Over the next sixty years, Patient H.M., as Henry was known, became the most studied individual in the history of neuroscience, a human guinea pig who would teach us much of what we know about memory today. Patient H.M. is, at times, a deeply personal journey. Dittrich's grandfather was the brilliant, morally complex surgeon who operated on Molaison—and thousands of other patients. The author's investigation into the dark roots of modern memory science ultimately forces him to confront unsettling secrets in his own family history, and to reveal the tragedy that fueled his grandfather's relentless experimentation—experimentation that would revolutionize our understanding of ourselves. Dittrich uses the case of Patient H.M. as a starting point for a kaleidoscopic journey, one that moves from the first recorded brain surgeries in ancient Egypt to the cutting-edge laboratories of MIT. He takes readers inside the old asylums and operating theaters where psychosurgeons, as they called themselves, conducted their human experiments, and behind the scenes of a bitter custody battle over the ownership of the most important brain in the world. Patient H.M. combines the best of biography, memoir, and science journalism to create a haunting, endlessly fascinating story, one that reveals the wondrous and devastating things that can happen when hubris, ambition, and human imperfection collide.“An exciting, artful blend of family and medical history.”—The New York Times•Kirkus Reviews (starred review)

“A riveting look at the birth of a new science.” —Daniel H. Pink, author of Drive When he was eight years old, Dan Hurley was labeled a “slow learner” because he still couldn't read. Three years later, he had become a straight A student. Until the publication of a major study in 2008, psychologists believed that intelligence is fixed at birth, that IQ is like a number tattooed on the soul. The new study showed that people can increase their “fluid” intelligence through training.Hurley, who grew up to become an award-winning science journalist, first explored the topic in The New York Times Magazine. In Smarter, he digs deeper by meeting with the field's leading researchers—and becoming a human guinea pig. After just three months of playing computer brain-training games, joining a boot-camp exercise program, learning to play the Renaissance lute, practicing mindfulness meditation and and even getting his brain zapped in the name of science, Hurley improved his fluid intelligence by sixteen percent.With humor and heart, Smarter chronicles the roiling field of intelligence research and delivers practical findings to sharpen the minds of children, young adults, seniors, and those with cognitive challenges.

Serotonin (5-HT) was isolated and chemically characterized nearly four decades ago, and is now generally accepted to function as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulatory agent. Early research focused on the measurement of concentrations, synthesis, and metabolism of 5-HT, and only recently has the focus shifted to characterization of 5-HT receptors. Gaddum and Picarelli first sug­ gested in 1957 that the effect of 5-HT in the guinea pig ileum is mediated by two pharmacologically distinguishable receptors; however, the possibility of dual5-HT receptors was not explored systematically or successfully until the past decade. It is now clear that more, perhaps many more, subclasses of 5-HT receptors exist. The purpose of this book is to provide an up-to-date report on 5-HT receptors. This is a difficult task considering the astonishing speed at which research in this field is expanding. As the first of what we can expect to be a steady stream of monographs focusing on 5-HT receptors, the book confirms that we are in an exciting time in the history of 5-HT. For those of us who have been work­ ing on 5-HT for many years, our dream of equal progress and recognition with the more extensively studied catecholamines is finally being realized. We now have a Serotonin Club that held its first international scientific meeting in 1987, and several more international meetings are in the planning stages.

What if your best days weren't left to chance, but something you could control and activate at will? Most of us want to be a little happier, a little more focused, and a lot less stressed. We want simple approaches that are easy to fold into our everyday lives. In Sharp, you'll discover dozens of evidence-backed strategies to help you unlock your potential and enhance your performance—whether at work, school, home, or in relationships. Cognitive scientist Therese Huston unpacks the latest neuroscience research to deliver a gold mine of techniques to help you feel your sharpest including: how a calming deep breathing technique improves decision-making exactly what kind of exercise helps you think on your feet what brain science says you should look for in a doctor, and how to get focused on your most unfocused days. Forget the tired advice of'get more sleep'—Sharp dives into more innovative, actionable tips that can make a difference in your daily routine. Best of all, many of them take five minutes or less. Whether you want to make fewer mistakes, support your partner through life's challenges, or simply learn faster, Sharp gives you the tools to do it all, without having to overhaul your entire lifestyle. It's time to take charge of your mental and emotional well-being with science. For anyone looking to be a little happier, a lot more productive, and far less stressed, Sharp offers the solutions you've been looking for.

A concise, in-depth analysis of the status of the sympathetic system in heart diseasesThis book summarizes the functional status of the sympathetic neural system in cardiological diseased states and highlights aspects of sympathetic neural activity that are important to an overall understanding of the pathophysiology process. Critical reviews of methods for evaluating sympathetic activity are discussed, existing data is closely scrutinized, and attempts are made to delineate the factors derived from increased sympathetic activity. The book provides a physiologically and clinically based approach to the investigation of the involvement of catecholamines in cardiovascular diseases, which makes it a valuable addition to the reference collections of researchers, clinical scientists, and graduate students.

This Springer Major Reference Work provides a detailed translational overview of neuroimmune diseases for neuroscientists and clinicians, clarifying the pathological mechanisms underlying neuroimmune diseases and building a comprehensive bridge between the latest research findings and their clinical implications in daily practice. The material is presented in two steps. The first section comprises a review of the pathogenic actions of immune cells in brain diseases. Here the authors discuss the mechanisms through which immune cells disrupt the functions of nerve cells. The second section explores the ways in which the brain becomes dysfunctional due to impaired nerve cell function. Based on pathogenesis, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are discussed for each clinical category. The new edition features updated chapters throughout, including coverage of new findings, new diagnostic criteria, and therapeutic algorithms. Neuroimmune Diseases, 2nd edition, also includes new chapters with a translational approach. The book will be invaluable for use in clinical practice of neuroimmune diseases.

This book provides a self-contained introduction to a new class of stochastic models for systems of spiking neurons. These systems have a large number of interacting components, each one evolving as a stochastic process with a memory of variable length. Several mathematical tools are put to use, such as Markov chains, stochastic chains having memory of variable length, point processes having stochastic intensity, Hawkes processes, random graphs, mean field limits, perfect sampling algorithms, the Context algorithm, and statistical model selection.The book's focus on mathematically tractable objects distinguishes it from other texts on theoretical neuroscience. The biological complexity of neurons is not ignored, but reduced to some of its main features, such as the intrinsic randomness of neuronal dynamics. This reduction in complexity aims at explaining and reproducing statistical regularities and collective phenomena that are observed in experimental data, an approach that leads to mathematically rigorous results. With an emphasis on a constructive and algorithmic point of view, this book is directed towards mathematicians interested in learning about stochastic network models and their neurobiological underpinning, and neuroscientists interested in learning how to build and prove results with mathematical models that relate to actual experimental settings.

The book explores the intricate relationship between nutrition, brain function, and psychiatric disorders. The first section of the book delves into the neurobiological aspects of psychiatric disorders, including the neuroanatomy, neuropathology, biochemical and neuropharmacology factors that play a role in the development of these disorders. It also discusses the impact of human nutrition on brain function and the implications of nutrition and metabolism on psychological functioning. The next section focuses on the diet-brain connection, exploring nutritional psychiatry and the current state of evidence, the role of the microbiome, and the effects of certain foods such as chocolate and coffee on mood and mood disorders. The chapters also examine the impact of diet on mental health and cognition across the lifespan and provides a case study of the relationship between diet and psychological health. In the final section, the book delves into the nutritional treatment of psychiatric disorders, including the psychopharmacology of psychiatric disorders and food intake, and multidisciplinary approaches to psychiatric treatment.. Overall, this book offers a comprehensive and evidence-based examination of the complex relationship between nutrition, brain function, and psychiatric disorders, and provides a foundation for further research and development of effective nutritional interventions for the treatment of these disorders.

The book explores the intricate connections between the nervous and immune systems in the context of neurodegenerative disorders, offering a comprehensive overview of the bidirectional communication between these systems and their implications for disease progression and therapeutic interventions. The book aims to understand the recent developments in the field of neuroimmune communication.Key Features: In-depth analysis of immunological biomarkers and therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative disorders. Exploration of the role of glial cells in neuroimmune interactions and their dual nature in disease pathology. Examination of short- and long-range interactions between the central nervous system (CNS) and immune system, including hormonal axis and cytokine milieu. Discussion on the impact of microbiota on neural networks and immune responses, highlighting the gut-brain axis and potential therapeutic avenues. Utilization of Drosophila model systems to study neurodegeneration, providing insights into disease mechanisms and potential treatment strategies. Coverage of various neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, polyglutamine-related diseases, and tauopathy, with a focus on understanding disease progression and identifying therapeutic targets. The book stands out for its interdisciplinary approach, bridging the fields of neuroscience, immunology, and microbiology to provide a holistic understanding of neurodegenerative diseases. It offers valuable insights into the complex interplay between the nervous and immune systems, shedding light on novel therapeutic avenues for treating these debilitating conditions. Suitable for researchers, clinicians, and students in the fields of neurology, immunology, and microbiology, this book serves as an essential resource for understanding the pathogenesis and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.

This book tackles the question of why the brain is so difficult to fully understand. In neuroscience, data are acquired and analyzed with astonishing techniques and accumulate rapidly. Nevertheless, try to explain how a person can think or why there is such a condition as schizophrenia, and it appears that we really know little. To approach these difficulties, the authors first present a number of case studies in which the operation of a neural circuit is worked out in some detail and, at the same time, the functional significance of the operation is also understood. These examples are complicated in their biologic specifics but are conceptually straightforward. The examples are hoped to provoke an appreciation for what neuroscience can accomplish. The authors then develop some thoughts on how these issues can be addressed----instead of considering cognition in general, taking instead a subset of cognition that does lend itself to formal description.

This handbook reviews the clinical applications of stem cell-based therapy. The book covers the clinical applications of stem cells in cardiovascular diseases, neurological and ocular diseases, pediatrics, and the role of cancer stem cell-derived exosomal microRNA payload in lung cancer. The chapter reviews emerging stem cell therapy and tissue engineering approaches in neurodegenerative diseases. The book further examines the applications of stem cells in various fields of dentistry, and for the regeneration of oral and non-oral tissues. The chapters also explore the application of 3D bioprinting in conjunction with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of bone defects and state-of-the-art technology for bone and cartilage regeneration using mesenchymal stem cells. The book presents stem cell-based therapy against renal, pancreatic, and kidney diseases and examines the advantages of a novel hepatic stem for cirrhotic liver repair and regeneration. Lastly, the book provides methodological and procedural advancements in stem cell-based therapy, including the applications of single-cell sequencing in stem cell research. This handbook is a major one-stop reference for researchers working in regenerative medicine, cellular pharmacology, stem cell research in general, and those involved in specific areas of adult stem cells as well as embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. ​

This volume focuses on the history of research on hearing from comparative approaches. Each chapters examines the most formative studies that led to current understanding of hearing across taxa and still influence hearing research in general. Much of the early work on hearing, which goes back to Aristotle, as well as the classic work of 16th to early 20th century scientists (e.g., Spellanzani, Retzius, Ramón y Cajal, and Helmholtz) is not well known to modern investigators. Similarly, work in the first 75 years of the 20th century is also unknown or, in some cases, dismissed because it is “old.” Much of the earlier work describes research approaches and results fundamental to our understanding of hearing as well as the beauty of observation and synthesis. The pioneering work on hearing contains ideas and questions that are still germane today. Thus, the goal of this volume isto introduce, review, and put into perspective, older but exemplary, extraordinary studies by investigators that form the basis of our knowledge as well as questions being asked today.Each chapter includes the first significant observations and approaches to hearing in the taxa and/or hearing type that is the focus of the chapter with some of the most important earlier papers discussed in some detail, including the theories, formative experiments, results, and conclusions. Each chapter provides briefer notations and citations of additional important papers that are outgrowths of the founding research – or correlate and even reverse the original works. This volume is a departure from the classic approach established for the SHAR books in which the focus has been on a single topic, and on the most recent and exciting discoveries. One difference in this volume from past SHAR volumes is that we have a more coordinated approach for the chapters to ensure that this volume is, indeed, a documentation of hearing research history, not a review of the latest status of the topic. A second difference is that the focus of the volume is on the historical value of studies. In that sense, the volume maintains the tutorial value for which SHAR books are famous, but it explores the ancestry of modern research in order to help new researchers to gain perspective on important questions and on fundamental information they may not fully appreciate – to their loss. Our interest in doing this volume comes from phenomena familiar to most senior investigators - that younger investigators often have little or no sense of the history of their discipline, and they often do not know that their “hot” new idea was not only pursued, and often solved, but further that it was solved in an elegant way. We believe it is important to bring the methodologies and discoveries on hearing done before the advent of the internet to light, for the benefit and growth of new research.In deciding on the chapter divisions for this book, we considered a number of different organizational schemes, and particularly using as a focus methodological approaches (e.g., psychoacoustics, low to high frequency types, physiology, anatomy). However, we came to the conclusion that most investigators tend to be more focused on working within a particular taxonomic group, settling on particular taxa, in many cases driven by the special hearing abilities. We also concluded that that this approach is more naturally related to the evolution not only of hearing, but also to the evolution of ideas, as much of hearing science was part of the “natural philosopher” approach that was a core element of historical discoveries.

From internationally renowned expert in resuscitation and New York Times bestselling author Sam Parnia, MD, PhD, comes a groundbreaking look at what happens to us when we die, based on the largest-ever research study run on recalled experiences of death. Today, for the first time in history, the scientific exploration of death and what happens when we die is real, active and ongoing. Contrary to popular perceptions, this subject is no longer the remit of philosophy, religion, or personal opinion. Truly remarkable scientific discoveries that will fundamentally affect everyone's lives now and in the future are taking place, yet very few people are aware of them. Most people—including scientists and doctors—maintain strong beliefs about death and its experience. Those beliefs are rooted in traditional, and often cultural, notions of death. But what if all that we have come to believe about death is fundamentally wrong? What if the paradigm we have been operating within no longer exists? What if death is not the end we thought?Lucid Dying is the first book to share that science. Presenting data derived from multiple groundbreaking studies, Dr. Parnia shows that the entity we refer to as consciousness—our Self—does not seem to become annihilated when we die. In fact, during death, our consciousness vastly expands and leads to a vivid experience that follows a very specific narrative arc. These studies support that there really is a universal experience of death that is meaningful, transcendent, positive, and transformative—not hallucinatory, delusional, or illusory as previously imagined. In his latest book, Dr. Parnia weaves empirical research with gripping stories to show us the truth of how death is not the end we all thought and how anyone can harness the newfound wisdom to lead deeper, more intentional lives.

This important new book focuses on the involvement of cytokines in specific areas of inflammatory diseases, such as granulomatous responses, lung disease, hepatic dysfunction and the acute phase, arthritis and accompanying bone remodeling, neurogenic inflammation, and shock. The roles of GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-2, TGFb EGF, and LIF are discussed, as well as the medical treatments that affect cytokine activity. The results of approaches important to the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, such as the search for endogenous biological response modifiers that control cytokine function or production, attempts to synthesize heterocyclic compounds in the organic chemistry lab, and research regarding second messenger pathways involved in IL-1 and TNF production are examined. This book will provide anyone in cytokine research, especially clinical investigators, pharmaceutical industry researchers, and academic research scientists, with important information on how cytokine research might be used.

This book contains papers which discuss many different stimulus--response systems ranging from those in bacteria and paramecia to those in insects and mammals. Emphasis is placed on the identification and characterization of receptor molecules, physical properties of channel molecules, physical and chemical changes in receptors, channels and other structures after stimuli, and the molecular events in the sequential response, excitation, adaptation and learning phases. Use is made throughout of both traditional and new techniques in electrophysiology, biochemistry, genetics and ultrastructural analysis. By covering a wide range of stimulus--response systems the book invites comparison between systems and generates discussion about common principles underlying information reception, transduction and response.

This book deals with molecular neurobiology based on neurochemical approaches and focuses on neural plasticity studied by neurophysiological methods. It offers discussions on prospects of neuroscience from the respective stances of the participants.

From Anatomy to Function of the Central Nervous System: Clinical and Neurosurgical Applications features neuroradiologic images that represent today, one of the most effective resources able to detect the anatomy of the nerve structures. Simultaneously featuring neuroimages, readers can study the functional aspects of the entire central nervous system with detailed captions that describe in detail how to use and interpret them. This book includes images of the brain dissected with the Klingler's method and white matter fiber dissection. By integrating the anatomo-functional description with the synaptic organization of the CNS, this reference is useful for anyone who wants to understand how the activity of a nerve structure arises, describing its microstructure, neurotransmitter phenotype, and neural activity. It also features descriptions of pathologic conditions which result from neuroanatomical and/or neurofunctional alterations and includes neurosurgical aspects. - Integrates anatomo-functional descriptions with the synaptic and neurochemical organization of the CNS - Allows readers to better understand the morphology and topography of encephalic structures - Features neuroradiological images and human brain dissections using the Klingler's method - Chapters have references (key article, book, and protocols) for additional detailed studies

Handbook of Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis provides an up-to-date introduction into multiple sclerosis disease, including new findings on the pathophysiological processes, the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease. This book includes in-depth chapters exploring the use of conventional and non-conventional imaging methods. These chapters cover magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) specific topics such as measurement of brain atrophy and susceptibility-weighted imaging. Additional chapters explore the use of additional imaging methods such as positron emission tomography (PET), optical coherence tomography (OCT) and high field MRI (use of 7T MRI scanners). - Reviews all non-conventional imaging modalities currently developed in the field of multiple sclerosis - Written by an international list of authors that are very highly regarded in the very specific field of their respective chapter - Includes information regarding the basics of acquisition and analysis that would allow researchers set-up their own MRI research

Today brain power is more important than ever. As technology gets faster and faster, our brains need to keep up.Luckily, the human brain has virtually infinite potential.You just need to tap into it.Brain Power, written by a master of the mental arts, will show you how to unleash the magnificent abilities that lie in your brain.You'll learn exciting new techniques that will help you remember more, think more clearly and creatively, solve complex problems, read and study with speed and efficiency, and climb the ladder to success! You'll also learn: The difference between the left and right sides of the brain, and why it matters. Why you remember some things better than others. How to use Mind Maps to think in pictures. How to manage your life more easily and efficiently. How to spot logical fallacies. How to unlock your amazing mathematical capacity.You'll also learn easy and enjoyable exercises to reinforce your understanding of key concepts and help you master each brain power skill. Brain Power will help you unleash your extraordinary latent mental capacity.The late Tony Buzan was a captivating lecturer and seminar leader who, over the course of his life, trained thousands of employees at Fortune 500 companies all around the world.

In this landmark new work, the major authorities in the field from around the world present a wealth of research data, coverage of regulatory issues, and thinking about the effects of man-made noise on marine mammals, turtles, amphibians, fishes, and invertebrates. The various themes of the book were chosen to cover the wide range of basic and cutting edge information on this topic. They include the hearing abilities of aquatic animals; communication by means of underwater sound; the description of aquatic soundscapes; different sound sources and their characteristics; the effects of sound on behavior; and assessing, mitigating, and monitoring the effects of aquatic noise. Emphasis is on the cross-fertilization of ideas and findings across species and noise sources. With over 140 contributions from leading researchers, the sources of underwater sound and their effects are discussed in detail.

This new edition presents an up-to-date, comprehensive overview of the GABAB receptor system, including a particular focus on the most recent therapeutic applications and potential. This receptor system has been implicated in several diseases and disorders, including gastroesophageal reflux disease, epilepsy, mood disorders, depression, and alcohol and substance use disorder. The authors, leading researchers in the field, explore a number of approaches, including medicinal chemistry, molecular biology, physiology, and preclinical and clinical pharmacology. The new edition is completely reworked and updated, featuring the latest pharmacological advances on baclofen and positive allosteric modulators.

The focus of this book is to describe the current understanding of the interactions between the nervous system and cancer and the use of this information in the treatment and prevention of cancer. Author and noted researcher Boris Mravec presents a clearly written and well-illustrated monograph on this rapidly developing new field. The book begins with an exploration of the basic concepts supporting the neurobiology of cancer, discusses the ways in which the nervous system affects all the hallmarks of cancer, delves extensively into stress and cancer, covers the etiopathogenetic consequences of the neurobiology of cancer, the implications for cancer prevention and treatment, and looks at future directions in the field.

The Mongolian gerbil brain lies in the anatomy of the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain. In all mammals, there is a special mechanism that compensates for the decreased blood flow to the brain in the case of development of stroke. This mechanism is missing in the gerbil and therefore makes the Mongolian gerbil a unique model for stroke. Dr. Mayevsky adopted the gerbil as a model for stroke and his laboratory uniquely studied the mitochondria in the gerbil brain under various pathophysiological conditions.This book describes the history of the Mongolian gerbil in research, the brain energy metabolism and mitochondrial function and brain real-time monitoring systems used in gerbils, as well as the brain vasculature of the Mongolian gerbil. Further, the book includes chapters on brain multisite recording under brain perturbations, multiparametric responses to brain activation, and the effect of neuroprotectants on the gerbil brain. This is an ideal book for research teams researching stroke and epilepsy.

More than 100 years ago, Dr Casimir Funk suggested the existence of a family of organic substances that are essential for life and thus introduced the concept of “vital amines” as essential nutrients with a specific action, requiring only minute amount with the power to cure a specific disease. Vitamins essential for human health are grouped according to whether they are soluble in water (hydrophilic) or in non-polar solvents (lipophilic). The hydrophilic vitamins are vitamin C and a series known as the vitamin B complex. Vitamin C is a reducing agent, whereas the vitamin B series are components of coenzymes. For example, riboflavin (vitamin B2) is a precursor of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and pantothenate (vitamin B5) is a component of coenzyme A. Indeed, several coenzymes contain a vitamin as part of their structure; this relation is undoubtedly responsible for creating an “essential” role for the vitamin. Since vitamins are involved in a wide range of biological processes and cell function, these are considered as essential nutrients. The essential nature of vitamins as well as their unique biochemistry, molecular mechanisms and cellular function in health and disease are emphasized in this book which will serve as a highly useful resource for health professionals, nutritional scientists, medical students, fellows, residents, and graduate students.

This book provides a comprehensive review of the latest advances in translational pain and itch research, and presents the cutting-edge developments in the study of our two principal, yet most mysteries sensations. Despite the slow progress in the discovery of effective therapies for chronic pain and pruritus, scientists around the globe now have a better understanding of why and how these conditions occur. Based on these findings, a series of novel treatment strategies are currently under development, and hopefully in a few years, medical practitioners will become more confident and optimistic when facing patients with these annoying and sometimes severe disorders. The contributing authors are world-renowned research scientists, who have made significant discoveries. The book is of interest to neuroscientists, neurologists and pharmacologists in both clinical and basic medical research field. In this second edition of the book, five existing chapters have been updated. Five new chapters have been added to reflect the lasted developments in the related field of research.

This reference presents a detailed exploration of the synaptic tagging and capture model, which has been proposed to provide a conceptual basis for how short-term memories are transformed into long-term memories. The first edition of Synaptic Tagging and Capture served as a comprehensive introduction and overview of the field and covered the topics from molecular and cellular aspects to behavior. This second edition reflects the overwhelming amount of research on the topic in the past five years. Notably, it provides greater insight into the molecular and cellular mechanisms and behavioral aspects of tagging and capture, including reconsolidation, computational, and metaplastic models. Synaptic Tagging and Capture: From Synapses to Behavior, 2nd edition remains the definitive work in the field.

From Brain Dynamics to the Mind: Spatiotemporal Neuroscience explores how the self and consciousness is related to neural events. Sections in the book cover existing models used to describe the mind/brain problem, recent research on brain mechanisms and processes and what they tell us about the self, consciousness and psychiatric disorders. The book presents a spatiotemporal approach to understanding the brain and the implications for artificial intelligence, novel therapies for psychiatric disorders, and for ethical, societal and philosophical issues. Pulling concepts from neuroscience, psychology and philosophy, the book presents a modern and complete look at what we know, what we can surmise, and what we may never know about the distinction between brain and mind. - Reviews models of understanding the mind/brain problem - Identifies neural processes involved in consciousness, sense of self and brain function - Includes concepts and research from neuroscience, psychology, cognitive science and philosophy - Discusses implications for AI, novel therapies for psychiatric disorders and issues of ethics - Suggests experimental designs and data analyses for future research on the mind/brain issue

This book presents nanoparticles as potential drug delivery carriers for overcoming the blood-brain barrier. The initial chapter of the book discusses complex brain disorders, the currently available therapies, and their limitations. The book discusses the potential applications of polymeric nanoparticles, lipid nanocarriers, liposomes, inorganic nanoparticles, dendrimers, and stimuli-responsive polymers for targeted brain drug delivery. Further, it evaluates the development and role of different cell lines and animal models in brain research. Towards the end, the book reviews challenges, safety, toxicity, regulatory aspects, future possibilities, and constraints in the clinical translation of nanocarrier systems to treat neurological disorders. The book as such provides valuable information to neuroscientists, and researchers working in pharmaceuticals, nanomedicine, drug delivery research, and nanotechnology. ​

Neurology is one of the most fascinating areas of medical science and general biology but it has traditionally been limited to some dedicated aspects only. However, modern neuroscience has embarked on exciting and diverse frontiers related to the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of neurological disease and nowadays, neurology has become multidisciplinary. There are many books available that deal with only one key concept of neurology but a book with a multidisciplinary approach is lacking so far.This book emphasizes all the conventional and applied divisions associated with neurology in reference to medical physiology and general biology and covers all aspects to integrate the topics of inter-related approaches. It provides complete information on each aspect of neurodegenerative disorders and brain injury, including autonomic nervous system, neuro-oncology, cerebellar ataxias, spinal cord disorders, neuro-ophthalmic disorders, and neuro-otological disorders such as dizziness, vertigo, imbalance, and hearing impairments, in a concise and informative way. It highlights the challenges related to neurological disorders along with their ongoing molecular mechanisms and treatments. The book provides simple and reader-friendly representations and artwork that will help in understanding the concepts.

This book discusses the mechanism and therapeutic strategies of phytochemicals against brain ageing. It discusses the underlying anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of the phytochemicals and the implications of these compounds in the prevention and treatment of geriatric diseases. It discusses the potential role of the highly complex interactive network between the gut and the brain in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), and Alzheimer's disease. The chapters provide insight into the mechanisms involved in brain ageing and the mechanism of actions of the phytochemicals that might be crucial in developing effective new therapies against brain ageing. The chapter also presents the mechanisms of action of phytoconstituents, bioavailabilities, and their effects on neuroinflammation. The chapters also examine the phytochemicals protection of neurons via targeting oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neurotrophic factor deficit, apoptosis, and abnormal protein accumulation. This book aims to provide comprehensive and cutting-edge information on the potential neuroprotective role of phytochemicals on the brain and neurological disorders to researchers, neuroscientists, clinical nutritionists, and physicians.

The brain is the body's most vulnerable organ due to the defined roles of neurons within circuits. Neurons are vastly outnumbered by microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, macrophages, cells of the blood brain barrier and invading immune cells. These cells display different grades of reactivities and interactions. They integrate their responses and not only change phenotypes but can also completely reprogram after damage to protect the neuronal complexity. The interactions of these satellite cells in the healthy brain are described as well as their roles in all major brain diseases. Special emphasis is put on immune system – brain interactions and regenerative and repair processes. The gliotic response is compared with the reactions to injuries of the skin and other organs. A final chapter addresses the definition of a cell type. It concludes that cell types can no longer be regarded as defined entities over the body's lifetime but are prone to phenotype plasticity and even completereprograming.

Sensitization is a concept of learning and memory that has grown out of experiments on'simple'animals. Interest in sensitization has grown tremendously in the last several years, fueled mainly by evidence of the molecular basis of sensitization in invertebrates on the one hand and the study of cocaine abuse, which produces behavioral sensitization, on the other. Because the rapid advance of information across such a broad range of research areas has made an integrated approach necessary, this volume combines findings on sensitization across the phylogenetic scale.

Our perception of the brain structure and function as an organ full of secrets and mysteries must change, and it is necessary to consider it as a part of the body that is constantly evolving and developing to maintain homeostasis for the entire human organism. New fossils, imaging methods, molecular genetics, comparative anatomy, evolutionary psychology, cognitive concepts in neuroscience, and neurology have made it possible to address questions of the neurological evolution of humans. This book integrates disparate findings from those disciplines in a succinct history by explaining how evolutionary process occurred, reshaped our brain, reconstructed our mind, and finally changed our'selves.'Key Features Explains complex scientific concepts in neurobiology using lucid prose and maintaining a clear narrative Provides well-documented arguments supported by hundreds of references and citations Documents a complex history which unfolded over millions of years Offers new approaches intended to transform ideas, opinions, and intellectual foundations of the brain

This guide covers all aspects pertaining to the use of zebrafish including their basic biology, humane care and management, husbandry, life support systems, regulatory compliance, technical procedures, veterinary care, and water quality management. The zebrafish is now a mainstream model animal employed by scientists to study everything from stem cells to the basis of behavioral changes induced by drug addiction. However, there are few accepted and established standards for husbandry, management, and care for the fish in laboratory settings and even fewer comprehensive and constantly reliable resources. To this end, the goal of this handbook is to provide managers, veterinarians, investigators, technicians, and regulatory personnel with a concise yet thorough reference on zebrafish biology, care, husbandry, and management. The new edition includes more figures, tables and bullet points, a wealth of new full-color images, major updates on health and welfare (including colony health surveillance and viruses), and a complete overhaul of the compliance section to address more international concerns.

Neuroscience of Coffee, Volume 289 is a pioneering volume that delves into the intricate relationship between one of the world's most beloved beverages and the human brain. Offering a comprehensive exploration of the biochemical and physiological mechanisms underlying coffee's impact on the nervous system, this groundbreaking book transcends traditional coffee literature by focusing specifically on the neurological aspects. Chapters in this new release include Coffee and Parkinson's Disease, Coffee and Alzheimer's Disease, Coffee and Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Coffee and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Exploring the Complex Relationship Between Caffeine Consumption and Schizophrenia: A Review of Epidemiological and Clinical Studies, and much more.Additional chapters explore Coffee, Antioxidants, and Brain Inflammation, Behavioral and Psychological Aspects of Coffee Consumption, From Bean to Brain: Coffee, Gray Matter, and Neuroprotection in Neurological Disorders Spectrum, and Synaptic Modulation by Coffee Compounds: Insights into Neural Plasticity. - Provides an in-Depth Exploration of Biochemical and Physiological Mechanisms - Investigates the intricate biochemical and physiological processes that underscore the impact of coffee and its constituents, providing essential insights for professionals and students in neuroscience - Covers Mental Health and Neurodegenerative Diseases - Offers valuable resources for healthcare professionals and individuals affected by these neurological and neurodegenerative conditions

Neurotransmitters are usually considered to be endogenous substances that are released from neurons, act on receptor sites that are typically present on membranes of postsynaptic cells and produce a functional change in the properties of the target cell. They are essential features of the nervous systems of all animals, and numerous chemicals can act as neurotransmitters either intentionally (e.g. pesticides) or unintentionally (neurotoxins). The most common forms of neurotoxicity are the death of neurons, degeneration of axons, damage to glial cells and interference with the axonal membrane or neurotransmission. Important neurotoxins are found among pesticides, metals, solvents, natural substances, and industrial chemicals. Environmental chemicals may also contribute to the pathology of neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders. Neurotransmitters and Toxicology will be particularly appealing to toxicologists interested in neurotoxicology in various sub-disciplines, as well as neuro-chemists interested in pathology and disease mechanisms associated with neurotoxicants.

This book explores the potential benefits of turmeric, and specifically curcumin, in the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. The book covers various aspects of turmeric, including its traditional use in Ayurveda and Chinese medicine, secondary metabolites, curcuminoids, and sesquiterpenoids found in turmeric, as well as the use of nano curcumin in neurodegenerative diseases. It discusses the different ways in which turmeric can be used to treat neurodegenerative diseases, including as a therapy for brain diseases, curcumin-induced neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia, and neural stem cell therapy in combination with curcumin. It also discusses the role of nano curcumin in neurodegenerative diseases, including its potential use in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The book provides the scientific evidence behind the use of turmeric and its compounds in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Overall, this bookis an invaluable resource for researchers and healthcare professionals interested in exploring the potential benefits of turmeric and curcumin in the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.

How we can use what we've learned about the brain to improve our mental healthThere are many routes to mental well-being. In this groundbreaking book, neuroscientist Camilla Nord offers a fascinating tour of the scientific developments that are revolutionising the way we think about mental health, showing why and how events—and treatments—can affect people in such different ways.In The Balanced Brain, Nord explains how our brain constructs our sense of mental health—actively striving to maintain balance in response to our changing circumstances. While a mentally healthy brain deals well with life's turbulence, poor mental health results when the brain struggles with disruption. But just what is the brain trying to balance? Nord describes the foundations of mental health in the brain—from the neurobiology of pleasure, pain and desire to the role of mood-mediating chemicals like dopamine, serotonin and opioids. She then pivots to interventions, revealing how antidepressants, placebos and even recreational drugs work; how psychotherapy changes brain chemistry; and how the brain and body interact to make us feel physically (as well as mentally) healthy. Along the way, Nord explains how the seemingly small things we use to lift our moods—a piece of chocolate, a walk, a chat with a friend—work on the same pathways in our brains as the latest treatments for mental health disorders.Understanding the cause of poor mental health is one of the crucial questions of our time. But the answer is unique to each of us, and it requires finding what helps our brains rebalance and thrive. With so many factors at play, there are more possibilities for recovery and resilience than we might think.

The book delves into the multifaceted world of migraine pain, offering a profound understanding of its underlying pathophysiology and presenting established treatment strategies for its effective management. It discusses the intricate world of migraine pain, offering valuable insights into its diverse aspects. Starting with an exploration of migraine's epidemiology and etiology and the complex factors contributing to this debilitating headache disorder. This book explores the significance of lifestyle changes and offers practical strategies for incorporation. Furthermore, the impact of diet and nutrients on migraine management is extensively covered, shedding light on their role in alleviating symptoms. This book serves as a comprehensive guide, blending scientific insights with practical approaches, making it an indispensable resource for healthcare professionals, researchers, and individuals seeking a deeper understanding of migraine pain. By addressing both established practices and cutting-edge advancements, it bridges the gap between knowledge and effective management, offering a holistic perspective on this challenging condition.

In the face of recent viral outbreaks and a global viral pandemic, the necessity for innovation and continued rapid advancement in viral diagnosis and treatment methods has become even more apparent. Global Virology IV: Viral Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Delivery in the 21st Century explores the latest advances in virology and trends in clinical practice, focused on foundational principles and advancements expected to significantly impact this field. Chapters address SARS-CoV-2, Ebola, Zika, Mpox, and Hepatitis C, among other key viral threats, before presenting a detailed analysis of antiviral agents broadly and concerning specific vulnerable populations such as stem cell and solid organ transplant recipients. It is designed as a helpful resource for medical students, scientists, and professionals, bridging current practice and future applications and inspiring further innovations and improvements in global health.

This book is built around ion channel research and, more specifically, ion channels as important therapeutic drug targets. Under the editorial leadership of Gary Stephens in academic research and Edward Stevens from industry, the aim is to bring these strands together to provide a cutting-edge translational reference on ion channel drug discovery. Exploiting our knowledge of ion channel structure and function has clear current and future potential to intervene and correct the pathophysiology associated with debilitating conditions, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cystic fibrosis, pain, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative disorders. Individual chapters have a disease focus, also providing a “case study story” that will also appeal to a clinical audience, while background information on a given ion channel is presented to provide a solid reference for undergraduate and postgraduate teaching.

••Selected for Doody's Core Titles® 2024 in Psychiatry••Anatomy of Neuropsychiatry: The New Anatomy of the Basal Forebrain and Its Implications for Neuropsychiatric Illness, Second Edition, builds upon reprised classic chapters by Lennart Heimer and Gary Van Hoesen describing the cortical and subcortical structure and functional involvements of several functional–anatomical macrosystems in the human forebrain, the existence of which obviates the vaunted heuristic value of the'limbic system'concept in the study of motivation and emotion. New narrative brings in important historical, philosophical, and histotechnical contexts, integration with novel technologies (e.g., optogenetics) and structures (e.g., rostromedial tegmental nucleus), a deeper dive into the interactions of forebrain and prospective cerebellar macrosystems with the reticular core of the brain, and current viewpoints on the essential role of macrosystems in motion, motivation, emotion, cognition, and neuropsychiatric well-being. - Presents discredited concept of the limbic system - Reviews the neuroanatomy of the basal forebrain, greater limbic lobe, and reticular core - Includes Clinical and Basic Science Boxes highlighting specific concepts, structures, and neuronal circuits from functional and clinical perspectives - Features 10 videos of dissections of human brain done by the late Lennart Heimer

This volume provides the first major overview, by eminent authorities on the subject, of recent developments in the field of endogenous substances and their regulation of sleep processes. The first two sections discuss general aspects of sleep regulation; including an historical overview, the restorative and adaptive functions of sleep, and evolutionary features. The third section contains contributions focussing on circadian rhythms in relation to humoral factors, hormones, neurotransmitters and metabolism. The sleep substances currently receiving most attention --- delta-sleep-inducing-peptide (DSIP), muramyl peptides, interleukin-1, sleep-promoting substance (SPS) and prostaglandin D2 --- are extensively discussed. Substances that may selectively modulate REM sleep are dealt with in the final section.

The book covers recent advances in the field of CNS therapeutics, including opportunities posed by expanding basic knowledge related to CNS conditions and novel approaches for efficient drug delivery to the brain (e.g., pharmaceutical nanocarriers and transporter- and transcytosis-mediated drug delivery to the brain inhibition of the blood-brain barrier). Chapters dealing with state-of-the-art in silico and in vitro tools for predictive purposes related to CNS bioavailability are also be included. This is an ideal book for undergraduate students and graduates in the field of medicine and pharmaceutics, and professionals working in the field of brain disorders.

This new volume provides a scientifically based exploration of the multifaceted world of endogenous opioids, including endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins, endomorphins, and orphanin FQ/nociceptin, featuring a strong translational focus. Topics covered range from basic scientific investigations, to clinical applications, to investigations in areas such as oncology, childbirth, and disordered eating, to psychosocial contexts such as volunteering and positive emotions. One of the main goals of Endogenous Opioids is to provide recommendations for new directions in medical research and health policy that are rooted in sound scientific research.