Search

This volume provides in depth reviews of the protein targeting translocation processes, gene transfer processes and genome reduction processes in the host and in the endosymbiont which were likely utilized during the evolution of an endosymbiont into mitochondria, mitochondria related organelles, simple and complex chloroplasts. These reviews cover both the current understanding of the host processes as well as the evolutionary outcomes used by these organelles for protein targeting and translocation. Reviews of the current knowledge of these topics are plentiful but scattered throughout the bacterial, parasite, plant and animal literature; here, reviews of current knowledge with evolutionary outcomes and future perspectives, written by leading researchers in their respective areas, are united into one comprehensive volume, essential for students and scientists interested in or working onsubcellular protein localization, protein targeting signals, translocation of proteins across and insertion into membranes, nucleic acid transfer between genomes, genome reduction and evolution of mitochondria and chloroplast.

This book covers the molecular structures and the cellular and in vivo function of endosomes and lysosomes, i.e. intracellular vesicles which are involved in many cellular processes such as endocytosis, intracellular trafficking, degradation of material from inside (e.g. autophagy) and outside the cell as well as exocytosis. Membranes of endolysosomal organelles contain an amazing number and diversity of ion channels. These ion channels are the topic of the present book that focusses on describing the structure, the biophysical properties, physiological functions of endolysosomal ion channels at the molecular, cellular and in vivo level.

Agricultural biocatalysis is of immense scientific interest nowadays owing to its increasing importance in the efforts for more sustainable agriculture while optimizing environmental impacts. Plant compatibility is essential for developing eco-friendly and sustainable microbial products. Therefore, our search for novel technologies ought to be in the foreground, for which a thorough understanding of biochemical processes, application of agricultural enzymes, traits, and viruses get the highest priority. Volumes 8 to 10 in this series compile the recent research on agricultural biocatalysis by interdisciplinary teams from international institutes for chemistry, biochemistry, biotechnology, and materials and chemical engineering, who have been investigating agricultural-biocatalytic topics related to biochemical conversions or bioremediation, and modern biological and chemical applications exemplified by the use of selected and highly innovative agricultural enzymes, traits, and viruses. The editors are prominent researchers in agrochemistry and theoretical biophysical chemistry, and these three volumes are useful references for the students and researchers in the fields of agrochemistry, biochemistry, biology, biophysical chemistry, natural product chemistry, materials, and drug design. Volume 9 covers the research on plant and soil enzymes, herbicide tolerant traits, biochemical conversions, including aspects from bioremediation, plant viruses, and evaluation of the agricultural enzymes market.

Sinusoidal Cells in Liver Diseases: Role in their Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment provides a state-of-the-art review on recent advances surrounding the role of liver sinusoidal cells (LSECs, HSCs, macrophages, and other non-parenchymal cells) in acute and chronic liver diseases. Coverage emphasizes disease pathophysiology, novel mechanisms, unmet clinical questions, development of biomarkers and treatment opportunities. By focusing on the role of sinusoidal cells in human liver diseases, this reference provides a comprehensive overview of the role of sinusoidal cells in acute and chronic liver diseases, in its pathophysiology and mechanisms, and in the development of novel biomarkers and new therapeutics. Cells of the liver vasculature play an essential role in the pathophysiology of acute and chronic liver diseases and are considered key therapeutic targets to treat most of human hepatopathies. Coverage in this reference includes the phenotypic changes occurring in liver vascular cells and how cells contribute to the development of microcirculatory dysfunction, fibrosis, inflammation, and liver failure. Provides a comprehensive update on the role of sinusoidal cells in acute and chronic liver diseasesCovers our current understanding of the role of sinusoidal cells as therapeutic targets to improve liver diseasesPresents the latest research in the development of novel biomarkers of liver diseases that derive from sinusoidal cells

The book discusses the ways in which high hydrostatic pressure (i.e. water pressure) affects all grades of life which thrive at pressures much greater those in our normal environment. The deep sea is the best known high pressure environment, where pressures reach a thousand times greater than those at the surface, yet it is populated by a variety of animals and microorganisms. The earth's crust supports microorganisms which live in water filled pores at high pressure. In addition, the load bearing joints of animals like ourselves experience pulses of hydrostatic pressure of a magnitude similar to the pressure at mid ocean depths.These pressures affect molecular structures and biochemical reactions. Basic cellular processes are drastically affected – the growth and division of cells, the way nerves conduct impulses and the chemical reactions which provide energy. Adaptation to high pressure also occurs in complex physiological systems such as those which provide buoyancy. Probably the greatest challenge to our understanding of adaptation to high pressure is the stabilisation of the nervous system of deep sea animals to avoid convulsions which pressure causes in shallow water animals. Additionally the book provides insight into the engineering required to study life at high pressure: equipment which can trap small deep sea animals and retrieve them at their high pressure, equivalent equipment for microorganisms, laboratory microscopes which can focus on living cells under high pressure, incubators for bacteria which require high pressure to grow, high pressure aquaria for marine animals and lastly and briefly, manned and unmanned submersible vessels, Landers and deep drill hole sampling. Rather like the organisms studied many laboratory instruments have been adapted to function at high pressure.

This volume of Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis starts with a discussion on the importance of biocatalytic synthesis approaches for a sustainable and environmentally friendly production of pharmaceuticals and active pharmaceutical ingredients. Among the enzymes discussed in detail with respect to their pharmaceutical relevance are cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases playing an important role in modulating signal transduction in various cell types; human DOPA decarboxylase, related to Parkinson's disease and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency; and phospholipase D enzymes as drug targets. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 mutations are novel therapeutic targets in acute myeloid leukemia. An additional chapter is devoted to the use of enzymes for prodrug activation in cancer therapy. The other topics include small-molecule inhibitors targeting receptor tyrosine kinases in cancer, β-Lactams and related compounds as antibacterials, non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants for the treatment of thromboembolic diseases, and the molecular mechanisms for statin pleiotropy and its clinical relevance in cardiovascular diseases. The last chapter is a review of lysosomal storage disorders with an overview of approved drugs for treating these disorders by enzyme replacement therapy.

Alzheimer's disease, one of the most rapidly growing neurodegenerative disorders, is characterized by a progressive loss of memory. Despite several advances in the field of medical therapeutics, a viable treatment for Alzheimer's disease would be of great importance. Medicinal plants represent a largely untapped reservoir of natural medicines and potential sources of anti-Alzheimer's drugs. The structural diversity of their phytoconstituents makes these plants a valuable source of novel lead compounds in the quest for drugs to treat Alzheimer's disease. Based on traditional literature and up-to-date research, various new therapeutically active compounds have been identified from phytoextracts, which could be useful in the treatment of cognitive disorders.Phytomedicine and Alzheimer's Disease presents information on Mechanistic aspects of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease and the role of phytochemicals as restorative agents Understanding the complex biochemical aspects of Alzheimer's disease Pre-clinical approaches to evaluating drugs to target Alzheimer's disease Assessing alternative approaches to treating Alzheimer's disease and the role of alternative medicine to delay the symptomatic progression of this disease Epigenetic changes in Alzheimer's disease and possible therapeutic or dietary interventions This book serves as an excellent resource for scientific investigators, academics, biochemists, botanists, and alternative medicine practitioners who work to advance the role of phytomedicines in treating Alzheimer's disease.

Based on the joint effort of a great many top scientists, this book covers most aspects of the metabolism and function of glutamine and glutamate in mammals.

This volume attempts to summarize the joint efforts of a group of workers who developed systems for analysing marine pollution for use with marine animals and then use these systems to monitor certain select marine populations. Approach taken is to seek pollutant-induced changes in metabolite (e.g. glutathione, ascorbate) concentrations, in hormone concentrations, in enzymes associated with pollutant metabolism (e.g. the cytochrome P-450 mixed-function oxidase system), in immunological capacity and in cellular morphology. The work reported here details the specific methods used and summarizes the results of measurement of the parameters in both pristine and exposed animals. Not all systems exhibited changes in response to the pollutants tested; these systems are also discussed here to help others avoid these potential, but insensitive, markers.

This book is a welcome source of information on this enzyme which is vitally important to many forms of life. Each chapter or section of each volume is not written primarily for those specializing in that narrow area, but rather to provide a coherent and integrated summary of that aspect got those working on other, quite different facets of the same enzyme.

The present work is based on the study of the laticiferous system in Hevea. It therefore covers anatomical, histological, and cytological research on laticifers and latex, together with biochemical and enzymological investigation of latex in vitro. Integration of all these studies led to the investigation of the physiology of the laticiferous function. The work described includes the most important results obtained over a period of nearly a century and the most recent work which has yet to be published.

The first section in Volume 1 describes the fundamentals of nutrition and aging which include research strategies for the study of nutrition and aging. The nutritional modulation of the aging process which has provided a major breakthrough in the field of nutrition and longevity is also discussed. These include biomedical influences, and social and psychological aspects. Section 3 includes dietary characteristics of the elderly population and methods for the assessment of nutritional status. The nutritional status of the elderly with respect to individual nutrients as determined by dietary survey and by biochemical methods is described in Section 4. Section 4 also includes discussion on nutrient metabolism, requirements, nutritional imbalances, and deficiencies of nutrients. Energy metabolism and obesity as a factor in pathogenesis of diseases are also discussed.

In the Dictionary of Plant Genetics and Molecular Biology, more than 3,500 technical terms from the fields of plant genetics and molecular biology are defined for students, teachers, and researchers in universities, institutes, and agricultural research stations. An excellent educational tool that will save you time and effort, this dictionary brings together into a single source the meaning and origin of terms from the fields of classical genetics, molecular genetics, mutagenesis, population genetics, statistics, plant biotechnology, evolutionary genetics, plant breeding, and plant biotechnology.Finding and understanding the precise meaning of many terms in genetics is crucial to understanding the foundation of the subject matter. For reasons of space, the glossaries provided at the end of most textbooks are highly inadequate. There is, then, dire need for a dictionary of terms in a single volume. You?ll appreciate the helpful approaches and features of Dictionary of Plant Genetics and Molecular Biology, including: no terms that are of limited use, very general, or self-explanatory cross references for effective access to the materials and economy of space alternate names of terms, denoted with “Also referred to as...” or “Also known as...” multiple definitions for terms defined by different authors or for terms with different meanings in different contexts authors who coined, described, or contributed toward further understanding of a term are listed and respective publications are included in the BibliographyAt last, there is compiled in a single volume the technical terms you need to know in order to understand plant genetics and molecular biology. As your knowledge grows, you?ll uncover even more terms that you need to understand. You?ll find yourself turning to this handy guide time and time again for help on all levels.

This book provides an actual overview of the structure, function, and application of carbohydrate-modifying biocatalysts. Carbohydrates have been disregarded for a long time by the scientific community, mainly due to their complex structure. Meanwhile, the situation changed with increasing knowledge about the key role carbohydrates play in biological processes such as recognition, signal transduction, immune responses, and others. An outcome of research activities in glycoscience is the development of several new pharmaceuticals against serious diseases such as malaria, cancer, and various storage diseases. Furthermore, the employment of carbohydrate-modifying biocatalysts—enzymes as well as microorganisms—will contribute significantly to the development of environmentally friendly processes boosting a shift of the chemical industry from petroleum- to bio-based production of chemicals from renewable resources. The updated content of the second edition of this book has been extended by discussing the current state of the art of using recombinantly expressed carbohydrate-modifying biocatalysts and the synthesis of minicellulosomes in connection with consolidated bioprocessing of lignocellulosic material. Furthermore, a synthetic biology approach for using DAHP-dependent aldolases to catalyze asymmetric aldol reactions is presented.

Recent years have seen the development of novel technologies that use nanoparticles and microparticles to deliver vaccines by the oral and microneedle-based transdermal route of administration. These new technologies enable the formulation of vaccine particles containing vaccine antigens, without loss of their biological activity during the formula

Cancer: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants bridges the trans-disciplinary divide and covers in a single volume the science of oxidative stress in cancer and then the potentially therapeutic usage of natural antioxidants in the diet or food matrix. The processes within the science of oxidative stress are described in concert with other processes such as apoptosis, cell signaling, and receptor mediated responses. This approach recognizes that diseases are often multifactorial and that oxidative stress is a single component of this. Oncologists, cancer researchers, and nutritionists are separated by divergent skills and professional disciplines that need to be bridged in order to advance preventative as well as treatment strategies. While oncologists and cancer researchers may study the underlying pathogenesis of cancer, they are less likely to be conversant in the science of nutrition and dietetics. On the other hand, nutritionists and dietitians are less conversant with the detailed clinical background and science of oncology. This book addresses this gap and brings each of these disciplines to bear on the processes inherent in the oxidative stress of cancer. - Nutritionists can apply information related to mitochondrial oxidative stress in one disease to diet-related strategies in another unrelated disease - Dietitians can prescribe new foods or diets containing anti-oxidants for conditions resistant to conventional pharmacological treatments - Dietitians, after learning about the basic biology of oxidative stress, will be able to suggest new treatments to their multidisciplinary teams - Nutritionists and dietitians will gain an understanding of cell signaling, and be able to suggest new preventative or therapeutic strategies with anti-oxidant rich foods

Pathobiology of Human Disease bridges traditional morphologic and clinical pathology, molecular pathology, and the underlying basic science fields of cell biology, genetics, and molecular biology, which have opened up a new era of research in pathology and underlie the molecular basis of human disease. The work spans more than 48 different biological and medical fields, in five basic sections: Human - Organ Systems - Molecular Pathology/Basic Mechanisms of Diseases - Animal Models/Other Model Systems - Experimental Pathology - Clinical Pathology Each article provides a comprehensive overview of the selected topic to inform a broad spectrum of readers from research professionals to advanced undergraduate students. - Reviews quantitative advances in the imaging and molecular analysis of human tissue, new microarray technologies for analysis of genetic and chromosomal alterations in normal and diseased cells and tissues, and new transgenic models of human disease using conditional, tissue-specific gene targeting - Articles link through to relevant virtual microscopy slides, illustrating side-by-side presentation of'Normal'and'Disease'anatomy and histology images - Fully-annotated with many supplementary full color images, graphs, tables, and video files linked to data sets and to live references, enabling researchers to delve deeper and visualize solutions

The book deals with various clinical aspects of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) which is a potent source for oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is critical for pathogenesis of diseases and CYP2E1 is a major contributor for oxidative stress. Several clinical disorders are associated with changes in regulation of CYP2E1 and the consequent abnormalities which include alcoholic liver disease, alcoholic pancreatitis, carcinogenesis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, obesity, hepatitis C virus infection, reproductive organ toxicity, hepatocellular and cholestatic liver cirrhosis, inhibition of bone repair, cross-tolerance in smokers and people treated with nicotine, disorders of central nervous system, changes in metabolism of protoxicants in the circulatory system and susceptibility to human papillomavirus infection. Hence, CYP2E1 emerges as a new and potent player in aggravating injury and furthering disease complications.

This book introduces Planctomycetes bacteria and deals in detail with their unusual structure, physiology, genomics and evolutionary significance. It is a definitive summary of recent knowledge of this important distinctive group of bacteria, microorganisms which challenge our very concept of the bacterium. Planctomycetes, and their relatives within the PVC superphylum of domain Bacteria, including verrucomicrobia and chlamydia, challenge our classical concept of the bacterium and its modes of life and provide new experimental models for exploring evolutionary cell biology and the full diversity of how living cells can be organized internally. Unique among bacteria, they include species possessing cells with intracellular membrane-bounded compartments and a peptidoglycan-less cell wall, and bacteria such as the anammox organisms performing unique anaerobic ammonium oxidation significant for global nitrogen cycle.

This book presents the proceedings of the meeting on'Lipid Storage Disorders'which took place in Toulouse, France, in September 14-18, 1987 and which was set up as a joint NATO Advanced Research Workshop and INSERM International Symposium. The meeting probably was the first truly international symposium devoted entirely to basic as well as applied aspects of lipid metabolism as related to the lipid storage disorders. Participants came from Europe, USA, Israel and Japan, and presented data on research in molecular biology and genetics, enzymology, cell biology as well as medical and epidemiological aspects of normal and pathological lipid metabolism. In the latter case, special attention was directed to the lysosomal B-glucosidase in relation to Gaucher disease and to sphin­ gomyelinase in relation to Niemann-Pick disease, and'two round'table discussions were devoted to the two respective items. But research on many other lipidoses was presented, as lectures or posters and avidly discussed. Other topics presented in special sessions were drug induced lipidoses and peroxisomal disorders. The meeting ended with a session devoted to medical aspects of disorders of lipid metabolism. The symposium which included about 50 lectures and close to 70 posters had an intense scientific character superimposed on a most pleasant and collegial atmosphere. Ample time was provided to personal discussions ; lodging of the participants in the students'residence located near the meeting place, permitted further contacts between them.

Carbohydrates have long been disregarded by the scientific community due to their complex structure and a lack of suitable experimental methods for structure determination. This book provides an overview of the structure, function, and application of carbohydrate-modifying biocatalysts. It explores glycoconjugates and carbohydrate-modifying enzymes

This book represents a collaborative endeavor by a group of investigators to bring together in a single volume a critical discussion of the major facets of our knowledge, ranging from chemical to clinical aspects, of steroid conjugation. However, the important field of bile acid and bile alcohol conjugation has been discussed only superficially since it was decided arbitrarily to be outside the projected scope of the book. The reader is referred to the companion volume of this book, namely Physical Properties of Steroid Conjugates (by Bernstein, Dusza, and Joseph, Springer-Verlag New York 1968), for complemental information on individual conjugates. The Editors wish to thank Miss Elise Kramer for typing assistance. Also we wish to express our deep appreciation and gratitude to Mrs. Dorothy Budd, our copy-editor, and Mr. J. Joseph for their editorial assistance in making this book possible. SEYMOUR BERNSTEIN Pearl River, N. Y. January, 1970 SAMUEL SOLOMON V11 CONTENTS Preface.... VII Nomenclature a, Discussion of Nomenclature System x b, Trivial and Systematic Names. x List of Contributors........ Xl Chemistry: Synthesis and Characterization S. BERNSTEIN, 1. P. DUSZA, and J. P. JOSEPH Enzymological Aspects of Steroid Conjugation A. B. Roy.......... 74 The Hydrolysis of Steroid Conjugates H. L. BRADLOW..... 131 Isolation of Steroid Conjugates P. K. SITTERI....... 182 The Biochemistry of the 3P-Hydroxy-Ll5-Steroid Sulfates K. D. ROBERTS and S. LIEBERMAN 219 Formation, Metabolism, and Transport of Estrogen Conjugates E. DICZFALUSY and M. LEVITZ.............

In spite of ingenious experiments, imaginative theories, and unshakable faith in supreme forces, there is no way to know how life began. What is certain is that in the course of the development of the universe existing sources of energy fused to generate atoms, and atoms mingled to become small molecules. At some point by chance or design-according to one's belief, but no one's evidence-small molecules such as hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, and ammonia reacted to yield larger molecules with the property most essential to life: self-replication. Such molecules had to achieve a proper balance between the stability needed for their survival in the environment and the mutability for the generation of many forms of life. How amino acids were created or how DNA, RNA, and proteins developed remains a mystery. But we know that a simple core of nucleic acid embedded in a protein coat made the simplest unit of life (except for viroids). Whether viruses are a primitive or degenerated form of life is not known. Once proteins appeared, their great structural plasticity allowed them to react with other elements such as sulfur, iron, copper, and zinc. After an incalculable number of years, some of the proteins became capable of catalyzing the synthesis of new nucleic acids, new proteins, and other compounds such as polysaccharides and lipids.

To lose is human, to win is fortune, but to try is our destiny. EARL C. SUITOR, JR. The idea of a Symposium on'Arthropod Cell Cultures'started in July of 1969 shortly after the untimely death of our colleague, EARL C. SUITOR, JR., at the age of 38. At first we thought an afternoon or evening session would be sufficient, but we were soon convinced that the scope of the Symposium should be greatly enlarged. Interest in this topic was increasing at an astonishing rate. Since EARL SUITOR had made a distinct imprint in this new field, many scientists who knew him well or just casually wished to honor him in this manner. EARL SUITOR was born and raised in New England and received a B. S. degree in bacteriology from the University of Massachusetts in 1952. As a spirited young man, he enlisted in the U. S. Navy to see the world. Instead, he was assigned for most of his four-year'hitch'to the Naval Medical Research Institute. I met him there in 1954, an enthusiastic and imaginative young fellow with many interests, an avid reader of the classics, an occasional writer of poetry, who blended his interest in scientific literature with that of Science Fiction. In 1956, EARL left the Navy to attend George Washington University, where he earned an M. S. degree in 1958 and a Ph. D. degree in 1963.

The First International Symposium on the Metabolic Interconversion of Enzymes was held in Santa Margherita Ligure, Italy, in May, 1970, under the direction of Professor G. Bonsignore. Because of rapid developments in this field, a second Symposium was organized a year and a half later in Rottach-Egern, Germany (October, 1971) by Professors E. He1mreich, H. Holzer and O. Wieland. At that time, so much new information had accumulated that it was decided to repeat such conferences approx­ imately every other year; the United States was chosen as the next site. This publi­ cation reports the Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on the Metabolic Interconversion of Enzymes held at the Battelle Seattle Research Center, Seattle, Washington, June 5 - 8, 1973. The conferences were originally designed to examine the control of metabolic reactions by covalent modification of certain key enzymes. Covalent, as opposed to allosteric or metabolic, regulation had first been recognized some fifteen years be­ fore. Initially thought to represent an added sophistication in regulatory processes possibly reserved to higher organisms, covalent regulation has now been found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Those early studies in covalent modification revealed for the first time the existence of special'converter'enzymes whose purpose in life is to switch other molecules from one state of activity to another.

connective tissues are essential for the physical functioning of the animals's body. The condition of the various connective tissues is governed by biochemical factors, anabolism and catabolism, that are controlled by specific enzymes. Any change outside the normal range of metabolism, for instance induced by immunological reactions, may induce a pathological disturbance. The result can be acute or chronic inflammation, or loss of normal function, expressed in loosening, dilatation, breaking, wear, stiffness, shrinking, scars, stenosis, and cirrhosis or any other kind of fibrosis. A first step toward improving our understanding of the feedback mecha­ nism that maintains the biological status and texture of a given connective tissue is to combine what is known about synthesis and enzymatic degradation of the components of fibers and ground substance. Common pathological phenomena like chronic inflammation of immune reactions can be either the result of the cause of disturbances in the sensitive balance of connective tissue metabolism. Nowadays con­ nective tissues are less and less regarded as brady trophic tissue but rather as a stimulating and many-sided problem of research. Before we can understand the pathogenesis of the connective tissue diseases that result in the destructive processes mentioned above, basic research will be necessary. This research will be furthered by a constant exchange of information and the results of· observations. To promote this exchange of information between scientists, symposia on connective tissue research are organized at regular intervals.

This timely book provides an overview of possible therapeutic applications. The first part of the book highlights general properties of and phenomena observed with nanoparticles, and the subsequent consequences for applications in drug delivery. The second part focuses on the therapeutic approaches that are possible through the use of nanoparticles

Introduces Groundbreaking Approaches for Assessing Lectin Function Lectins and their ligands are under quite a heavy microscope due to their potential applications to pharmacology, immunology, cancer therapy, and agriculture. With growing interest in the glycobiology field, the body of research related to lectin roles has grown at an explosive rate

The Advances in Cancer Research series provides invaluable information on the exciting and fast-moving field of cancer research. This volume presents outstanding and original reviews on a variety of topics, including cancer cell migration and invasion, human tumor suppressors, FAK expression, adhesion proteins, homeobox genes in cancer development, glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis, histocompatibility antigens in tumors, NKT cells, chronic immune activation, and cancer cells and leukocytes.

Drosophila gives an overview of the ways in which Drosophila is currently being used as a model organism to further our understanding of a spectrum of human neurological diseases. Each chapter is written by respected researchers and gives an excellent account of the subject that is suitable for postgraduate and postdoctoral researchers.

Oxidative Stress and Age-Related Neurodegeneration brings together researchers from a variety of fields to compare normal aging and disease-related neurodegeneration in terms of susceptibility to and effects of oxidative stress. They address how these effects can be attenuated, and examine whether antioxidants and natural micronutrients, such as those found in Gingko biloba, green tea, blueberries, and grape seed extract, can play a role. The book includes various ways research is getting to the core of neurodegenerative disease, including the use of proteomics, comparisons to related diseases, and examinations at the cellular and molecular levels.

To treat disease or correct genetic disorders using gene therapy, the most suitable vehicle must be able to deliver genes to the appropriate tissues and cells in the body in a specific as well as safe and effective manner. While viruses are the most popular vehicles to date, their disadvantages include toxicity, limited size of genes they can carry

Internal fertilization is universal in chondrichthyan fishes and, as such, requires a suite of biological activities, including behavioral, morphological and physiological mechanisms, to ensure successful copulation and fertilization. This volume correlates available data and ideas concerning the development, reproductive morphology, function, and

Newcomers to the field of biopharmaceuticals require an understanding of the basic principles and underlying methodology involved in developing protein- and nucleic acid-based therapies for genetic and acquired diseases.Introducing the principles of polymer science and chemistry, this book delineates the basic biology required for understanding how biomaterials can be used as drug-deliver vehicles. No book to date combines a discussion of high-tech biomaterials-based delivery of protein and nucleic acid drugs with the pharmaceutical or biocompatibility aspects. Leading experts from around the world discuss the physiochemical parameters used for design, development, and evaluation of biotechnological dosage forms for delivery of proteins, peptides, oligonucleotides, and genes. The book includes coverage biological barriers to extravasation and cellular uptake of proteins and nucleic acids.

Starting in the early 1970s, a type of programmed cell death called apoptosis began to receive attention. Over the next three decades, research in this area continued at an accelerated rate. In the early 1990s, a second type of programmed cell death, autophagy, came into focus. Autophagy has been studied in mammalian cells for many years. The recen

An important introduction to the use of the centrifuge in the biology laboratory, Biological Centrifugation is also useful for more experienced workers. The book describes the background and the principles behind centrifugation, including sedimentation theory. The book also considers the different types of centrifuge and other centrifuge hardware available, density gradient media and gradient technology. Although aimed primarily at the novice, this title also provides information to allow more experienced workers to modify and update existing techniques.

Lysosomal Pathways of Protein Degradation looks at cell biology from the view of a lysosome. It summarizes the composition and assembly of lysosomes in mammalian and yeast cells. It also reviews current knowledge about pathways of endocytosis and secretion and how both endocytosed and secreted proteins can be delivered to lysosomes for degradation.

The Flagellates presents a multidisciplinary view of the flagellates exploring both their unity, in terms of their structure, mechanisms and processes, and their diversity in terms of biogeography, niche colonisation, and adaptations to their environment. In addition, evolutionary relationships amongst flagellates are explored. This is the only boo

This innovative reference explores a wide selection of topics associated with aging, providing a solid understanding of the significance and molecular basis of the aging process and charting the course of future research in the area. Stresses the interplay of mitochondria, mitochondrial DNA, oxidants, and antioxidants! Featuring the researc

This publication explains the principles of the techniques used in disposition and metabolism studies in animals, in man, and in vitro. It includes methods for studying routes and rates of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of novel compounds and their metabolites. Relevant surgical, whole-body autoradiographic and pharmacokinetic procedures are discussed, together with techniques for separating and identifying metabolites and metabolic path-ways. Information on when the procedures are appropriate, and examples of what they represent, are presented in order to illustrate the value of such studies.

First published in 1986: This book is to help medical, pharmacy, and advanced students in science to understand the growing importance of continuously advancing biochemical concepts in human disease.

This second edition looks at the physiologic, biochemical, and morphologic characteristics of hepatotoxicity and includes an analysis of techniques in molecular biology and immunochemistry, among others contributing to the growth in understanding of the toxic events involved. It focuses on clinical characterization of chemical hepatotoxicity, micro