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Autophagy Processes and Mechanisms details the process of autophagy and its significance in diseases and aging. It provides insights into autophagy mechanisms and processes to broaden our understanding. By collecting recent progress on several aspects of the autophagy process, it provides a more integrative perspective and serves as a resource that can influence future research initiatives in the field. This new book is appropriate for basic and applied researchers in cell biology, biologists and those working in the pharmaceutical sciences. - Includes cutting-edge knowledge on autophagy processes as well as methodologies of research - Integrates knowledge from the perspectives of basic biological science, bioinformatics, clinical research and the pharmaceutical sciences - Provides an educational resource for students and investigators with an interest in autophagy, but who are not currently working in the field

The Cell Biology textbook covers the fundamental principles and concepts of cellular biology. The book explores the structure, function, and organization of cells, as well as the mechanisms of cell division, differentiation, and communication. It also covers the molecular biology of cells, including DNA replication, transcription, and translation. This book is an invaluable resource for understanding the complexities of cellular biology.

Autophagy is a catabolic process that eliminates damaged and faulty cellular components via lysosomes. It responds to adverse circumstances like nutritional deficiency, hypoxia, and oxidative damage. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause oxidative stress, which is a multidimensional chemical that drives various pathophysiological diseases, including cancer. In addition, the autophagy process has a double role, first preventing tumour formation, but later fostering tumour progression. A growing body of research suggests that autophagy and ROS have a complex interplay in which they can either prevent cancer growth or enhance disease genesis. While a combination of autophagy inhibitor and cytotoxic medicines is now being used in cancer treatment, investigating the potential of autophagy inhibitors for overcoming resistance to different anticancer medications and how this relates to the control of cancer micro environmental stressors raises several questions. Autophagy's dual functions as a safeguarding and cytotoxic process have drawn attention to its significance in the development of cancer.

This volume provides in depth reviews of the protein targeting translocation processes, gene transfer processes and genome reduction processes in the host and in the endosymbiont which were likely utilized during the evolution of an endosymbiont into mitochondria, mitochondria related organelles, simple and complex chloroplasts. These reviews cover both the current understanding of the host processes as well as the evolutionary outcomes used by these organelles for protein targeting and translocation. Reviews of the current knowledge of these topics are plentiful but scattered throughout the bacterial, parasite, plant and animal literature; here, reviews of current knowledge with evolutionary outcomes and future perspectives, written by leading researchers in their respective areas, are united into one comprehensive volume, essential for students and scientists interested in or working onsubcellular protein localization, protein targeting signals, translocation of proteins across and insertion into membranes, nucleic acid transfer between genomes, genome reduction and evolution of mitochondria and chloroplast.

Encyclopedia of Cell Biology, Second Edition, a Six Volume Set, has established itself as a fundamental reference work, providing broad coverage of the field in four main sections (Molecular, Organizational, Functional, Translational and Pathological Aspects of Cell Biology). This second edition revisits and expands each section, with entries on topics not covered in the first edition, including Crispr. The whole work is updated, providing greater coverage of specialized cell function and translational applications, and putting greater emphasis on these topics in graduate/medical teaching. New overview chapters and subsections provide a simplified cell biology text that can be used by instructors. The new version includes a standard template for each chapter, making the content easier to navigate, as well as inserts and graphics which provide summaries of key points in each chapter. - Provides the authority of a team of outstanding scientists in the field - Presents a comprehensive, up-to-date resource, covering both basic and translational aspects of cell biology - Offers high quality content at a competitive market price

This book sheds light on how dysregulated organelle functions contribute to the pathology and progression of human diseases. To offer a broad perspective, they discuss basic, translational, and clinical aspects across scales, from molecules to cells, tissues and organisms. Rather than providing a comprehensive introduction to the field, the authors focus on recent advances in organelle research, with each chapter inviting readers to consider today's key questions in the respective field.This book reviews the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi Appartus, Lysosomes and other membrane-enclosed organelles, demonstrating how their dysregulated function contributes to various pathologies. The chapters not only offer a platform for new perspectives but also stimulate further investigations. Given the translational nature of this subject, this book is a valuable resource for physiologists and clinicians alike.Chapter'Lipid Droplets in Cancer'is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

This book covers the molecular structures and the cellular and in vivo function of endosomes and lysosomes, i.e. intracellular vesicles which are involved in many cellular processes such as endocytosis, intracellular trafficking, degradation of material from inside (e.g. autophagy) and outside the cell as well as exocytosis. Membranes of endolysosomal organelles contain an amazing number and diversity of ion channels. These ion channels are the topic of the present book that focusses on describing the structure, the biophysical properties, physiological functions of endolysosomal ion channels at the molecular, cellular and in vivo level.

Helmut Plattner nimmt Sie mit auf eine Zeitreise, die die Entwicklung der Zellbiologie von der Erfindung des Mikroskops bis in unsere Zeit mit ihrem rasanten Fortschritt und zahlreichen Nobelpreisen nachzeichnet. Neben seiner langjährigen Lehrerfahrung schöpft er v. a. daraus, dass er oft als Gast oder sogar Akteur Teil dieser Entwicklung war. Modellorganismen von unterschiedlichem evolutionärem Niveau waren wichtige Hinweisgeber für Problemlösungen, besonders auch unter Einbeziehung neuer Methoden einschließlich der Molekularbiologie. Der Text ist verständlich geschrieben, zieht anschauliche Vergleiche und bietet Ihnen Anknüpfungspunkte durch bekannte Krankheiten (z. B. die Thematik Malaria und Sichelzellanämie) und prominente Namen. Zahlreiche anschauliche Abbildungen runden den Text ab.

One of the most intriguing and compelling issues to impact contemporary biology to date is the concept that cell death is genetically regulated. Observations by Kerr and Wyllie, made more than 30 years ago on the basis of distinct morphological criteria, markedly distinguished apoptosis from classical cell death by necrosis. Apoptosis is a highly regulated, evolutionary conserved, genetic program of cell death essential for normal development and tissue homeostasis. The discovery of apoptosis as a regulated event and potentially amenable to therapeutic interventions has generated considerable excitement because it meant that disease entities resulting from either too much, or too little, apoptosis could be potentially cured with new therapies that target apoptosis.While there is little doubt that necrosis induced by massive cellular trauma is likely an unregulated event, several lines of investigation have challenged the dogma that necrotic cell death ismerely unregulated. Emerging data has shifted the paradigm in our thinking about necrosis as a regulated event.Autophagy is another cellular process that has received considerable attention over the past two decades and its remarkable involvement in the processes of cell survival, death and tumorigenesis. Macro autophagy is a catabolic process that involves the selective and targeted removal of oxidized proteins, macromolecular structures and organelles through an elaborate cellular process involving a lysosome mediated pathway. Other forms of autophagy involving adapter proteins, commonly referred to as chaperone mediated autophagy, involves the selective removal of cellular cargo by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.The book will serve as a reference guide for basic and clinical scientists who are interested in understanding how these critical cellular processes impact the pathogenesis of human disease.

This comprehensive, up-to-date reference work compiles the scientific research on the relationship between various forms of cancer and reactive oxygen species (ROS). It is well known that ROS play a key role in the various steps leading to malignancy, this includes increase in DNA mutation rates. The book brings together exciting reviews, written by leading experts all over the world. The book is divided into four broad sections. Each section describes the role of oxidative stress and underlying mechanisms and pathways, at various stages of cancer, including its role in carcinogenesis, cancer progression and metastasis. Further, the book describes how the reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulate gene expression and signal transduction pathways in cancer. The book discusses the ways to interfere with the cancer progression, and design of anti-cancer drugs. The book provides an integrated approach for better understanding of the development phases of oxidative stress-induced cancers, and mainly the current perspectives about mechanistic aspects of cancer initiation, progression and metastasis. It is a highly resourceful book and would be extremely important to clinicians, students and researchers in the field of cancer genetics, therapeutics and oncology.

This book offers a systematic review of the cutting-edge knowledge in stress medicine. Cellular redox imbalance, resulting from overproduction of reactive oxide species (ROS), leads to oxidative stress and subsequent occurrence and development of many diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, pain, etc. In addition, ROS can induce post-translational modification of proteins and play roles through redox signaling pathways. In this book, the authors attempt to re-define the key concepts in oxidative stress, such as oxidative eustress and oxidative distress, revisit the pivotal signaling of oxidative stress in human diseases, and discuss the debate in current anti-oxidant strategies, such as natural products and drug repurposing. This book serves as a reference to graduate students and researchers in this growing field.

Autophagy in Health and Disease, Second Edition provides a comprehensive overview of the process of autophagy and its impact on human physiology and pathophysiology. It expands on the scope of the first edition by covering a wider range of cell types, developmental processes, and organ systems. The second edition is an international effort by investigators from 15 different countries whose many contributions are comprised in 28 chapters organized into six sections. The first section (Chapters 1-7) covers foundational concepts, including history, trajectory of the research field, mechanisms of autophagy, and autophagy regulation. The second section (Chapters 8-11) details developmental aspects, including stem cells, embryogenesis, hematopoiesis, and paligenosis. The subsequent sections are devoted to the role of autophagy in specific organ systems involved in metabolic control and diabetes (Chapters 12-15), the cardiovascular system (Chapters 16-18), and the nervous system (Chapters 19-20). The final section (Chapters 21-28) addresses autophagy in other organ systems vital to human health and longevity. Also included are chapters on microautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy, and the potential for autophagy as a therapeutic target.Autophagy in Health and Disease is invaluable to anyone new to the field as well as established investigators looking for a broader understanding of autophagy from outside their specific field of study. - Provides a comprehensive overview of the process of autophagy and its impact on human physiology and pathology - Offers extended coverage of the mechanisms that mediate autophagy - Covers the role of autophagy in stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, as well as the regenerative process of paligenosis - Highlights important questions that remain to be addressed

Cancer: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Second Edition, covers the science of oxidative stress in cancer and the potentially therapeutic usage of natural antioxidants in the diet or food matrix. The processes within the science of oxidative stress are described in concert with other processes, such as apoptosis, cell signaling, and receptor-mediated responses. This approach recognizes that diseases are often multifactorial and that oxidative stress is a single component. Other sections cover new organ site tumors—skin and liver cancer, the role of polymorphisms, cytochrome p450s, COX gene, fatty acids, apoptosis, T cells and mitochondria, prevention/protection with anthocyanins, esculetin, nanoparticles, and more. This book is a valuable resource for cancer researchers, oncologists, nutritionists and other members of the biomedical field who are interested in enhancing treatment outcome, improving the quality of life of patients, and developing new treatments in the fight against cancer. - Encompasses updated, revised and state-of-the-art information to advance cancer research - Bridges the gaps between nutrition, oxidative stress, and cancer, presenting a holistic approach for health care and research - Contains wide applicability to cancer research, from prevention to novel therapeutics

Helmut Plattner nimmt Sie mit auf eine Zeitreise, die die Entwicklung der Zellbiologie von der Erfindung des Mikroskops bis in unsere Zeit mit ihrem rasanten Fortschritt und dem Nobelpreis Physiologie/Medizin 2019 nachzeichnet. Neben seiner langjährigen Lehrerfahrung schöpft er v. a. daraus, dass er oft als (Zaun-)Gast oder sogar Akteur Teil dieser Entwicklung war. Modellorganismen von unterschiedlichem evolutionärem Niveau waren wichtige Hinweisgeber für Problemlösungen, besonders auch unter Einbeziehung neuer molekularbiologischer Methoden. Der Text ist verständlich geschrieben, zieht anschauliche Vergleiche und bietet Ihnen Anknüpfungspunkte durch bekannte Krankheiten (z. B. die Thematik Malaria und Sichelzellanämie) und prominente Namen. Zahlreiche anschauliche Abbildungen runden den Text ab.

How do electrical activity and calcium signals in neurons influence the secretion of peptide hormones? This volume presents the current state of knowledge regarding the electrical, calcium signaling and synaptic properties of neuroendocrine systems from both vertebrate and invertebrate systems. The contributions span in vivo and in vitro studies that address: state‐dependent plasticity, relevance of firing patterns, membrane properties, calcium flux (including dynamic imaging and homeostasis), and molecular mechanisms of exocytosis, including from non-neuronal secretory cells. The chapters focus not only on research results but also on how experiments are conducted using state-of-the-art techniques, and how the resulting data are interpreted.While there are many books on the secretory properties of neurons, this is the first to focus on the distinctive secretory properties of neuroendocrine neurons. Accordingly, it offers an important text for undergraduate and graduate neuroscience students, and will also appeal to established scientists and postdoctoral fellows. This is the eighth volume in the Masterclass in Neuroendocrinology series• - now a co-publication between Springer Nature and the INF (International Neuroendocrine Federation). •Volumes 1-7 published by Wiley

This book focuses on the latest fluorescent materials for cell imaging. Cell imaging is a widely used basic technique that helps scientists gain a better understanding of biological functions through studies of cellular structure and dynamics. In the past decades, the development of a variety of new fluorescent materials has significantly extended the applications of cellular imaging techniques. This book presents recently developed fluorescent materials, including semiconductor quantum dots, carbon dots, silicon nanoparticles, metal nanoclusters, upconversion nanoparticles, conjugated polymers/polymer dots, aggregation-induced emission (AIE) probes, and coordination compounds, used for various cellular imaging purposes. It will appeal to cell biologists and other researchers in academia, industry and clinical settings who are interested in the technical development and advanced applications of fluorescence imaging in cells, tissues and organisms to explore the mechanisms of biological functions and diseases.

International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology, Volume 354 reviews and details current advances in cell and molecular biology. The IRCMB series has a worldwide readership, maintaining a high standard by publishing invited articles on important and timely topics that are authored by prominent cell and molecular biologists. Sections in this new release include P73 in health and disease, The biology of LONP1, Molecular mechanisms of selective autophagy in Drosophila, Metabolic reprogramming and cisplatin resistance, The biology of polycystin 2, Pharmacological methods to transcriptionally modulate double-strand break DNA repair, Evolutionary insights into the aphid genome, Stratifying nutritional interventions in cancer therapy: next stop, personalized medicine, Vascular calcifications in health and disease - Publishes invited review articles on selected topics as authored by established and active cell and molecular biologists whose work is drawn from international sources - Offers a wide range of perspectives on specific subjects

This book, now in an extensively revised second edition, describes the crucial role of zinc signaling in biological processes on a molecular and physiological basis. Global leaders in the field review the latest knowledge, including the very significant advances in understanding that have been achieved since publication of the first edition. Detailed information is provided on all the essentials of zinc signaling, covering molecular aspects and the roles of zinc transporters, the zinc sensing receptor, and metallothioneins. Detection techniques for zinc signals, involving genetically encoded and chemical probes, are also described. The critical contributions of the zinc signal in maintaining health and the adverse consequences of any imbalance in the signal are then thoroughly addressed. Here, readers will find up-to-date information on the significance of the zinc signal in a wide range of conditions, including cardiovascular disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes,autoimmune diseases, inflammatory conditions, skin disease, osteoarthritis, and cancer. The book will be of value for researchers, clinicians, and advanced students.

In this book, renowned scientists describe how cholesterol interacts with various proteins. Recent progress made in the high-resolution visualization of cholesterol-protein interactions using crystallography and cryogenic electron microscopy has substantially advanced the knowledge of critical features. These features enable specific recognition of the cholesterol molecule by proteins, a process that was built on earlier studies using binding assays, computational modeling and site-directed mutagenesis. Direct Mechanisms in Cholesterol Modulation of Protein Function offers comprehensive insights into the current understanding of cholesterol-driven modulation of protein function via direct sensing. Its nine chapters are organized into two distinct parts. In the first part, the chapters introduce the reader to the general characteristics of cholesterol binding sites in proteins. This part starts with a tour into common cholesterol recognition motifs, followed by an overview of the major classes of steroid-binding proteins. It then continues with two chapters that present a comprehensive analysis of molecular and structural characteristics of cholesterol binding sites in transmembrane and soluble protein domains. In the second part of the book, examples of cholesterol binding sites and consequences of specific cholesterol recognition for protein function are presented for G protein-coupled receptors, ion channels and cholesterol-transporting proteins. The book is valuable for undergraduate and graduate students in biochemistry and nutrition, as well as basic science and medical researchers with a keen interest in the biophysical properties of cholesterol and physiological consequences of cholesterol presence in biological systems.

These volumes teach readers to think beyond apoptosis and describes all of the known processes that cells can undergo which result in cell death This two-volume source on how cells dies is the first, comprehensive collection to cover all of the known processes that cells undergo when they die. It is also the only one of its kind to compare these processes. It seeks to enlighten those in the field about these many processes and to stimulate their thinking at looking at these pathways when their research system does not show signs of activation of the classic apoptotic pathway. In addition, it links activities like the molecular biology of one process (eg. Necrosis) to another process (eg. apoptosis) and contrasts those that are close to each. Volume 1 of Apoptosis and Beyond: The Many Ways Cells Die begins with a general view of the cytoplasmic and nuclear features of apoptosis. It then goes on to offer chapters on targeting the cell death mechanism; microbial programmed cell death; autophagy; cell injury, adaptation, and necrosis; necroptosis; ferroptosis; anoikis; pyronecrosis; and more. Volume 2 covers such subjects as phenoptosis; pyroptosis; hematopoiesis and eryptosis; cyclophilin d-dependent necrosis; and the role of phospholipase in cell death. Covers all known processes that dying cells undergo Provides extensive coverage of a topic not fully covered before Offers chapters written by top researchers in the field Provides activities that link and contrast processes to each other Apoptosis and Beyond: The Many Ways Cells Die will appeal to students and researchers/clinicians in cell biology, molecular biology, oncology, and tumor biology.

International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology, Volume 337 reviews and details current advances in cell and molecular biology. The IRCMB series has a worldwide readership, maintaining a high standard by publishing invited articles on important and timely topics that are authored by prominent cell and molecular biologists. Sections in this new release include the karyosphere (karyosome) and its peculiar structure of the oocyte nucleus, organoids as models of disease, lipid droplets as organelles, the dark side of apoptosis, interconnections between autophagy and secretion, and the regulation and function of intracellular pressure in cell biology. - Publishes invited review articles on selected topics - Authored by established and active cell and molecular biologists whose work is drawn from international sources - Offers a wide range of perspectives on specific subjects

Cellular trafficking is only recently identified as a site for therapeutic intervention. This book provides up to date information on the mechanism for exploiting this area for drug development as well as a clear understanding of the individual components of cellular trafficking. The authors are experts in their areas and the book features tables and figures that enable comparison and clear understanding.

This new edited volume in the Springer Subcellular Biochemistry Series presents a comprehensive, state-of-the-art overview of the proteomics of peroxisomes derived from mammalian, Drosophila, fungal, and plant origin, and contains contributions from leading experts in the field. The development of sensitive proteomics and mass spectrometry technologies, combined with bioinformatics approaches now allow the identification of low-abundance and transient peroxisomal proteins and permits to identify the complete proteome of peroxisomes, with the consequent increase of our knowledge of the metabolic and regulatory networks of these important cellular organelles. The book lines-up with these developments and is organized in four sections including: (i) mass spectrometry-based organelle proteomics; (ii) prediction of peroxisomal proteomes; (iii) analysis of peroxisome proteome interaction networks; and (iv) peroxisomes in relation to other subcellular compartments. The editor Luis A. del Río is Professor ad honorem of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) in the Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry and Cell & Molecular Biology of Plants, at the Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Granada, Spain. Del Río's research group focuses on the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and antioxidants in plant peroxisomes, and the ROS- and RNS-dependent role of peroxisomes in plant cell signalling. The editor Michael Schrader is Professor of Cell Biology & Cytopathology in the Department of Biosciences at the University of Exeter, UK. Using mammalian peroxisomes as model organelles, Prof. Schrader and his team aim to unravel the molecular machinery and signalling pathways that mediate and regulate the formation, dynamics and abundance of these medically relevant cellular compartments.

This timely volume explores the impact of autophagy in various human diseases, emphasizing the cell biological aspects and focusing on therapeutic approaches to these diseases. The chapters cover autophagy and its potential applications on diseases ranging from obesity, osteoarthritis, pulmonary fibrosis, and inflammation, through ALS, Parkinson's, retinal degeneration, breast cancer, alcoholic liver disease and more. The final chapters round out the book with a discussion of autophagy in drug discovery and'bench to bedside'. Chapters are contributed by leading authorities and describe the general concepts of autophagy in health and disease, marrying cell biology and pharmacology and covering: studies derived from preclinical experiments, manufacturing considerations,and regulatory requirements pertaining to drug discovery and manufacturing and production. This volume will be useful for basic scientists as well as already practicing cliniciansand advanced graduate students.

This new volume reviews current progress on different approaches of in vivo reprogramming technology. Leaders in the field discuss how in vivo cell lineage reprogramming can be used for tissue repair and regeneration in different organs, including brain, spinal cord, pancreas, liver and heart. Recent studies on in vivo cell reprogramming towards pluripotency are reviewed; examples are given to show its potential in regenerative medicine. In each chapter, the regenerative potential of different in vivo reprogramming approaches is discussed in detail. More specifically, how different tissue failures or damages can be treated with this technology is explained. Examples from various animal models are given and the regenerative potential of in vivo reprogramming is compared to that of cell transplantation studies. The last chapter discusses current challenges of these preclinical studies and gives suggestions in order to improve the current strategies. Future directions are indicated for the transition of in vivo reprogramming technology to clinical settings. This is among the first books in the literature which specifically focuses on the in vivo reprogramming technology in regenerative medicine and these chapters collectively cover one of the most important and exciting topics of regenerative medicine.

Calcium entry pathways in non-excitable cells presents a concise synthesis of thoughtfully selected topics covering from the different calcium entry mechanisms in non-excitable cells to the cellular microdomains and organelles regulating the calcium entry process. Particular attention is given to the fascinating group of ion channels involved in different calcium entry pathways as well as the emerging role of these channels in human disease. Calcium entry is an essential mechanism for cellular function in non-excitable cells. In general, two main calcium entry pathways exist in non-excitable cells: one pathway, named store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) requires store depletion and the second pathway is regulated by receptor occupation, but independently on calcium store depletion. The search for the molecular components of calcium entry has identified the stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), as the calcium sensor of the intracellular calcium stores, and Orai as well as TRP channelsas the calcium-permeable channels located in the plasma membrane. The location, interactions and function of these channels are finely regulated by a number of scaffolding proteins, membrane microdomains and cellular organelles that fine tune the amount of calcium entering the cell. Cutting-edge and user-friendly, this volume presents relevant background information, critical analysis of the current observations and directions for future research. The book is intended for basic scientists specializing in cellular biology or ion transport, as well as for biomedical researchers.

The Encyclopedia of Cell Biology, Four Volume Set offers a broad overview of cell biology, offering reputable, foundational content for researchers and students across the biological and medical sciences. This important work includes 285 articles from domain experts covering every aspect of cell biology, with fully annotated figures, abundant illustrations, videos, and references for further reading. Each entry is built with a layered approach to the content, providing basic information for those new to the area and more detailed material for the more experienced researcher. With authored contributions by experts in the field, the Encyclopedia of Cell Biology provides a fully cross-referenced, one-stop resource for students, researchers, and teaching faculty across the biological and medical sciences. - Fully annotated color images and videos for full comprehension of concepts, with layered content for readers from different levels of experience - Includes information on cytokinesis, cell biology, cell mechanics, cytoskeleton dynamics, stem cells, prokaryotic cell biology, RNA biology, aging, cell growth, cell Injury, and more - In-depth linking to Academic Press/Elsevier content and additional links to outside websites and resources for further reading - A one-stop resource for students, researchers, and teaching faculty across the biological and medical sciences

Dieses Buch führt in die wichtigsten Theorien des Alterns ein; es konzentriert sich auf Telomere, DNA-Schädigung, oxidativen Stress, die Rolle der Nährstoffversorgung bzw. -erkennung, das Zusammenspiel von Genen und Umwelt (Epigenetik) und die Proteinhomöostase und stellt einige Gene vor, die die Lebensdauer in Modellorganismen zu verändern in der Lage sind. Indem es die verschiedenen das Altern bestimmenden Faktoren mit Erkrankungen des Menschen verknüpft, sucht das Buch ihre vielfältigen Wechselbeziehungen und Abhängigkeiten aufzuzeigen und zu einer molekularen Matrix des Alterns zusammenzuführen. Von diesem Buch werden alle profitieren, die sich einen profunden Überblick über die Mechanismen der Zellalterung und ihre Verknüpfung mit altersassoziierten Erkrankungen des Menschen verschaffen wollen.

During the second half of the 20th century, the introduction of a variety of new techniques greatly expanded our knowledge of the structure of nerve and neuroglial cells and of the organization of the nervous system at the cellular level. This new information has, however, generally been scattered throughout the literature, making it difficult for investigators to gain an overall vision of the discipline. The author has marshalled these scattered data to provide a systematic overview of the field placed within a historical context. He has correlated the major new findings with the classical notions of light microscopy and has integrated them with elements of biochemistry and cell physiology. After the publication of the first edition, the introduction of new microscopies and especially the growth of molecular biology have greatly expanded our knowledge, in particular on the intercellular communication in the nervous system and on the roles of neuroglial cells. These achievements have made a second edition of the book necessary. The fully revised and updated text, together with unique high-quality illustrations of structures of the central and peripheral nervous system, ensure that this new edition will be invaluable for neuroscientists, particularly those involved in cellular neuropathology, neurochemistry, neurophysiology and molecular neurobiology.

This new volume of Methods in Cell Biology looks at methods for lysosomes and lysosomal diseases. Chapters focus upon practical experimental protocols to guide researchers through the analysis of multiple aspects of lysosome biology and function. In addition, it details protocols relevant to clinical monitoring of patients with lysosomal diseases. With cutting-edge material, this comprehensive collection is intended to guide researchers for years to come. - Covers sections on model systems and functional studies, imaging-based approaches and emerging studies - Chapters are written by experts in the field - Cutting-edge material

The Cell: Biochemistry, Physiology, Morphology, Volume VI: Supplementary Volume focuses on the advancements of processes, technologies, and approaches employed in studies on the structure and functions of cells. The selection first offers information on the cytoplasm of Protozoa, fungi, and the aspects of the form and function of plant cells. Topics include special structures, basic genetics, physiology, life cycles and sexuality, special fungal genetics, basal bodies or kinetosomes, mitochondria, and symbiotes in Protozoa. The text then elaborates on sensory and connective tissue cells.Discussions focus on some catabolic processes of connective tissues, formation and cytology of connective tissues, nature of the extracellular constituents, and pseudosensory, neurosensory, and true sensory cells. The selection is a vital reference for researchers interested in the biochemistry, physiology, and morphology of cells.

In eukaryotes, lipid metabolism requires the function of peroxisomes. These multitasking organelles are also part of species-specific pathways such as the glyoxylate cycle in yeast and plants or the synthesis of ether lipid in mammals. Proteins required for the biogenesis of peroxisomes typically assemble in large molecular complexes, which participate in membrane formation, protein transport, peroxisome duplication and - inheritance during cell division. Peroxisomal function is essential for life. Mutations in PEX genes, encoding for biogenesis factors, are often associated with lethal disorders. The association of peroxisomes with other organelles suggests an extensive participation in organellar crosstalk. This book represents a state-of-the-art review in the field of peroxisome research encompassing the cell and molecular biology of peroxisome biogenesis and its diseases, the protein complexes involved in this process and the modern technologies applied to study them. The book is intended for graduate students, researchers and lecturers in biochemistry, molecular and cell biology with a biomedical background.

Aging represents a physiological and per se non-pathological and multifactorial process involving a set of key genes and mechanisms being triggered by different endogenous and exogenous factors. Since aging is a major risk factor in connection with a variety of human disorders, it is increasingly becoming a central topic in biochemical and medical research. The plethora of theories on aging – some of which have been discussed for decades – are neither isolated nor contradictory but instead can be connected in a network of pathways and processes at the cellular and molecular levels. This book summarizes the most prominent and important approaches, focusing on telomeres, DNA damage and oxidative stress as well as on the possible role of nutrition, the interplay between genes and environment (epigenetics) and intracellular protein homeostasis and introduces some genes that have actually extended life spans in animal models. Linking these different determinants of aging with disease, this volume aims to reveal their multiple interdependencies. We see that there is no single “perfect” theory of aging and that instead it is possible to define what the authors call the molecular aging matrix of the cell. A better knowledge of its key mechanisms and the mutual connections between its components will lead to a better understanding of age-associated disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.

Cord Blood Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine discusses the current applications for cord blood stem cells and techniques for banking cord blood. Cord blood, blood from the umbilical cord and placenta of an infant, represents an alternate source of stem cells that can be used to treat a myriad of disorders. Cord blood stem cells are being used more frequently and studied more seriously, as evidenced by the explosion of scientific literature on the topic. Currently, clinical and pre-clinical trials are being done in the field, treating conditions as severe as heart failure. Coupled with regenerative medicine, cord blood stem cells potentially carry the future of research and medicine in treating tissue damage, genetic disorders, and degenerative diseases. Read about new applications for cord blood stem cells and new techniques for banking cord blood — the future of regenerative medicine therapy. - Comprehensive coverage of the medical application of cord blood stem cells - Practical guide for usage of allogeneic and autologous cord blood in regenerative medicine - Covers new applications of cord blood stem cells, particularly transplantation and HIV - Introduces new technologies for cord blood stem cells and regenerative medicine

The podocyte is a key cell that forms the last barrier of the kidney filtration unit. One of the most exciting developments in the field of nephrology in the last decade has been the elucidation of its biology and its role in the pathophysiology of inherited and acquired glomerular disease, termed podocytopathy. In this publication, world-renowned experts summarize the most recent findings and advances in the field: they describe the unique biological features and injury mechanisms of the podocyte, novel techniques used in their study, and diagnosis and potential therapeutic approaches to glomerular diseases. Due to its broad scope, this publication is of great value not only for clinical nephrologists and researchers, but also for students, residents, fellows, and postdocs.

(Director: Pierre J. COURTOY) Two years after its first gathering in Oeiras, Portugal, the European Endocytosis Group convened for a second workshop at the Pasteur Institute, Paris, on October 1-5, 1990. The meeting is reported in detail in this volume; a preliminary coverage, based on the overviews of each session, has appeared in the New Biologist (1991, 3:243-252). The three main objectives, to broaden the audience, to present a more comprehensive view of the multiple aspects of endocytosis, from basic biology to health, disease and therapy, as well as to clarify controversial issues, have been largely fulfilled. The Second European Workshop on Endocytosis was attended by more than tOO participants, originating from 18 countries. 59 lectures and 35 posters were presented. In addition, vivi~ roundtables allowed to thoroughly discuss the dynamics and the regulation of the endocytic apparatus, as well as the role of endocytosis in antigen presentation. Endocytosis is a general and distinctive property of all eukaryotic cells, including protists, plants and fungi.

Prefaces tend to be platitudinous and unconducive to perusal. To this hardened Editor, the appearance of the book represents the end of a stamina-testing saga surpassing any past experience. Amongst the numerous authors - a notably eminent bevy - some were angelic and others suffered harassment to produce, amidst day-to-day pressures, an eventual article in the cause of receptor investigation; few took exception to the strong editing that their material underwent. The reader of this book will be interested rather in its aims and ba- ground.- Does it merit a n his bookshelf? The book is not a'Proceedings', but has sponsored-meeting parentage. Wi th company support, notably from BetaHED Pharmaceuti­ cals of Indianapolis, the 8th International Subcellular Hethodology Forum was held in July 1982 at the University of Surrey in Guildford. The vigorous debates, partly on aspects such as hormonal receptors and drug targeting, then narrowed to Neuroreceptor Hethodology at a NATO Advanced Research Workshop, perforce set up at short notice. But'Proceedings'are proverbially ephemeral material reflecting an array of solo performances, whereas this book is hopefully more like an orchestra's performance, of classical together with new material. Retrievability of receptor'know-how'has been a key aim. Locations in the text, including comments and supplementary material (designated'NC'), are thoroughly indexed, whilst for some aspects a'Retrieval Key'(p. 545) should be used. Related to receptor methodo­ logy, receptor features and phenomena get due attention in the text.

This book introduces Planctomycetes bacteria and deals in detail with their unusual structure, physiology, genomics and evolutionary significance. It is a definitive summary of recent knowledge of this important distinctive group of bacteria, microorganisms which challenge our very concept of the bacterium. Planctomycetes, and their relatives within the PVC superphylum of domain Bacteria, including verrucomicrobia and chlamydia, challenge our classical concept of the bacterium and its modes of life and provide new experimental models for exploring evolutionary cell biology and the full diversity of how living cells can be organized internally. Unique among bacteria, they include species possessing cells with intracellular membrane-bounded compartments and a peptidoglycan-less cell wall, and bacteria such as the anammox organisms performing unique anaerobic ammonium oxidation significant for global nitrogen cycle.

This comprehensive treatise on the reticuloendothelial system is a project jointly shared by individual members of the Reticuloendothelial (RE) Society and bio­ medical scientists in general who are interested in the intricate system of cells and molecular moieties derived from these cells which constitute the RES. It may now be more fashionable in some quarters to consider these cells as part of what is called the mononuclear phagocytic system or the lymphoreticular system. Nevertheless, because of historical developments and current interest in the subject by investigators from many diverse areas, it seems advantageous to present in one comprehensive treatise current information and knowledge con­ cerning basic aspects of the RES, such as morphology, biochemistry, phylogeny and ontogeny, physiology, and pharmacology as well as clinical areas including immunopathology, cancer, infectious diseases, allergy, and hypersensitivity. It is anticipated that by presenting information concerning these apparently heterogeneous topics under the unifying umbrella of the RES attention will be focused on the similarities as well as interactions among the cell types constitut­ ing the RES from the viewpoint of various disciplines. The treatise editors and their editorial board, consisting predominantly of the editors of individual vol­ umes, are extremely grateful for the enthusiastic cooperation and enormous task undertaken by members of the biomedical community in general and especially by members of the American as well as European and Japanese Reticuloendothe­ lial Societies.

The first volume of the series, on'The Stability of the Differentiated State'received many favorable reviews from the scientific community. Many readers seem to agree with us that publication of topical volumes is a worthwhile alternative to periodic compilations of rather unrelated, though up-to-date reviews. Production of topical volumes is however, plagued with one great difficulty, that of'author synchronization'. This difficulty explains the lag between volumes 1 and 2 of the series. Nevertheless we hope that the present volume will be appreciated as a valuable source of information on its central topic: How do cell organelles originate, and what mechanisms assure their continuity? Tübingen, Berlin, Zürich, \V. BEERMANN, J. REINERT, H. URSPRUNG, Heidelberg H. -W. HA GENS Contents Assembly, Continuity, and Exchanges in Certain Cytoplasmic Membrane Systems by W. GORDON WHALEY, MARIANNE DAUWALDER, aüd ]OYCE E. KEPHART 1 I. The Nature of the Membrane...... H. The Assembly of Membranes...... 5 III. The Growth and Transfer of Membranes. 6 A. The Nuclear Envelopc... 6 B. The Endoplasmic Reticulum 13 C. The Golgi Apparatus. 17 D. The Plasma Membrane 28 E. Vacuoles and Vesicles 31 IV. Concluding Remarks 37 References..... 38 Origin and Continuity of Mitochondria by ROBERT BAXTER 1. Introduction............. 46 H. Mitochondrial Biogenesis : thc Machincry 46 III. Limitations of Mitochondrial Autonomy 50 IV. The Replication of Mitochondria 53 V. Discussion and Conclusion 58 Referenccs......... 59 Origin and Continuity of Plastids by \VILFRIED STUBBE 1. Introduction............. 65 II. Arguments for the Continuity of Plastids.

In modern scientific investigation the fields of biochemistry, molecular biology, and morphology comprise an indivisible area of study. The present book results from the cooperation of a bioehernist and morphologists: the revision and unified treatment of available data is the primary object of our work. A comprehensive review of all the available literature is therefore beyond the scope of this volume. lt is intended to be a manual to be used in the laboratory, with convenient guidelines for practical work. Plant microbodies have been treated by B. GERHARDT in Volume 5 of this series. The discovery of fatty acid ß-oxidation in animal peroxisomes has proved once more that plant and animal microbodies are members of the same family of organelles. lt provided new insights into the physiological meaning of these particles; our understanding of these'classical'cell organelies is undergoing continual alteration and development. PETER BöcK Vienna, July 1980 ROBERT KRAMAR MARGIT PAVELKA Acknowledgements We wish to express our gratitude to Prof. Dr. D. H. FAHIMI and Dr. P. KALMBACH (Heidelberg) for kindly providing Figure 14, to Prof. Dr. KARIN GoRGAS (Heidelberg) for allowing the reproduction of Figure 43, to Profs. Dr. L. STOCKINGER and Dr. E. KAISER for helpful criticism, and to all our colleagues in our respective institutes. W e are especially grateful to Drs. H. GoLDENBERG and M. HüTTINGER for continuous discussion, to Mrs. JuTTA SELBMANN for typing the references, and to Mr. P. KAMPFER and Mr. H. WAGNER for carefully drawing some of the figures.

With the explosion of information on autophagy in cancer, this is an opportune time to speed the efforts to translate our current knowledge about autophagy regulation into better understanding of its role in cancer. This book will cover the latest advances in this area from the basics, such as the molecular machinery for autophagy induction and regulation, up to the current areas of interest such as modulation of autophagy and drug discovery for cancer prevention and treatment. The text will include an explanation on how autophagy can function in both oncogenesis and tumor suppression and a description of its function in tumor development and tumor suppression through its roles in cell survival, cell death, cell growth as well as its influences on inflammation, immunity, DNA damage, oxidative stress, tumor microenvironment, etc. The remaining chapters will cover topics on autophagy and cancer therapy. These pages will serve as a description on how the pro-survival function of autophagy may help cancer cells resist chemotherapy and radiation treatment as well as how the pro-death functions of autophagy may enhance cell death in response to cancer therapy, and how to target autophagy for cancer prevention and therapy − what to target and how to target it. ​

In September, 1976, the International Federation for Cell Biology held its first congress in Boston. On this occasion Berlin was chosen as the site for the next congress. This meant an acknowledgement and at the same time a heavy burden for the still young European Cell Biology Organization, which repre­ sents a junction of European societies and groups for cell biology. In practical terms, this meant that the members of the young and, compared to the Ame­ rican Society for Cell Biology, small German Society for Cell Biology had to do a good deal of the organizing of the Cell Biology Congress. This is an op­ portunity for me, as Chairman of the Organizing Committee, and also on be­ half of the German Society for Cell Biology, to express my gratitude to all those who have actively participated in the preparations for this Cell Biology Congress. The success of the Congress in Berlin was to a significant extent due to their work. In particular, I would like to especially thank the Secretary General ofECBO Werner Franke, Heidelberg, as well as the Chairman of the Local Organizing Committee, Peter Giesbrecht, Berlin, for the excellent job they did. The Congress in Berlin proved to be significantly larger than that in Boston in 1976. The number of abstracts increased from 1200 to more than 1800. They have been published in the European Journal of Cell Biology. In a simi­ lar way the number of symposia and workshops expanded.