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Motor dysfunction and cognitive impairment are major symptoms in both Huntington's Disease (HD) and Parkinson's Disease (PD). A breakthrough in HD research was the identification of the gene that causes this devastating monogenetic illness. Similarly, several genes were found to cause familial forms of PD. With their identification, a plethora of genetic animal models has been generated and has revolutionized the understanding of the pathobiology and pathophysiology of these disorders. The models allow us to study the earliest manifestations of the diseases behaviorally and neuropathologically and help us understand how they progress over time. Additionally, neurotoxic animal models are still of high interest to the PD field, as they are being used to study e.g. mitochondrial dysfunction in PD. This book focuses on animal models of both diseases and how they have helped and will continue to help understand the behavioral neurobiology in these disorders.

Hyper Bio Assembler for Cellular Systems is the first book to present a new methodology for measuring and separating target cells at high speed and constructing 3D cellular systems in vitro. This book represents a valuable resource for biologists, biophysicists and robotic engineers, as well as researchers interested in this new frontier area, offering a better understanding of the measurement, separation, assembly, analysis and synthesis of complex biological tissue, and of the medical applications of these technologies.This book is the outcome of the new academic fields of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology's Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research in Japan.

Colorectal cancer has for more than two decades served as the paradigm for the multi-step concept of cancer initiation and progression. Perhaps more than any other organ site, cancer of the colon is extensively characterized at the molecular level. We are now entering a time when molecular classification, rather than histologic classification, of cancer subtypes is driving the development of clinical trials with emerging targeted therapies. The book will focus on the progression from the identification of mutations that drive colorectal cancer initiation and progression to the search for novel therapies to treat the disease.

Recent studies have shown that cells from adipose tissue are capable of trafficking to tumors, thus enabling paracrine action of adipokines from within the tumor microenvironment. Increased tumor vascularization, immune system suppression and direct effects on malignant cell survival and proliferation have been investigated as mechanisms regulated by adipokines. The goal of this book is to discuss data pointing to the role of adipose tissue in cancer and to dissect individual mechanisms through which adipose tissue excess or restriction could influence cancer progression.

Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein belonging to the transferrin family. It acts as a defense in host animals against microbes and viruses, since it has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial and antiviral activities. Lactoferrin has been shown to regulate the growth and differentiation of many types of cells. The results of recent studies indicate that lactoferrin is a potent regulator of dermal fibroblasts, and promotes cutaneous wound healing. The collagen gel contraction, a model of wound contraction during wound healing process, and migration of human fibroblasts were enhanced by lactoferrin. LRP-1 (LDL Receptor related Protein-1) acts as a signaling receptor for lactoferrin that mediate fibroblast response to lactoferrin by activating ERK/MAPK signaling pathway. In addition, lactoferrin promotes biosynthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) component such as type-I collagen and hyaluronan. Hyaluronan is a major component of ECM in connective tissue and promotes wound healing. The promoting effect of lactoferrin on hyaluronan production was accompanied by promotion of HAS2 (hyaluronan synthase 2) expression. These observations suggest that lactoferrin promotes the wound healing by providing an ECM that promotes fibroblast migration. Lactoferrin is also known for its anti-inflammatory and immune modulating properties. According to recent in vivo study, lactoferrin promotes wound repair by promoting the early inflammatory phase of wound healing. Based on this, recombinant human lactoferrin was subsequently tested clinically in a Phase II trial in patients with diabetic ulcers and was found to be effective. Lactoferrin should be further evaluated in patients with diabetic and other types of ulcers.

After having read this book you will never see birds in the same way again.The unexpected patterns displayed by a bird's body have been seen as bizarre events that demanded little attention or were described as ‘amazing curiosities'.None of these surprising features seem to be fortuitous. They appear to be an integral part of a rigid order and a coherent geometry, which is directed by simple gene interactions and molecular cascades occurring at various cellular levels, and at different times, during the organism's development.A novel geometry unfolds in front of your eyes, giving the body configurations another meaning.Lima-de-Faria is Professor Emeritus of Molecular Cytogenetics at Lund University, Lund, Sweden. This is his sixth book dealing with the molecular organization of the chromosome and its implications for the understanding of the mechanisms responsible for biological evolution.

This book provides a detailed account of the physico-chemical properties and biological functions of the outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) of different pathogenic and non-pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. It also includes an authentic record of the first systematic study that discovered the mechanism of OMV formation by a pathogen, Vibrio cholerae, and proposed that the process represented a novel secretory activity of bacteria. Furthermore, the authors present clinical and laboratory data on the use of OMVs as immunogens, as effective and licensed vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B infections and on the development of more effective vaccines against other human and animal pathogens including Vibrio cholerae. This volume thus bears witness to the emerging revolution in the field of vaccines against pathogens and closes with a discussion of open questions and future research on OMVs.

Advances in Stem Cell Research discusses recent advances in stem cell science, including therapeutic applications. This volume covers such topics as biomanufacturing iPS cells for therapeutic applications, techniques for controlling stem cell fate decisions, as well as current basic research in such areas as germ line stem cells, genomics and proteomics in stem cell research. It is a useful book for biology and clinical scientists, especially young investigators and stem cell biology students who are newly entering the world of stem cells research. The editors hope that the new knowledge and research outlined in this book will help contribute to new therapies for a wide variety of diseases that presently afflict humanity.

The Centrosome: Cell and Molecular Mechanisms of Functions and Dysfunctions in Disease includes chapters on classic and modern aspects of centrosome research to cover topics of current interest that have not been covered in depth in most books on the market so far. It extends on previous topics and includes new exciting aspects of centrosome research focused on primary cilia and their dysfunctions that are implicated in numerous diseases. Each chapter will be written by experts in their fields who will contribute their unique expertise in specific research fields and include cell and molecular details that are important for the specific subtopics. The book will be comprehensive, concise and will include reviews of key topics in the field. Cutting edge new information will be balanced with background information that will be readily understandable for the newcomer and the experienced centrosome researcher alike.

The mouse is a perfect model organism to study mammalian, and thus indirectly also human, embryology. Most scientific achievements that have had an important impact on the understanding of basic mechanisms governing embryo development in humans, originated from mouse embryology. Stem cell research, which now offers the promise of regenerative medicine, began with the isolation and culture of mouse embryonic stem cells by Martin Evans (who received the Nobel Prize in medicine in 2007 for this achievement) and Matthew Kaufman. This book provides an overview of mouse development, spanning from oocytes before fertilization to the state-of-the-art description of embryonic and adult stem cells. The chapters, written by the leading specialists in the field, deal with the most recent discoveries in this extremely fast-developing area of research.

JAK tyrosine kinases and STAT transcription factors constitute a signaling pathway, which is activated by cytokines. By activating gene transcription it regulates essential biological responses to environmental cues. The Jak-Stat pathway is involved in the regulation of cell development, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. Improper function may contribute to hematopoietic malignancies and cancer. This book provides comprehensive insights into the latest basic and clinical developments in the field. The first part reviews recent findings and new technologies pertaining to basics of Jak-Stat function. The second part describes the evolution of Jak-Stat signaling and the role of the pathway in invertebrate organisms. The third part focuses on Jak-Stat signaling in hematopoietic cells under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Finally, chapters in the fourth section describe the relationship of Jak-Stat signaling to various states of disease, particularly infection, leukemias and solid cancers. The book is intended for all scientists in molecular biology, biochemistry and cell biology dealing with biomedical issues.

The science of change from cells to cultureCells to Civilizations is the first unified account of how life transforms itself—from the production of bacteria to the emergence of complex civilizations. What are the connections between evolving microbes, an egg that develops into an infant, and a child who learns to walk and talk? Award-winning scientist Enrico Coen synthesizes the growth of living systems and creative processes, and he reveals that the four great life transformations—evolution, development, learning, and human culture—while typically understood separately, actually all revolve around shared core principles and manifest the same fundamental recipe. Coen blends provocative discussion, the latest scientific research, and colorful examples to demonstrate the links between these critical stages in the history of life.Coen tells a story rich with genes, embryos, neurons, and fascinating discoveries. He examines the development of the zebra, the adaptations of seaweed, the cave paintings of Lascaux, and the formulations of Alan Turing. He explores how dogs make predictions, how weeds tell the time of day, and how our brains distinguish a Modigliani from a Rembrandt. Locating commonalities in important findings, Coen gives readers a deeper understanding of key transformations and provides a bold portrait for how science both frames and is framed by human culture.A compelling investigation into the relationships between our biological past and cultural progress, Cells to Civilizations presents a remarkable story of living change.

Research into the field of stem cell biology has developed exponentially over recent years, and is beginning to offer significant promise for unravelling the molecular basis of a multitude of disease states. Importantly, in addition to offering the opportunity to delve deeply into the mechanisms that drive disease aetiology the research is realistically opening the doors for development of targeted and personalized therapeutic applications that many considered, until recently, to be nothing more that a far fetched dream. This volume provides a timely glimpse into the methods that have been developed to instigate, and the mechanisms that have been identified to drive, the process of nuclear reprogramming, chronicling how the field has developed over the last 50-60 years. Since the early 1950s a small number of notable experiments have provided significant impetus to the field, primarily the demonstration of reprogramming ability, first by the complex cytoplasmic milieu that constitutes the amphibian egg, then that of the mammalian egg, and finally that of the mammalian embryonic stem cell. Most recently, the demonstration that a limited pool of defined molecules is capable of reprogramming a multitude of cell types has provided massive impetus and facilitated transition towards realistic therapeutic application. We have therefore reproduced some of the key articles that elegantly document these dramatic stages of development of the field in an inclusive appendix to the book, for the benefit of readers keen to investigate the history of how the field of stem cell biology has evolved. Owing to the ever broadening nature of this field, and the incredible rate at which it is evolving, the main content of this volume focuses on areas that have shown significant movement in recent years, are most likely to translate into personalized therapeutic application, and thus provide greatest potential for significant impact on human health inthe not too distant future. We recognize that research into many other disease states and cell types are all equally worthy of discussion. We would therefore like to acknowledge those researchers involved whose work we have not been able to include in this volume. Nuclear Reprogramming and Stem Cells will serve as a valuable resource for all researchers in the field of stem cell biology, including those just setting out on their career path as well as those already established in the field.

Bioinformatics is interpreted as the application of information science to biology, in which it plays a fundamental and all-pervasive role. The field continues to develop intensively in both academia and commercially, and is highly interdisciplinary. This broad-ranging and thoroughly updated second edition covers new findings while retaining the successful formula of the original text. Bioinformatics: An Introduction (2nd Edition) is structured into three parts devoted to Information, Biology, and Applications. Every section of the book has been completely revised for currency, and expanded where relevant, to take account of significant new discoveries and realizations of the importance of key concepts. Furthermore, two new chapters provide instruction about algorithms and knowledge representation. Emphases are placed on the underlying fundamentals and on acquisition of a broad and comprehensive grasp of the field as a whole. Features: • Provides a solid foundation in, and self-contained introduction to, the field of bioinformatics and its state-of-the-art as it relates to computational biology research • Offers additional chapters on algorithms and knowledge representation, including text mining [NEW] • Imparts a thorough grounding of core concepts, enabling the reader to understand contemporary work within an optimal context • Contains a greatly expanded chapter on interactions and regulatory networks [NEW] • Includes examples, definitions, problems and a comprehensive and useful bibliography • Presents new experimental methods, and serves as a springboard for new research [NEW] • Incorporates discussion of the method of drawing inferences from abstract sequence analysis based on frequency dictionaries • Contains an extensively revised chapter on medical applications[NEW] • Emphasizes the underlying fundamentals and acquisition of a broad and comprehensive grasp of the field as a whole This significantly improved second edition of a successful textbook is intended to be a complete study companion for the advanced undergraduate or graduate student. It is self-contained, bringing together the multiple disciplines necessary for a profound grasp of the field into a coherent whole, thereby allowing the reader to gain much insight into the state-of-the-art of bioinformatics.

Since the discovery of circadian rhythms in cyanobacteria in the late 1980s, the field has exploded with new information. The cyanobacterial model system for studying circadian rhythms,'Synechococcus elongatus', has allowed a detailed genetic dissection of the bacterial clock due to the methods currently available in molecular, structural, and evolutionary biology. This book addresses multiple aspects of bacterial circadian programs: the history and background of the cyanobacteria and circadian rhythms in microorganisms, the molecular basis, structure, and evolution of the circadian clock, entrainment of the oscillator with the environment and the control of downstream processes by the clock, the demonstration of adaptive significance and the prokaryotic clock's remarkable stability, and mathematical and synthetic oscillator models for clock function. Experts in the field provide a timely and comprehensive review and a stepping-stone for future work on this amazing group of microorganisms and timing.

Genomics research on animals has generated huge databases and several new concepts and strategies, which are used to elucidate origin, evolution and phylogeny of species. Genetic and physical maps of genomes give details on chromosomal location, function, expression and regulation of genes. The series Genome Mapping and Genomics in Animals provides comprehensive and up-to-date reviews on genomic research on selected animal systems contributed by leading scientists from around the world. This volume offers information on gene mapping and genomics research in domesticated and farmed animals including cattle, water buffalo, sheep, deer, poultry, turkeys, rabbits, dogs and pigs. While the genome maps for some species are very limited, full genome sequences are available for cattle, chickens and dogs. Genomic research contributes to the identification of genetic regions that control the functionality and well-being of animals. Several farmed species are also used as models for biomedical studies.

Stem cells appear to be fundamental cellular units associated with the origin of multicellular organisms and have evolved to function in safeguarding the cellular homeostasis in organ t- sues. The characteristics of stem cells that distinguish them from other cells have been the fascinating subjects of stem cell research. The important properties of stem cells, such as ma- tenance of quiescence, self-renewal capacity, and differentiation potential, have propelled this exciting?eld and presently form a common theme of research in developmental biology and medicine. The derivation of pluripotent embryonic stem cells, the prospective identi?cation of multipotent adult stem cells, and, more recently, the induced pluripotent stem cells (popularly called iPS) are important milestones in the arena of stem cell biology. Complex networks of transcription factors, different signaling molecules, and the interaction of genetic and epi- netic events constantly modulate stem cell behavior to evoke programming and reprogramming processes in normal tissue homeostasis during development. In any given cellular scenario, the regulatory networks can pose considerable complexity and yet exert an orderly control of stem cell differentiation during normal development. An aberration in these?nely tuned processes during development usually results in a spectrum of diseases such as cancers and neurological disorders. Thisunderscorestheimminentneedforamorecompleteunderstandingofmolecular mechanisms underlying the regulatory circuitries required for stem cell maintenance. Overthepast3–5years,adiversegroupofbenchandphysicianscientistshaveprospectively enhanced our knowledge of stem cell biology. These studies are unveiling many unrecognized or previously unknown fundamentals ofdevelopmental biology.

In 1971, J. Folkman published in the “New England Journal of Medicine” a hypothesis that tumor growth is angiogenesis-dependent. Folkman introduced the concept that tumors probably secrete diffusible molecules that could stimulate the growth of new blood vessels toward the tumor and that the resulting tumor neovascularization could conceivably be prevented or interrupted by angiogenesis inhibitors. Solid and haematological tumors consist of an avascular and a subsequent vascular phase. Assuming that this depends on the release of angiogenic factors, acquisition of angiogenic capability can be seen as an expression of progression from neoplastic transformation to tumor growth and metastasis. Beginning in the 1980's, the biopharmaceutical industry began exploiting the field of antiangiogenesis for creating new therapeutic compounds for modulating new blood vessels in tumor growth. In 2004, Avastin (Bevacizumab), a humanized anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody, was the first angiogenesis inhibitor approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of colorectal cancer. At present, it has been estimated that over 20,000 cancer patients worldwide have received experimental form of antiangiogenic therapy. This book offers a historical account of the relevant literature. It also emphasizes the crucial and paradigmatic role of angiogenesis as a biological process and the significance of antiangiogenic approach for the treatment of tumors.

Despite political and ethical controversies surrounding the study of human embryonic stem (hES) cells, interest remains high in understanding the regulatory mechanisms of stem cell self-renewal, their differentiation along various lineages, and their potential use in regenerative medicine. In Human Embryonic Stem Cell Protocols, internationally respected researchers describe in detail their most useful techniques for the molecular and cellular manipulation of these intriguing cells. This diverse collection of readily reproducible methods has been optimized for the derivation, characterization, and differentiation of hES cells, with special attention given to regenerative medicine applications. The protocols follow the successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, each offering step-by-step laboratory instructions, an introduction outlining the principles behind the technique, lists of the necessary equipment and reagents, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. A companion CD provides color versions of all illustrations in the book. Comprehensive and cutting-edge, Human Embryonic Stem Cell Protocols offers both novice and expert researchers powerful tools essential to understanding the maintenance and differentiation of human embryonic stem cells, as well as their applications in regenerative medicine today.

Although nuclear reprogramming-the cellular process underlying cloning and the artificial generation of stem cells from somatic cells-may be considered a'black box'whose interior events are either completely unknown or at least imperfectly characterized, tantalizing clues about its operation are beginning to emerge. In Nuclear Reprogramming: Methods and Protocols, hands-on laboratory scientists describe readily reproducible methods for actually performing nuclear reprogramming by nuclear transfer in several different species, by fusion induced both chemically and electrically, and by the in vivo treatment of cells with cell extracts. Isolation of an adult stem cell type is also described. In addition, several methods of monitoring nuclear reprogramming are presented, including the use of transgenic markers, activation of telomerase as an ES-specific marker, light and electron microscopic observation of structural changes in the nucleus, and the verification of surface marker expression and differentiation potential of stem cells. Biochemical methods are provided for the examination of chromatin protein modifications, nucleosomal footprinting, transcription factor binding, and the study of DNA methylation changes both at the specific locus level and at the level of the whole nucleus. The protocols follow the successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, each offering step-by-step laboratory instructions, an introduction outlining the principles behind the technique, lists of the necessary equipment and reagents, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Wide-ranging and highly practical, Nuclear Reprogramming: Methods and Protocols significantly expands the repertoire of methods available to perform, study, and understand nuclear programming, not only for cloning, but also for reprogramming somatic cells to stem cells

The use of directed cell models to study the manner in which two or more cells interact has revolutionized our understanding of protein-protein interactions in a complex milieu and has provided an invaluable platform for the identification of new molecules. In Cell-Cell Interactions: Methods and Protocols, highly skilled experts in the development and utilization of cell-cell interaction assays describe in detail their best methods-based approaches, both in vitro and in vivo, for uncovering cellular interactions at the molecular level. The protocols cover a diverse set of cell-cell interaction models in both normal and pathological states, are readily adaptable to nearly any cell type and organ system, and include primary data and outcome analysis. In addition, the protocols follow the successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, each offering step-by-step laboratory instructions, an introduction outlining the principles behind the technique, lists of the necessary equipment and reagents, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Insightful to beginners and inspiring to seasoned professionals, Cell-Cell Interactions: Methods and Protocols provides the cutting-edge and versatile laboratory tools needed to gain a basic understanding of cell-cell interactions.

This volume and its companion, Volume 351, are specifically designed to meet the needs of graduate students and postdoctoral students as well as researchers, by providing all the up-to-date methods necessary to study genes in yeast. Procedures are included that enable newcomers to set up a yeast laboratory and to master basic manipulations. Relevant background and reference information given for procedures can be used as a guide to developing protocols in a number of disciplines. Specific topics addressed in this book include basic techniques, making mutants, genomics, and proteomics.

This invaluable textbook presents a self-contained introduction to the field of bioinformatics. Providing a comprehensive breadth of coverage while remaining accessibly concise, the text promotes a deep understanding of the field, supported by basic mathematical concepts, an emphasis on biological knowledge, and a holistic approach that highlights the connections unifying bioinformatics with other areas of science.The thoroughly revised and enhanced fourth edition features new chapters focusing on regulation and control networks, the origins of life, evolution, statistics and causation, viruses, the microbiome, single cell analysis, drug discovery and forensic applications. This edition additionally includes new and updated material on the ontology of bioinformatics, data mining, ecosystems, and phenomics. Also covered are new developments in sequencing technologies, gene editing methods, and modelling of the brain, as well as state-of-the-art medical applications. Of specialtopicality is a new chapter on bioinformatics aspects of the coronavirus pandemic.Topics and features:Explains the fundamentals of set theory, combinatorics, probability, likelihood, causality, clustering, pattern recognition, randomness, complexity, systems, and networksDiscusses topics on ontogeny, phylogeny, genome structure, and regulation, as well as aspects of molecular biologyCritically examines the most significant practical applications, offering detailed descriptions of both the experimental process and the analysis of the dataProvides a varied selection of problems throughout the book, to stimulate further thinkingEncourages further reading through the inclusion of an extensive bibliographyThis classic textbook builds upon the successful formula of previous editions with coverage of the latest advances in this exciting and fast-moving field. With its interdisciplinary scope, this unique guide will prove to be an essential study companion to a broad audience of undergraduate and beginning graduate students, spanning computer scientists focusing on bioinformatics, students of the physical sciences seeking a helpful primer on biology, and biologists desiring to better understand the theory underlying important applications of information science in biology.Dr. Jeremy Ramsden is Hon. Prof. of Nanotechnology in the Department of Biomedical Research at the University of Buckingham, UK.

This book serves as an introduction to the continuum mechanics and mathematical modeling of complex fluids in living systems. The form and function of living systems are intimately tied to the nature of surrounding fluid environments, which commonly exhibit nonlinear and history dependent responses to forces and displacements. With ever-increasing capabilities in the visualization and manipulation of biological systems, research on the fundamental phenomena, models, measurements, and analysis of complex fluids has taken a number of exciting directions. In this book, many of the world's foremost experts explore key topics such as:Macro- and micro-rheological techniques for measuring the material properties of complex biofluids and the subtleties of data interpretationExperimental observations and rheology of complex biological materials, including mucus, cell membranes, the cytoskeleton, and bloodThe motility of microorganisms in complex fluids and the dynamics of active suspensionsChallenges and solutions in the numerical simulation of biologically relevant complex fluid flowsThis volume will be accessible to advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students in engineering, mathematics, biology, and the physical sciences, but will appeal to anyone interested in the intricate and beautiful nature of complex fluids in the context of living systems.

This book provides an introduction to two important aspects of modern bioch- istry, molecular biology, and biophysics: computer simulation and data analysis. My aim is to introduce the tools that will enable students to learn and use some f- damental methods to construct quantitative models of biological mechanisms, both deterministicandwithsomeelementsofrandomness;tolearnhowconceptsofpr- ability can help to understand important features of DNA sequences; and to apply a useful set of statistical methods to analysis of experimental data. The availability of very capable but inexpensive personal computers and software makes it possible to do such work at a much higher level, but in a much easier way, than ever before. TheExecutiveSummaryofthein?uential2003reportfromtheNationalAcademy of Sciences, “BIO 2010: Transforming Undergraduate Education for Future - search Biologists” [12], begins The interplay of the recombinant DNA, instrumentation, and digital revolutions has p- foundly transformed biological research. The con?uence of these three innovations has led to important discoveries, such as the mapping of the human genome. How biologists design, perform, and analyze experiments is changing swiftly. Biological concepts and models are becoming more quantitative, and biological research has become critically dependent on concepts and methods drawn from other scienti?c disciplines. The connections between the biological sciences and the physical sciences, mathematics, and computer science are rapidly becoming deeper and more extensive.

This book presents the latest knowledge, trends, and advances in cell transplantation and innovations in developing microspheres, 3D biomaterial constructs to enhance transfer, and cell survival to specific regions of the brain. Neurodegenerative diseases and brain injury are increasing. Medications currently only temporarily reduce some of the symptoms but do not cure or delay progression of the disease. Development of effective treatments dramatically improves the independent living and quality of life of patients. Cell transplantation strategies offer an approach to facilitating brain repair, but efficacy is often limited by low in vivo survival rates of cells that are injected in suspension. Transplanting cells that are attached to or encapsulated within a biomaterial construct has the advantage of maintaining cell-cell and cell-material interactions and improving cell survival in vivo. Biomaterials that have been used in preclinical studies to assist with in vivo cell transfer and survival include heparin-chitosan microspheres, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres, RADA 16 microspheres, poly(desaminotyrosyl tyrosine ethyl ester carbonate) microscale scaffolds, carbon nanotubes, collagen-chitosan scaffolds, poly(L-lactic acid) scaffolds, agarose hydrogels, gelatin methacrylate hydrogels, and agarose micro-columns with an extracellular matrix interior. Incorporating growth factors (e.g., glial-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin 3) into the biomaterial constructs increased cell survival and incorporation into the host tissue. International experts in the fields of both experimental and clinical neurological research contribute chapters to this book and discuss the latest achievements in cell transplantation and matrix-assisted cell transfer/survival technologies for diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and brain injuries such as stroke and traumatic brain injury. It is envisaged that research findings in experimental animal models of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, and stroke promote clinical trials using biomaterial-assisted transfer of cells.

This volume “Cell Engineerring 11 - Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing: Progress, Trends and Challenges” is a source of the latest innovative research and technical development in biomanufacturing systems. It is organised into 2 parts: 1) Manufacturing of recombinant therapeutic proteins (e.g. therapeutic antibodies, biosimilars/biogenerics) and 2) Manufacturing aspects of cell and gene therapy. Each with selected chapters on the following topics for both up- and downstream, such as: Advanced process strategies, especially continuous manufacturing, Advanced culture techniques, especially single-use systems, Process transfer, scale-up/scale-down models, Processing advances/Manufacturing productivity/efficiency, Model-assisted process understanding and development/Digital Twins, Process controls and analytics, Quality control, Quality by design, Facility design and full-scale commercial systems, manufacturing technology innovation.The book comprises contributions of experts from academia and industry active in the field of cell culture development for the production of recombinant proteins, cell therapy and gene therapy, with consideration of Digital Twin´s and facility design. The knowledge and expertise of the authors cover disciplines like cell biology, engineering, biotechnology and biomedical sciences. Inevitably, some omissions will occur in the test, but the authors have sought to avoid duplications by extensive cross-referencing to chapters in other volumes of this series and elsewhere. We hope the volume provides a useful compendium of techniques for scientists in industrial and research laboratories active in this field.

Cancer cells exist in an ever-changing “ecology” and are subject to evolutionary pressures just like any species in nature. This edited book explores the following themes: 1) how the dynamics of mutation, epigenetics, and gene expression noise are sources of genetic diversity; 2) how scarce resources influence cancer therapy resistance; 3) how predator-prey dynamics are mirrored in immune-cancer cross-talk; 4) how cancer cells parallel niche construction theory; 5) how changing fitness landscapes enable cancer growth; and 6) how cancer cells interact within the body. The book is a resource for understanding cancer as a disease of multicellularity grounded in evolutionary principles. By using this knowledge, researchers are starting to exploit these behaviors for treatment paradigms.Key Features Bridges disciplines exemplifying the ways disparate fields create new perspectives when integrated. Offers insights from leading scholars in cancer biology, ecology and evolutionary biology. Provides a timely recognition by oncologists that evolutionary paradigms are crucial for breakthroughs in cancer treatment. Integrates basic and applied sciences of oncology and evolutionary biology.

A comprehensive and multidisciplinary guide to nanomaterials-based medicine Nanomedicine is the study and application of nanomaterials-based medical techniques. In recent years it has very rapidly become indispensable in a huge range of medical contexts, from analysis of extreme life events to diagnosis and treatment of life-threatening intractable diseases, such as cancers and cardiovascular diseases. It has already transformed both research and clinical outcomes in many areas of medicine and promises to continue as the cutting-edge research and clinical area for the next generation of medical specialists. Nanomedicine: Fundamentals, Synthesis, and Applications constitutes a comprehensive guide to this subfield and its recent advances. Beginning with a brief history of the field and introduction to its core principles, it thoroughly treats recent developments in this vital and ever-growing field. Its multidisciplinary approach equips the reader with a systematic overview of these life-saving developments in medicine. Nanomedicine readers will also find: Edited by a leading researcher with decades of experience in both North America and ChinaDetailed treatment of subjects including nanocarriers, nanomaterial bioprobes, multi-function nanodrugs, nanomedicine-mediated immunotherapy and/or physical ablation, and moreA comprehensive volume treats every facet of the subject Nanomedicine is a vital resource for biochemists, biomedical engineers, pharmaceutical chemists, physicists, and professionals in the biotechnological industries, as well as for clinicians looking to familiarize themselves with nanomedical techniques and instrumentation.

Targeted at biology undergraduates, this book covers themes such as cell structure, function, molecular biology, and the fundamental principles of cellular biology. It provides a foundational understanding of cellular biology, which is essential for students pursuing careers in the life sciences. Practitioners in biology and related fields deepen their knowledge of cellular processes, making it a valuable resource for professionals engaged in biological research and applications. Policymakers can draw from this knowledge to inform policies related to scientific research and education, and the general public gains insights into the fundamental building blocks of life and the role of cells in living organisms.

A captivating exploration of the changing definitions of life in biologyBiological Motion studies the foundational relationship between motion and life. To answer the question, “What is Life?,” prize-winning historian of science Janina Wellmann engages in a transdisciplinary investigation of motion as the most profound definition of living existence.For decades, information and structure have dominated the historiography of the life sciences with its prevailing focus on DNA structure and function. Now more than ever, motion is a crucial theme of basic biological research. Tracing motion from Aristotle's animal soul to molecular motors, and from medical soft robotics to mathematical analysis, Wellmann locates biological motion at the intersection of knowledge domains and scientific and cultural practices. She offers signposts to mark the sites where researchers, technologies, ideas, and practices opened up new paths in the constitution of the phenomenon of motion. An ambitious rethinking of the life sciences, Biological Motion uncovers the secret life of movement and offers a new account of what it means to be alive.

A hands-on approach to quantitative reasoning in the life sciencesQuantitative Biosciences establishes the quantitative principles of how living systems work across scales, drawing on classic and modern discoveries to present a case study approach that links mechanisms, models, and measurements. Each case study is organized around a central question in the life sciences: Are mutations dependent on selection? How do cells respond to fluctuating signals in the environment? How do organisms move in flocks given local sensing? How does the size of an epidemic depend on its initial speed of spread? Each question provides the basis for introducing landmark advances in the life sciences while teaching students—whether from the life sciences, physics, computational sciences, engineering, or mathematics—how to reason quantitatively about living systems given uncertainty.Draws on real-world case studies in molecular and cellular biosciences, organismal behavior and physiology, and populations and ecological communitiesStand-alone lab guides available in Python, R, and MATLAB help students move from learning in the classroom to doing research in practiceHomework exercises build on the lab guides, emphasizing computational model development and analysis rather than pencil-and-paper derivationsSuitable for capstone undergraduate classes, foundational graduate classes, or as part of interdisciplinary courses for students from quantitative backgroundsCan be used as part of conventional, flipped, or hybrid instruction formatsAdditional materials available to instructors, including lesson plans and homework solutions

Proteins are the workhorses of cells, performing most of the important functions which allow cells to use nutrients and grow, communicate among each other, and importantly, die if aberrant behavior is detected. How were proteins discovered? What is their role in cells? How do dysfunctional proteins give rise to cancers? Landmark Experiments in Protein Science explores the manner in which the inner workings of cells were elucidated, with a special emphasis on the role of proteins. Experiments are discussed in a manner as to understand what questions were being asked that prompted the experiments and what technical challenges were faced in the process; and results are presented and discussed using primary data and graphs.Key Features Describes landmark experiments in cell biology and biochemistry. Discusses the'How'and'Why'of historically important experiments. Includes primary, original data and graphs. Emphasizes biological techniques, that help understand how many of the experiments performed were possible. Documents, chronologically, how each result fed into the next experiments.

Science journalist Sally Adee breaks open the field of bioelectricity—the electric currents that run through our bodies and every living thing—its misunderstood history, and why new discoveries will lead to new ways around antibiotic resistance, cleared arteries, and new ways to combat cancer. You may be familiar with the idea of our body's biome: the bacterial fauna that populate our gut and can so profoundly affect our health. In We Are Electric we cross into new scientific understanding: discovering your body's electrome. Every cell in our bodies—bones, skin, nerves, muscle—has a voltage, like a tiny battery. It is the reason our brain can send signals to the rest of our body, how we develop in the womb, and why our body knows to heal itself from injury. When bioelectricity goes awry, illness, deformity, and cancer can result. But if we can control or correct this bioelectricity, the implications for our health are remarkable: an undo switch for cancer that could flip malignant cells back into healthy ones; the ability to regenerate cells, organs, even limbs; to slow aging and so much more. The next scientific frontier might be decrypting the bioelectric code, much the way we did the genetic code. Yet the field is still emerging from two centuries of skepticism and entanglement with medical quackery, all stemming from an 18th-century scientific war about the nature of electricity between Luigi Galvani (father of bioelectricity, famous for shocking frogs) and Alessandro Volta (inventor of the battery). In We Are Electric, award-winning science writer Sally Adee takes readers through the thrilling history of bioelectricity and into the future: from the Victorian medical charlatans claiming to use electricity to cure everything from paralysis to diarrhea, to the advances helped along by the giant axons of squids, and finally to the brain implants and electric drugs that await us—and the moral implications therein. The bioelectric revolution starts here.

Many undergraduate students choose a science degree but are not aware of how science and research work in the real world. We explain the processes of collecting, sharing and, most importantly, critical analysis of scientific research, with a focus on the life sciences. This book explains how scientific research is conceived, carried out and analysed. It outlines how research findings are constantly evolving and why that is exciting and important. Students using this textbook will learn how to design experiments, explain their data and analyse and interpret the work of others. They will learn to think about broader aspects of science, such as bias and ethics. They will gain practical skills, including understanding the use of statistical tests and how to prepare an effective presentation. Active individual and class exercises provide opportunities for students to think about difficult concepts in science and research and to include their own perspectives. Key Features: Encourages discussion and critical thinking using individual and class exercises Provides real-world examples and context for difficult concepts Allows students to assess their understanding with practical exercises and examples Documents a variety of career options and opportunities from studying science Permits students to advocate for science with suggestions for creating and sharing research Related Titles:Barrass, R. Students Must Write: A Guide to Better Writing in Coursework and Examinations, 3rd ed. (ISBN 978-0-415-35826-2)Zlatanova, J. What Is Science?: Myths and Reality (ISBN 978-0-367-46523-0)Walters, D. E. & G. C. Walters. Scientists Must Speak, 2nd ed. (ISBN 978-1-4398-2603-4)Barrass, R. Scientists Must Write: A Guide to Better Writing for Scientists, Engineers and Students, 2nd ed. (ISBN 978-0-415-26996-4)

Advances in Applied Microbiology, Volume 122 continues the comprehensive reach of this widely read and authoritative review source in microbiology. Users will find invaluable references and information on a variety of areas relating to the topic of microbiology. This release includes updates on BioMateriOME: to understand microbe-material interactions within sustainable, living architectures. Contains contributions from leading authorities in the field Informs and updates on the latest developments in the field of microbiology Includes discussions on the role of specific molecules in pathogen life stages, interactions, and much more

Atomic Force Microscopy for Nanoscale Biophysics: From Single Molecules to Living Cells summarizes the applications of atomic force microscopy for the investigation of biomolecules and cells. The book discusses the methodology of AFM-based biomedical detection, diverse biological systems, and the combination of AFM with other complementary techniques. These state-of-the-art chapters empower researchers to address biological issues through the application of atomic force microscopy. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a unique, multifunctional tool for investigating the structures and properties of living biological systems under aqueous conditions with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. Summarizes the recent progress of atomic force microscopy in biomedical applications Presents the methods and skills of applying atomic force microscopy Aids researchers in investigating the nanoscale biophysics of diverse biological systems

This book is dedicated to the discussion of several biomedical applications of the mechanical phenotyping of cells and tissues to specific disease models. The topical chapters on mechanics in disease are preceded by chapters describing cell and tissue structure and their relationship with the biomechanical properties, as well as by the description of dedicated sample preparation methods for the nano- and microscale mechanical measurements.

Encyclopedia of Cell Biology, Second Edition, a Six Volume Set, has established itself as a fundamental reference work, providing broad coverage of the field in four main sections (Molecular, Organizational, Functional, Translational and Pathological Aspects of Cell Biology). This second edition revisits and expands each section, with entries on topics not covered in the first edition, including Crispr. The whole work is updated, providing greater coverage of specialized cell function and translational applications, and putting greater emphasis on these topics in graduate/medical teaching. New overview chapters and subsections provide a simplified cell biology text that can be used by instructors. The new version includes a standard template for each chapter, making the content easier to navigate, as well as inserts and graphics which provide summaries of key points in each chapter. Provides the authority of a team of outstanding scientists in the field Presents a comprehensive, up-to-date resource, covering both basic and translational aspects of cell biology Offers high quality content at a competitive market price

Cancer is a major public health concern and one of the leading causes of death. There is no simple solution for this complex disease, therefore interdisciplinary approaches might help to find solutions to many unanswered questions and challenges about cancer. The rapid flow of interdisciplinary research in cancer during recent years has increased our understanding of the nature of cancers. Such interdisciplinary approaches could be helpful for both the diagnosis and the development of more effective therapeutic strategies.The “Interdisciplinary Cancer Research” series publishes comprehensive volumes on different cancers and presents the most updated and peer-reviewed articles on human cancers. Over the past decade, increased cancer research has greatly improved our understanding of the nature of cancerous cells which has led to the development of more effective therapeutic strategies to treat cancers. This interdisciplinary series is of special value to researchers and practitioners working on cell biology, immunology, hematology, biochemistry, genetics, oncology and related fields. This is the main concept of Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), which is a part of Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN).

Volume Electron Microscopy (vEM), Volume 177 is a collective term for a set of three-dimensional high-resolution ultrastructural imaging techniques that have delivered new insights into biological systems in recent years, garnering substantial interest in the life and clinical sciences. In this book, users will find a variety of vEM workflows and technologies, highlighting application areas with biologically relevant examples. Topics covered include Automated large volume sample preparation for vEM, Resin comparison for Serial Block Face Scanning Volume Electron Microscopy, Immunolabelling for SBF-SEM, Electron Microscopy in Plants, Serial section electron tomography, Automated Tape Collecting Ultramicrotomy (ATUM) for targeting neuropathology, Array tomography, and much more. Other sections focus on Mitochondria morphometry in 3d datasets of mouse brain obtained with serial block-face Scanning Electron Microscopy, Serial Block-face Scanning Electron Microscopy of Schmidtea mediterranea, Correlative multiscale microCT-SBF-SEM imaging of resin-embedded tissue, Methods of enhanced FIB-SEM sample preparation and image acquisition, Functional characterization of endo-lysosomal compartments by correlative live-cell and volume electron microscopy, and much more. Includes chapters written by key leaders and developers in the field Provides detailed protocols, allowing for the application of workflows in one's own laboratory setting Presents real tips and tricks you won't get from standard research papers

This book presents a comprehensive description of the basic concepts of soft matter mechanics and of the nano- and microscale biomedical methods that allow characterizing the mechanical properties of cells and tissues.

This contributed volume is dedicated towards the progress achieved within the last years in all areas of Cell Culture Engineering and Technology. It comprises contributions of active researchers in the field of cell culture development for the production of recombinant proteins, cell line development, cell therapy and gene therapy, with consideration of media development, process scale-up, reactor design, monitoring and control and model-assisted strategies for process design. The knowledge and expertise of the authors cover disciplines like cell biology, engineering, biotechnology and biomedical sciences. This book is conceived for graduate students, postdoctoral fellows and researchers interested in the latest developments in Cell Engineering.

This book is concerned with cheating in Science and the harm that it does, concentrating on three disasters in cell culture, which caused international concern and personal tragedy for the perpetrators. There is an overview of plant, animal and human cheating, providing a background to the focus on Science. This demands a special form of truth in that claims need to be substantiated by repetition in independent laboratories to confirm that the claims work. The nature of originality is examined in art and Science.An attempt has been made to determine the background and motives for cheating in Science in the certain knowledge that it will be unmasked leading to scandal.Advice is given to the young Scientist and suggestions have been made as to how fraud in Science could be reduced by more regulated supervision. There is a need to revise the regulations and assessment of claims of originality and the whole review process of journals to avoid publishing fake data.This text is unusual in focusing on three well-documented cases. The data should not have been published in high impact journals if more rigorous review had been made. Journals should require independent repetition of claims that seem to be'too good to be true'. This little book should be of considerable interest to young scientists, historians of science and editors of scientific journals. The general reader might find it fascinating to learn how science works or does not work.

Bioenergetics deals with the very first energy transformation steps performed by living cells. Increased dissipation is the primary effect of processing external energy packages. Enzyme-supported charge separation is the minor but essential outcome for maintaining life. This book explores the usefulness of dissecting the entropy production of enzymes involved in cellular defenses, fermentation, respiration, and photosynthesis, assuming that tightly regulated dissipation is the hallmark of life.Researchers, educators, and students of life sciences can find in this text many examples of how we can use the interdisciplinary approach to study cells'virtuoso ability to connect the microscopic to the macroscopic world. Each chapter is a self-contained unit with a glossary and selected references for further reading.

Protein Design and Structure, Volume 130 in the Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology series, highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters. Each chapter is written by an international board of authors. Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors Presents the latest release in the Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology series Includes the latest information on protein design and structure

Much research has focused on the basic cellular and molecular biological aspects of stem cells. Much of this research has been fueled by their potential for use in regenerative medicine applications, which has in turn spurred growing numbers of translational and clinical studies. However, more work is needed if the potential is to be realized for improvement of the lives and well-being of patients with numerous diseases and conditions.This book series'Cell Biology and Translational Medicine (CBTMED)'as part of Springer Nature's longstanding and very successful Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology book series, has the goal to accelerate advances by timely information exchange. Emerging areas of regenerative medicine and translational aspects of stem cells are covered in each volume. Outstanding researchers are recruited to highlight developments and remaining challenges in both the basic research and clinical arenas. This current book is the 17th volume of a continuing series.

This book highlights the application of microfluidics in cell biology research, chemical biology, and drug discovery. It covers the recent breakthroughs and prospects of organ-on-a-chip, human-on-a-chip, multi-organ-on-a-chip for personalized medicine. The book presents the preclinical studies of organs-on-a-chip, concepts of multiple vascularized organ-on-chips, application of organ-on-a-chip in blood-brain barrier model, culture and co-culture of cells on multi-organ-on-chip and parameter measurements in microfluidic devices. It underscores the advantage of microfluidic devices for developing efficient drug carrier particles, cell-free protein synthesis systems, and rapid techniques for direct drug screening. Further, it entails human-on-a-chip for measuring the systemic response as well as immediate effects of an organ reaction on other organs. In summary, this book reviews the development of a microfluidic-based organ-on-a-chip device for the preclinical evaluation,ADME studies of drugs, chemicals, and medical devices. This book is a valuable source for pharma companies, product developers, students, researchers, academicians, and practitioners.

This book develops the theory of continuous and discrete stochastic processes within the context of cell biology. In the second edition the material has been significantly expanded, particularly within the context of nonequilibrium and self-organizing systems. Given the amount of additional material, the book has been divided into two volumes, with volume I mainly covering molecular processes and volume II focusing on cellular processes. A wide range of biological topics are covered in the new edition, including stochastic ion channels and excitable systems, molecular motors, stochastic gene networks, genetic switches and oscillators, epigenetics, normal and anomalous diffusion in complex cellular environments, stochastically-gated diffusion, active intracellular transport, signal transduction, cell sensing, bacterial chemotaxis, intracellular pattern formation, cell polarization, cell mechanics, biological polymers and membranes, nuclear structure and dynamics, biological condensates, molecular aggregation and nucleation, cellular length control, cell mitosis, cell motility, cell adhesion, cytoneme-based morphogenesis, bacterial growth, and quorum sensing. The book also provides a pedagogical introduction to the theory of stochastic and nonequilibrium processes – Fokker Planck equations, stochastic differential equations, stochastic calculus, master equations and jump Markov processes, birth-death processes, Poisson processes, first passage time problems, stochastic hybrid systems, queuing and renewal theory, narrow capture and escape, extreme statistics, search processes and stochastic resetting, exclusion processes, WKB methods, large deviation theory, path integrals, martingales and branching processes, numerical methods, linear response theory, phase separation, fluctuation-dissipation theorems, age-structured models, and statistical field theory. This text is primarily aimed at graduate students and researchers working in mathematical biology, statistical and biological physicists, and applied mathematicians interested in stochastic modeling. Applied probabilists should also find it of interest. It provides significant background material in applied mathematics and statistical physics, and introduces concepts in stochastic and nonequilibrium processes via motivating biological applications. The book is highly illustrated and contains a large number of examples and exercises that further develop the models and ideas in the body of the text. It is based on a course that the author has taught at the University of Utah for many years.

This book describes the development of novel protein–RNA-binding assays and their applications in a high-throughput manner for the identification of small-molecule modulators of protein–RNA interactions to treat cancer and COVID-19. Modulating protein–RNA interactions with small molecules is expected to provide novel biological insights of the interrelation of diseases with the protein–RNA interactome. The modulations may also be exploited therapeutically. For these reasons, the development of a simple, reliable, and sensitive protein–RNA-binding assay is necessary for high-throughput screening to discover new effective chemical entities capable of acting on diverse protein–RNA interactions. This book discusses the discovery of small-molecule modulators targeting protein–RNA interactions that are potentially valuable to treat cancer and COVID-19 by constructing novel high-throughput screening methods. The results of this dissertation provide valuable insights into the regulation of protein–RNA interactions in chemical biology and drug development.