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In this new volume in the Cell Biology and Translational Medicine series, we continue to explore the potential utility of stem cells in regenerative medicine. Amongst topics explored in this volume are recent developments in organoids, signaling pathways in regeneration, wound healing, new insights into adipocytes, and regulatory aspects of stem cell commitment, differentiation and organogenesis in both health and disease. One goal of the series continues to be to highlight timely, often emerging, topics and novel approaches that can accelerate stem cell utility in regenerative medicine.

Phospholipases in Physiology and Pathology presents a comprehensive overview on the physiology and pathology of phospholipases. This seven-volume set considers the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of normal and abnormal cell function upon dysregulation of phospholipases in different diseases. Volumes cover signal transduction mechanisms, implications in cancer, infectious diseases, neural diseases, cardiovascular diseases and other diseases, implications in inflammation, apoptosis, gene expression and non-coding RNAs, the role of natural and synthetic compounds, and stem cell therapies, nanotechnology-based therapies, and more. Together, these volumes give researchers critical insight on the mechanistic and therapeutic aspects of phospholipases. - Discusses the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of normal and abnormal cell function in different disease processes - Covers a wide range of basic and translational research appropriate for scientists engaged in studying the regulation of phospholipases from interdisciplinary perspectives - Features state-of-the-art chapter contributions from international leaders in the field

This book provides an updated account of tight junctions of different epithelia and endothelia and addresses their anatomy, biochemistry, physiology, synthesis, assembly, and modulation. It also discusses the relationship between molecular structure, function, regulation, posttranslational modifications of tight junction proteins and their role in gut microbiota maintenance, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and intestinal barrier dysfunction-associated disorders important for the progression of human cancers. This book presents the pathological alterations of tight junctions at the blood-brain barrier that intensify or even initiate neurological dysfunction. Further, it reviews the significance of tight junctions and tight junction proteins in cancer development, infectious diseases, allergic reactions, and autoimmune disorders. Lastly, it highlights strategies for modulating tight junctions to enhance drug availability and organ deposition. This book is immensely useful for basic, translational, clinical, and interdisciplinary cancer researchers, practicing oncologists, and immunologists.

This book, now in an extensively revised second edition, provides a comprehensive summary of the latest knowledge regarding glycosignals and a thorough analysis of their involvement in not only cancers but also other refractory conditions such as chronic inflammatory disorders. Many relevant topics are covered, including the search for novel tumor epitopes related to carbohydrates, the assembly of glycoconjugates, the modulation of signaling pathways by glycosylation, and interactions between complex carbohydrates and their recognition molecules. The role of various research approaches, for example advanced mass spectrometry, high-resolution imaging, and bioinformatics, is closely examined, and the results of novel therapeutic trials targeting glycosignals are discussed. The book will be essential reading for students and young researchers with an interest in glycoscience. In presenting new results and approaches and identifying areas for future research, it will also be of benefitfor specialists in the field.

Mechanisms of Cell Death and Opportunities for Therapeutic Development, volume four in the Perspectives in Translational Cell Biology series, offers content for professors, students and researchers across basic and translational biology. The book covers fundamental mechanisms, ranging from different forms of cell death and drug development, to efforts for treating disease, providing a valuable resource for readers interested in understanding cell death and relevant translational research. The book's editor, Diaqing Liao, has over twenty years'experience teaching topics of cell death. - Provides a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on the process of apoptosis, its potential role in health and disease, and a discussion of potential alternative forms, such as autophagy - Covers fundamental mechanisms and relevant translational research

This Major Reference Work offers a detailed overview of culturing primary, secondary cell lines, tissues, and organs.It first introduces various types of mammalian cell cultures, infrastructure requirements for a mammalian cell-culture laboratory. The subsequent chapters present the detailed protocols for the isolation of mammalian hematologic organs and cells. It also discusses various cell-based assays for monitoring cell viability, cell proliferation, cytotoxicity, cell senescence, and cell death assays.In addition, the book addresses the various problems encountered while culturing animal cells, their possible causes, and suggested solutions, presenting detailed protocols for isolation and primary culturing of various mammalian cells and hematoimmunologic organs in two dimensions.Lastly, it reviews the various applications of animal-cell culture, stem-cell culture, and tissue and organ culture. As such, this reference book is highly relevant for students and professionals new to cell-culture work as well as to those wishing to expand their skills from cell-line cultures to primary cultures and from conventional 2D cultures to 3D cultures.

Much research has focused on the basic cellular and molecular biological aspects of stem cells. Much of this research has been fueled by their potential for use in regenerative medicine applications, which has in turn spurred growing numbers of translational and clinical studies. However, more work is needed if the potential is to be realized for improvement of the lives and well-being of patients with numerous diseases and conditions.This book series'Cell Biology and Translational Medicine (CBTMED)'as part of Springer Nature's longstanding and very successful Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology book series, has the goal to accelerate advances by timely information exchange. Emerging areas of regenerative medicine and translational aspects of stem cells are covered in each volume. Outstanding researchers are recruited to highlight developments and remaining challenges in both the basic research and clinical arenas. This current book is the 14th volume of a continuing series.

MCB: CAR T Cells: Development, Characterization and Applications, Volume 167 in the Methods in Cell Biology series, highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters on a variety of timely topics, including High-efficiency of genetic modification using CRISPR/Cpf1 system for engineered CAR T-cell therapy, Determination of the Biodistribution of Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Modified T Cells against CD19 in NSG Mice, Generation of CAR-T cells using lentiviral vectors, Generation of CAR T-cells using γ-retroviral vector, Flow cytometry detection and quantification of CAR T cells into solid tumors, Evaluation of CAR-T Cell Cytotoxicity: Real-Time Impedance-Based Analysis, and much more. - Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors - Presents the latest release in the Methods in Cell Biology series - Includes the latest information on the topic of development, characterization and applications in CAR T Cells

Cancer: It is a disease where our body cells loose ability to divide at normal rate, this abnormal growth of cells results formation of lumps or tumours in body. Depending on the stage of the cancer and condition of the patient, treatment for the disease is decided. Treatment is given either to cure the disease or to shrink the tumour size or slow down the growth of disease allowing patient to live a normal life or live symptom free if possible. General treatment options available for treating cancer include: Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Immunotherapy. In this book, discusses some of the advances made in the field of cancer treatment.

Cancer: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Second Edition, covers the science of oxidative stress in cancer and the potentially therapeutic usage of natural antioxidants in the diet or food matrix. The processes within the science of oxidative stress are described in concert with other processes, such as apoptosis, cell signaling, and receptor-mediated responses. This approach recognizes that diseases are often multifactorial and that oxidative stress is a single component. Other sections cover new organ site tumors—skin and liver cancer, the role of polymorphisms, cytochrome p450s, COX gene, fatty acids, apoptosis, T cells and mitochondria, prevention/protection with anthocyanins, esculetin, nanoparticles, and more. This book is a valuable resource for cancer researchers, oncologists, nutritionists and other members of the biomedical field who are interested in enhancing treatment outcome, improving the quality of life of patients, and developing new treatments in the fight against cancer. - Encompasses updated, revised and state-of-the-art information to advance cancer research - Bridges the gaps between nutrition, oxidative stress, and cancer, presenting a holistic approach for health care and research - Contains wide applicability to cancer research, from prevention to novel therapeutics

This book, now in a thoroughly revised and updated second edition, provides the latest information on cancer metastasis from the perspective of inflammation and presents new ideas on the complicated mechanisms of metastasis and potential therapeutic targets. Key features include discussion of mechanisms recently identified to be involved in the resolution phase of inflammation, presentation of the latest evidence regarding the roles of endogenous TLR4 ligands in metastasis, and thorough explanation of the concept of homeostatic inflammation and current understanding of the significance of its dysregulation for metastasis. Structure-based thinking is another important element of the book, and it is proposed that inflammation forms a functional triangle with angiogenesis and coagulation, at the center of which cancer is located. Examples of the many additional specific topics covered in this edition include the functional involvement of new types of RNA in cancer, the insights offered by recent advances in bioinformatics, and the potential of a casein kinase 1α inhibitor in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. The book will be a valuable update and resource for both experienced and younger researchers. Homeostasis, originated from an idea of internal milieu by Claude Bernard, is eventually maintained by endogenous elements. The essential features of inflammation are leukocyte mobilization and increased vascular permeability, which could take place in many homeostatic or physiological conditions at low levels. Homeostatic inflammation is a concept to explain pathological settings such as metastasis in which irrespective of its level those inflammatory features are misused with endogenous molecules (see Chap. 14,15). As inflammation comprises many biological fields, targeting a single molecule for a disease could potentially make a therapeutic contribution to other diseases. For example, one focus is applied here to the roles of calprotectin in lung metastasis, which is implicated in psychiatric disorders and COVID-19 as shown by recent evidence.

This book presents an overview of the current state of research on ultrashort electric field pulses of high intensity and their use in biology and medicine. It examines in detail the most recent and exciting advances in how nanosecond and picosecond electric pulse research has grown and expanded into new areas of biology and medicine. Further, the book specifically focuses on electric pulses in the time domain, on intracellular effects as opposed to plasma membrane electroporation, and highlights the biological and medical applications of these unique pulse effects. Since the authors were initial innovators exploring nanosecond and picosecond pulses, their unique perspectives foreshadowed directions the research took, expanding into new areas that they continue to investigate today.

This book introduces charnolophagy (CP) as energy-driven, lysosomal-dependent mitochondrial inclusion-specific pleomorphic Charnoly body (CB) autophagy (ATG) involving free radical-induced Ca2+ dyshomeostasis, ΔΨ collapse, and ATP depletion in congenital diseases, pressure ulcers, metabolic diseases, hepatic diseases, diabetes, obesity, inflammatory diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, sarcopenia, cachexia, respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, hyperlipidemia, skin and hair diseases, pulmonary diseases, cardiovascular diseases, renal diseases, sepsis-induced multi-organ failure, reproductive diseases, inflammatory diseases, ophthalmic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, drug addiction, aging, microbial (including COVID-19) infections, and belligerent malignancies implicated in early morbidity and mortality and disease-specific spatiotemporal, targeted, safe, and effective evidence-based personalized theranostic charnolopharmacotherapeutics to cure them. Basic DRESS and GELS principles, nanoparticles to cure chronic multidrug-resistant (MDR) diseases, antioxidants as free radical scavengers, CB antagonists, CP regulators, and CS stabilizers to curb CB molecular pathogenesis (CBMP) are described for better quality of life and longevity. Specific guidelines for environmental protection and preservation of zoological and botanical species at the verge of extinction, Triple'I'Hypothesis for mitochondrial quality control, and transcriptional regulation of CSexR and CSendoR to cure chronic diseases are presented. Novel CP index is introduced to evaluate MDR malignancies and other chronic diseases. WHO, CDC, FDA, NIH, policy planners, cosmetologists, trichologists, players, athletes, dancers, wrestlers, equestrians, young women, aging population, toxicologists, environmental protectionists, pharmaceutical industry, biomedical scientists, researchers, medical students, physicians, nurses, paramedical professionals, and global audience will be interested in this interesting book to prevent pandemics and raise healthcare awareness.

Revealing essential roles of the tumor microenvironment in cancer progression, this book focuses on the role of hematopoietic components of the tumor microenvironment. Further, it teaches readers about the roles of distinct constituents of the tumor microenvironment and how they affect cancer development. Topics include neutrophils, basophils, T helper cells, cytotoxic lymphocytes, fibrocytes, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and more.Taken alongside its companion volumes, these books update us on what we know about various aspects of the tumor microenvironment as well as future directions. Tumor Microenvironment: Hematopoietic Cells – Part A is essential reading for advanced cell biology and cancer biology students as well as researchers seeking an update on research in the tumor microenvironment.

This book offers a collection of expert reviews on the use of plant-based antioxidant therapies in disease prevention and treatment. Topics discussed include the uses of plant and nutritional antioxidants in the contexts of reproductive health and prenatal development, healthcare and aging, noncommunicable chronic diseases, and environmental pollution. The text is complemented by a wealth of color figures and summary tables.

In this book, the author Joseph G. Sinkovics liberally shares his views on the cancer cell which he has been observing in vivo and in vitro, over a life time. Readers will learn how, as an inherent faculty of the RNA/DNA complex, the primordial cell survival pathways are endogenously reactivated in an amplified or constitutive manner in the multicellular host, and are either masquerading as self-elements or as placentas, to which the multicellular host is evolutionarily trained to extend full support. The host obliges.The author explains that there is no such evidence that “malignantly transformed” human cells survive in nature. However, when cared for in the laboratory, these cells live and replicate as immortalized cultures. These cells retain their vitality upon storage in liquid nitrogen. One can only imagine an astrophysical environment in which such cells could survive; perhaps, first their seemingly humble exosomes would populate that environment. Immortal cellpopulations so created may survive as individuals, or may even re-organize themselves into multicellular colonies, as representatives of life for the duration of the Universe.This thought-provoking book is the work of a disciplined investigator and clinician with an impeccable reputation, and he enters a territory that very few if any before him have approached from the same angles. It will appeal to researchers with an interest in cell survival pathways and those researching cancer cells.

This volume is a continuation of Volume 1 following the previously published Editorial. More emphasis is given to novel nanocarrier designs, their characterization and function, and applications for drug discovery and treatment. A number of chapters will deal with nanofibers as a new major application within the biomedical field with a very high success rate particularly in wound healing and diabetic foot and spine injuries. A major new subdivision will deal with mathematical methods for the assembly of nanocarriers both for simulation and function.

This book provides an unprecedented overview of'Targeted Therapies'for acute myeloid leukemias. It aims at an almost comprehensive coverage of the diverse therapeutic strategies that have been developed during the last decade and are now being evaluated in early clinical trials. Paired and authoritative chapters by leading research scientists and clinicians explain basic concepts and clinical translation of topics that include the underlying genetic and proteomic abnormalities of AML, the development of novel nucleoside analogues, the roles of microRNAs, apoptosis regulators Bcl-2 and p53 and of critical cell signaling proteins such as PIM, FLT3, Raf/MEK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR and aurora kinases. Chapters on epigenetic mechanisms, nuclear receptors, cell surface antigens, the hypoxic leukemia microenvironment, stem cells and leukemia metabolism provide insights into leukemia cell vulnerabilities. Cell therapies utilizing T-, NK- and mesenchymal stem cells and progress in hematopoietic transplantation strategies round up this overview of the multi-dimensional therapeutic landscape in which leukemia specialists develop treatment strategies that are expected to make'leukemia history'in the near future.

Computational methods are playing an ever increasing role in cell biology. This volume of Methods in Cell Biology focuses on Computational Methods in Cell Biology and consists of two parts: (1) data extraction and analysis to distill models and mechanisms, and (2) developing and simulating models to make predictions and testable hypotheses. - Focuses on computational methods in cell biology - Split into 2 parts--data extraction and analysis to distill models and mechanisms, and developing and simulating models to make predictions and testable hypotheses - Emphasizes the intimate and necessary connection with interpreting experimental data and proposing the next hypothesis and experiment

Regulated turnover of extracellular matrix (ECM) is an important component of tissue homeostasis. In recent years, the enzymes that participate in, and control ECM turnover have been the focus of research that touches on development, tissue remodeling, inflammation and disease. This volume in the Biology of Extracellular Matrix series provides a review of the known classes of proteases that degrade ECM both outside and inside the cell. The specific EMC proteases that are discussed include cathepsins, bacterial collagenases, matrix metalloproteinases, meprins, serine proteases, and elastases. The volume also discusses the domains responsible for specific biochemical characteristics of the proteases and the physical interactions that occur when the protease interacts with substrate. The topics covered in this volume provide an important context for understanding the role that matrix-degrading proteases play in normal tissue remodeling and in diseases such as cancer and lung disease.

Channing Der and colleagues provide an encyclopedic overview of the Rho GTPases, providing enough detail to make any reader well-versed in the Rho field. Finally, Sofia Merajver's laboratory provides an overview, which details the roles of the Rho proteins in cancer progression. She provides us with the history of the study of the Rho GTPases, their regulatory and effector proteins in cancer and gives us a benchmark of where the field is today. The second section of the book details the current knowledge of the Rho regu- tory proteins in cancer progression: aberrant expression and activation of these proteins leads to dysfunctional Rho signaling and a cancer phenotype. Gary Bokoch's laboratory has provided a detailed overview of the role of Rho guanine dissociation inhibitors (GDIs) in cancer. These molecules are involved in preventing the Rho protein from associating with the inner plasma membrane and exchanging GDP for GTP, and thus becoming active. Next, Tozu Kazasa's labo- tory has worked on the link between heterotrimeric G proteins and Rho activation via the RGS–RhoGEFs. This aspect of Rho activation is particularly interesting in that heterotrimeric G proteins and their associated G-protein-coupled receptors are attractive and attainable therapeutic targets. Dan Billadeau's laboratory has worked extensively on the Vav RhoGEFs, which are potent oncogenes in their own right.

Cancer was thought to originate from alterations in intercellular signaling that resulted in the transformation of cells, their uncontrolled proliferation and metastasis. There is now an increasing body of evidence demonstrating that the surrounding matrix and cell-matrix interactions are also major players in this process. Cells adhere and receive signals from various extracellular matrices via transmembrane receptors, the best known of which are the heterodimeric glycoproteins, integrins.

Information gathered from cell-free systems, cell cultures, animal models, and human studies, together will (1) provide important insights to our understanding of hormonal cancer causation, development, and prevention; (2) be the primary objective of these Symposia.

Transforming Growth Factor-jl in Cancer Therapy, Volume I: Basicand Clinical Biology The present volume brings together a wealth of information that is fundamental to understanding the roleofTGF-~ in the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. It is not even 25 years sinceTGF-~ was first isolated and characterized as a dimeric pep­ tide from both human and bovine sources (1-3), but the entire fieldofTGF-~ research has grown and expanded so that it is now a central theme in all of cell biology. There is almost no tissue or organ in the mammalian body in whichTGF-~ does not playa central role in embryonic differentiation or in adult function, and furthermore, malfunction of the normal physiologyofTGF-~can have disastrous consequences in almost all ofthese sites. Therefore, the present comprehensive review of so many aspects ofTGF-~ function is a most welcome attempt to bring together a huge body of experimental data that is of the utmost importance in the field of oncology.

Transforming Growth Factor-B in Cancer Therapy, Volume II: Cancer Treatment and Therapy The chapters in this volume confer an abundance of knowledge about the current state ofour understanding oftransforming growth factor-B (TGF-B) in cancer treatment and therapy. Unlike several more traditional positive polypeptide growth factors that stim­ ulate cellular proliferation, the prototypical TGF-B is now known to inhibit the growth of most normal cell types, including those of epithelial and mesenchymal origin. However, there are examplesofcell types that can be stimulated by TGF-B under certain conditions. TGF-B also induces the accumulation of matrix molecules by stimulating their synthesis as well as inhibiting their degradation. Moreover, TGF-B induces apoptosis of certain cell types, thereby restricting their proliferation. OveractivityofTGF-~ has been linked to several diseases. For instance, the effect ofTGF-~ on matrix accumulation contributes to fibrotic conditions, like glomerulonephritis, lung fibrosis and liver cirrhosis (1). TGF-~ has a very complicated role in cancer that is only beginning to be understood.

Since the nineteenth century, when engineers were using nitroglycerin to blow up rockbeds, and doctors were prescribing it to relieve angina, scientists have been exploring the incredible and often baffling behavior of nitric oxide. In the 1980s, researchers discovered that nitric oxide had the capacity to regulate vascular tone through cyclic GMP,

It has been over a decade since the First International Symposium on Hormonal Carcinogenesis convened in 199 1. Since then, the field has rapidly expanded with considerable progress in both breast and prostate cancers; while ovarian and endometrial cancer have been hampered, in part, due to the absence of suitable hormone-mediated animal models. While knock-out, transgenic, and cell-culture systems have been extremely useful in identifying specific genelprotein alterations and the ensuing pathways affected, the precise molecular mechanisms whereby sex hormones elicit their oncogenic effects still remain elusive. Moreover, despite the considerable progress made in breast cancer research, the exact role of progestins in the presence or absence of estrogen in breast growth, differentiation, and malignant transformation is lacking. Elucidating the incipient molecular alterations in earlylpre-invasive lesions elicited by these hormones is a growing important focus of this field. The main purpose of these Symposia has been to address vital questions that impact our understanding of the causation, dependency, progression, resistance, and prevention of hormonally-associated cancers. We are indebted to the Scientific Advisory Board members who worked with us reviewing and offering suggestions to finalize the scientific program. We offer special thanks for the guidance and support of Dr. Gerald Mueller. His wisdom played an indispensable role in maintaining the excellence of these Symposia. We also acknowledge the numerous external reviewers that worked diligently to revise and improve the quality of the manuscripts. We are very grateful to Ms. Tandria Price.