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Autophagy is a catabolic process that eliminates damaged and faulty cellular components via lysosomes. It responds to adverse circumstances like nutritional deficiency, hypoxia, and oxidative damage. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause oxidative stress, which is a multidimensional chemical that drives various pathophysiological diseases, including cancer. In addition, the autophagy process has a double role, first preventing tumour formation, but later fostering tumour progression. A growing body of research suggests that autophagy and ROS have a complex interplay in which they can either prevent cancer growth or enhance disease genesis. While a combination of autophagy inhibitor and cytotoxic medicines is now being used in cancer treatment, investigating the potential of autophagy inhibitors for overcoming resistance to different anticancer medications and how this relates to the control of cancer micro environmental stressors raises several questions. Autophagy's dual functions as a safeguarding and cytotoxic process have drawn attention to its significance in the development of cancer.

The book summarizes the emerging topic about the effects of SMF on biological samples ranging from single molecules, subcellular compartments, and cells to whole organisms. It also discusses the potential application of SMF in clinical treatment of cancer, pain, diabetes and other diseases.With the development and growing popularity of modern appliances like MRI in hospitals, the potential impact of magnetic fields on human health is invoking increasing concerns. At the same time, SMF has been explored in the treatment of tumor and other diseases for decades. Nevertheless, there are still some reservations and uncertainties about these treatments, which are largely due to the differential biological effects reported in the literature. These experimental inconsistencies are mainly caused by variations such as different magnetic field types, intensities, treatment time, as well as biological samples examined. The second edition added eight new chapters about new progressin this field including impacts of SMFs, magnetism of biomolecules, and potential of SMFs in the management of bone, pain, diabetes, and immune systems. This volume will help clarify some dilemmas in this field and encourage further investigations in order to achieve a better understanding of the biological effects of SMF, aiming for a rational application of SMF in clinical therapy in the near future. The book is useful for scientists, doctors, and students who are interested in magnetic fields and life sciences

International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology presents comprehensive reviews and current advances in cell and molecular biology, and includes articles that address the structure and control of gene expression, nucleocytoplasmic interactions, control of cell development and differentiation, and cell transformation and growth. The series has a worldwide readership, maintaining a high standard by publishing invited articles on important and timely topics authored by prominent cell and molecular biologists. - Provides comprehensive reviews and current advances - Presents a wide range of perspectives on specific subjects - Valuable reference material for advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and professional scientists

This volume explores microRNA function in a wide array of human disorders, providing a clinical basis for precision medicine and personalized therapies using these molecules. The twenty-one chapters, all authored by internationally-renowned experts, open with an introduction contextualizing microRNA manipulation within today's initiatives towards precision medicine. The following chapters explore the clinical role of microRNAs in the diagnosis and treatment of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, focusing on mitochondrial fitness, arterial hypertension, cardiovascular remodeling, cerebrovascular disease, pulmonary hypertension, diabetic kidney disease, and kidney transplantation. The subsequent chapters discuss the importance of microRNAs in the wound healing process and in skin disease, in the pathogenesis of allergy, in human ovulation, and in infection. The book concludes with chapters which outline the emerging role of microRNAS in doping and detail microRNA profiling.microRNA: Medical Evidence is an ideal companion to both microRNA: Basic Scienceand microRNA: Cancer. Taken together, these three books provide a state-of-the-art overview of this rapidly-expanding and fascinating field, from themolecular level to clinical practice. It will be invaluable to medical students, physicians, and researchers, as a complete and unique guide in the exploration of microRNA in basic science, cancer and clinical practice.

Autophagy in Health and Disease offers an overview of the latest research in autophagy with a translational emphasis. This publication takes scientific research in autophagy a step further and offers integrated content with advancements in autophagy from cell biology and biochemical research to clinical treatments. A necessary reference for the bookshelf of medical and scientific researchers and students, Autophagy in Health and Disease presents high quality, reputable information on autophagy, allowing the reader quick access to the most applicable information. - Discusses current understanding of the roles of autophagy in health and disease - Covers the background of autophagy, the development of tools and therapeutics to measure and modulate autophagy, and autophagy in tissues and disease processes

Chemokines are a family of small cytokines, or proteins secreted by cells. Their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells. The major role of chemokines is to act as a chemoattractant to guide the migration of cells. Cells that are attracted by chemokines follow a signal of increasing chemokine concentration towards the source of the chemokine. This book presents current research in the study of chemokines from across the globe, including such topics as development of chemokine network targeting agents for the treatment of allergic, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and cancers; chemokines in teleost fish species; gene regulation of chemokines in response to bacterial enterotoxins; and the role of chemokines in colorectal cancer and metastasis.

International Review of Cell & Molecular Biology presents current advances and comprehensive reviews in cell biology--both plant and animal. Articles address structure and control of gene expression, nucleocytoplasmic interactions, control of cell development and differentiation, and cell transformation and growth. - Authored by some of the foremost scientists in the field - Provides up-to-date information and directions for future research - Valuable reference material for advanced undergraduates, graduate students and professional scientists

This is the companion volume to Daniel Klionsky's Autophagy: Lower Eukaryotes, which features the basic methods in autophagy covering yeasts and alternative fungi. Klionsky is one of the leading authorities in the field. He is the editor-in-chief of Autophagy. The November 2007 issue of Nature Reviews highlighted his article,'Autophagy: from phenomenology to molecular understanding in less than a decade. He is currently editing guidelines for the field, with 230 contributing authors that will publish in Autophagy.Particularly in times of stress, like starvation and disease, higher organisms have an internal mechanism in their cells for chewing up and recycling parts of themselves. The process of internal'house-cleaning in the cell is called autophagy – literally self-eating. Breakthroughs in understanding the molecular basis of autophagy came after the cloning of ATG1 in yeast. These ATG genes in yeast were the stepping stones to the explosion of research into the molecular analysis of autophagy in higher eukaryotes. In the future, this research will help to design clinical approaches that can turn on autophagy and halt tumor growth. - Establishes the functional roles of specific cellular proteins in selective and nonselective autophagy in mammalian cells, which aides researchers in determining why autophagy is shut down in neoplastia (growth of abnormal tissue mass) and turned on during bacterial invasion - Includes methods to evaluate the role of autophagy in the drug-induced cell death of cancer cells in culture, which helps researchers design clinical approaches that can turn on autophagy and halt tumor growth - Covers higher eukaryotes including lifespan in C.elegans to marine organisms and bridging into the clinical aspects, including autophagy in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML is one of four types of leukemia), lung cancer, prostate cancer, and cardiac cells

International Review of Cytology presents current advances and comprehensive reviews in cell biology – both plant and animal. Authored by some of the foremost scientists in the field, each volume provides up-to-date information and directions for future research. Articles in this volume include Function and Evolution of the Vacuolar Compartment in Green Algae and Land Plants(Viridiplantae); Cell biology and pathophysiology of diacylglycerol kinase family: morphological aspects in tissues and organs; Structure and function of desmosomes; Subepithelial Fibroblasts in Intestinal Villi: Roles in Intercellular Communication; and Syndrome of Aluminum Toxicity and Diversity of Aluminum Resistance in Higher Plants.

In Vivo Models of Inflammation provides the biomedical researcher with a description of the state of the art animal model systems used to emulate diseases with components of inflammation. This second edition acts as a complement to the first edition by describing and updating the standard models that are most utilized for specific disease areas. In addition, new models are included exploring emerging areas of inflammation research. New approaches to the development of future models in selected therapeutic areas have been highlighted. The focus on novel technologies that are vital for innovative in vivo research has also been expanded to include chapters on the use of transgenic and gene transfer technologies, nanotechnology, and stem cells. The aim of this book is to provide current best practices for obtaining the maximum information from in vivo experimentation, while preserving the dignity and comfort of the animal.

It is our utmost pleasure to present a new book on tobacco BY-2 cells, Tobacco BY-2 Cells: From Cellular Dynamics to Omics, as the 58th volume in the book series Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry (BAF). It represents an ext- sion of the previous book Tobacco BY-2 Cells,vol. 53ofthe BAF. Moreover, the content is rather different from the latter and includes new topics, gleaned from the First International Symposium on Tobacco BY-2 Cells held at the Plant Science Center of the RIKEN, Yokohama, organized by Nagata, Matsuoka and Inze, in September 2004. To this symposium came more than 200 people from different parts of the world to discuss issues. Although most of the contributors to thepreviousvolumeof Tobacco BY-2 Cells gave talks on their subjects, there were many other speakers who presented new topics and approaches. So we enjoyed the symposium very much. Thus we decided to compile a new volume on tobacco BY-2 cells which includes these new topics. In addition, towards the end of the symposium, our common understanding was that the tobacco BY-2 cell system is still important in plant biology, in particular for studying the dynamic features of plant cells. We hope this volume is useful for plant biologists. Contents of the book are as follows: in Chapters I. 1–I. 6, various aspects of the cell cycle and cellular dynamics using BY-2 cells are described. In Ch- ters II. 1–II.

Sertoli cells assist in the production of sperm in the male reproductive system. This book provides a state-of-the-art update on the topic of sertoli cells and male reproduction. It addresses such highly topical areas as stem cells, genomics, and molecular genetics, as well as provides historical information on the discovery of this type of cell, and the pathophysiology of male infertility.• Presents the state-of-the-art research on topics such as stem cell research, transplantation and genomics• Includes contributions from leaders in the field, including several members of the National Academy of Science