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WASTES: Solutions, Treatments and Opportunities IV contains selected papers presented at the 6th edition of the International Conference Wastes: Solutions, Treatments and Opportunities, that took place on 6-8 September 2023, in Coimbra, Portugal. The Wastes conference, which takes place biennially, is a prime forum for sharing innovations, technological developments and sustainable solutions for waste management and recycling sectors worldwide, with the participation of experts from academia and industry. The papers included in this book cover a wide range of topics, including: - Management of waste streams - Environmental, economic and social aspects in waste management- Logistics, policies, regulatory constraints and markets in waste management- Waste-to-energy technologies- Life cycle assessment and carbon footprint- Biological treatment techniques- Waste treatment and valorization technologies- Circular economy and industrial symbioses- Smart technologies and digital tools in waste management- Recycling of wastes and resources recovery- Wastes refineries- Food waste management and bioeconomy- Plastic waste impacts, management strategies and solutions- Wastes as critical raw materials resourcesWASTES: Solutions, Treatments and Opportunities IV is aimed at academics and professionals involved in waste management and recycling sectors globally.

Wastes: Solutions, Treatments and Opportunities III contains selected papers presented at the 5th edition of the International Conference Wastes: Solutions, Treatments and Opportunities, that took place on 3-6 September 2019, in Costa da Caparica, Portugal.The Wastes conference, which takes place biennially, is a prime forum for sharing innovation, technological development and sustainable solutions for the waste management and recycling sectors around the world, counting with the participation of experts from academia and industry.The papers included in this book cover a wide range of topics, including: Wastes as construction materials; Wastes as fuels; Waste treatment technologies; MSW management; Recycling of wastes and materials recovery; Environmental, economic and social aspects in waste management; Life cycle assessment; Circular economy and wastes refineries; Logistics, policies, regulatory constraints and markets in waste management.

Wastes: Solutions, Treatments and Opportunities II contains selected papers presented at the 4th edition of the International Conference Wastes: Solutions, Treatments and Opportunities, that took place 25-26 September 2017 at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. The Wastes conference, which takes place biennially, is a prime forum for academics and industry representatives from the waste management and recycling sectors around the world to share their experience and knowledge with all in attendance.The published papers focus on a wide range of topics, including: Wastes as construction materials, Wastes as fuels, Waste treatment technologies,MSW management, Recycling of wastes and materials recovery, Wastes from new materials (nanomaterials, electronics, composites, etc.), Environmental, economic and social aspects in waste management and Circular economy.

This book presents selected papers from the 8th International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies in Agriculture, Food and Environment (HAICTA 2017) which examine sustainable rural development in the context of environmental, economic, and the socio-cultural dimension. This book raises awareness of the importance of sustainable management in agriculture using examples of actual industry cases, sustainable management practices, new forms of rural cooperation and entrepreneurship.

Transformative Paleobotany: Papers to Commemorate the Life and Legacy of Thomas N. Taylor features the broadest possible spectrum of topics analyzing the structure, function and evolution of fossil plants, microorganisms, and organismal interactions in fossil ecosystems (e.g., plant paleobiography, paleoecology, early evolution of land plants, fossil fungi and microbial interactions with plants, systematics and phylogeny of major plant and fungal lineages, biostratigraphy, evolution of organismal interactions, ultrastructure, Antarctic paleobotany). The book includes the latest research from top scientists who have made transformative contributions. Sections are richly illustrated, well concepted, and characterize and summarize the most up-to-date understanding of this respective and important field of study. Features electronic supplements, such as photographs, diagrams, tables, flowcharts and links to other websites Includes in-depth illustrations with diagrams, flowcharts and photographic plates (many in color for enhanced utility), tables and graphs

More than 2,500 abstracts of papers published in a period of 44 years (1956-1998) of nematological research makes the Cumulative Abstract Index to Nematologica an indispensable tool for research workers, agricultural industrialists and university teachers. The abstract index will greatly facilitate access to quality papers on the subject of nematodes (taxonomy, physiology, morphology and genetics), crop protection research, molecular biology in nematological research, nematode parasites, nematophagous fungi, arthropods and soil free-living nematodes and will be a valuable aid to researchers. The Index is even more valuable if used in combination with the General Index published as part of the regular publication program of Nematologica (issue 43 (3-4), May 1997). This general Index volume consists of an Index to Authors and Titles, a Systematic and Subject Index to Nematodes, a Systematic and Subject Index to Hosts/Parasites, and an Index to Methods. The Index can be specifically used to find references to certain nematode species, whereas the abstracts of the actual papers are readily found in the chronologically ordered Cumulative Abstract Index to Nematologica.

Seminar paper from the year 2023 in the subject Biology - Botany,, language: English, abstract: This paper concerns itself with benefits and chances of agroforestry. The focus is on the importance of litter for the agroforestry ecosystem as it plays a crucial role in nutrient cycling, soil health, and overall ecosystem functioning. Basic terms and definitions will be introduced, and the impact of litter on water and biodiversity will be explained. The dangers of litter removal will be discussed and recommendations for future actions concerning litter will be shared.

Seminar paper from the year 2023 in the subject Biology - Botany, grade: A,, language: English, abstract: The life cycle of Helicoverpa armigera, commonly known as the cotton bollworm, is a significant concern for the cotton industry in Australia. This paper explores the various stages of the bollworm's life cycle, including egg deposition, larval feeding, pupation, and adult emergence. The impacts of Helicoverpa armigera on the cotton industry are examined, highlighting the substantial economic losses incurred due to yield reduction and increased pesticide use. The paper further discusses effective management strategies, such as integrated pest management techniques, genetically modified cotton varieties, and targeted pesticide application. Implementing a comprehensive approach to control Helicoverpa armigera can help mitigate its detrimental effects on the cotton industry in Australia.

The “Textbook of Bryophytes” is about a group of the plant kingdom, which students rarely get to see, unless they visit a hilly region. The book is written in a lucid style with illustrations to make the study interesting. The easy-to-learn format will make the concepts clear and cater to a wider readership. While the students of B.Sc. Honours in Botany with CBCS syllabus will find it useful for their core paper in ARCHEGONIATAE, the students of B.Sc. Life Sciences and those opting for GE paper on Biodiversity, would be benefitted from the content on both specific and general studies on bryophytes. All the three major groups – Liverworts, Mosses and Hornworts have been dealt comprehensively and new findings regarding the inter-relationships have been described. The book follows the latest classification based on the APG system. Emerging trends in Bryophyte research have been discussed to encourage young minds take up investigations in the related field. A special feature is colour plates towards the end of the text. These are presented to help teachers conduct practical sessions with ease as getting permanent slides for most of the stages of the life cycle of these plants has become difficult. The topics dealt with and the illustrated glossary would add value to the book as it will be highly useful for students appearing for competitive exams.

Writing for a high-quality scientific aquaculture publication is challenging, and many students and early career aquaculture scientists find the task daunting. Expanding on his popular workshop on Improving Scientific Writing at the 2017 World Aquaculture conference, Rodrigue Yossa provides new researchers with all the tools they need to write abstracts and a variety of articles (original, research reports, magazines, working papers, conference proceedings and more). He also takes the reader step-by-step through the process of reviewing submitted manuscripts and replying to reviewers, as well as understanding research ethics. Each section is accompanied by examples, and attention is focused on providing advice on grammar, how to focus your paper and possible loopholes when writing. A Pocket Guide to Scientific Writing in Aquaculture Research offers a lifeline to aquaculture students and early career researchers getting a grasp on the basics of science communication through writing.

The updated seventh edition of the classic text on wood science and forestry The seventh edition of Forest Products and Wood Science: An Introduction offers a fully revised and updated review of the forest products industry. This classic text contains a comprehensive review of the subject and presents a thorough understanding of the anatomical and physical nature of wood. The authors emphasize its use as an industrial raw material. Forest Products and Wood Science provides thorough coverage of all aspects of wood science and industry, ranging from tree growth and wood anatomy to a variety of economically important wood products, along with their applications and performance. The text explores global raw materials, the increasing use of wood as a source of energy and chemicals and environmental implications of the use of wood. This edition features new material on structural composites, non-structural composites, durability and protection, pulp and paper, energy and chemicals, and global raw materials. This seventh edition of the classic work: Contains new information on a variety of topics including: structural composites, non-structural composites, durability and protection, pulp and paper, energy and chemicals and global raw materials Includes a fully revised text that meets the changing needs of the forestry, engineering, and wood science academics and professionals Presents material written by authors with broad experience in both the private and academic sectors Written for undergraduate students in forestry, natural resources, engineering, and wood science, as well as forest industry personnel, engineers, wood-based manufacturing and using professionals, the seventh edition of Forest Products and Wood Science updates the classic text that has become an indispensable resource.

The present volume is a collection of papers presented in a National Seminar held in Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, from fourth to sixth September 1987. Various constraints delayed the publication of the papers presented at the time but to make amends a large number of papers have been revised and iupdated Environmental science is a multidisciplinary subject and the many factors demand that specialists from many -fields should come together and co-operate. This book is the result of such academic co-operation and naturally the areas covered are diverse.

A defining scholarly publication on the past and current state of research with psychedelic plant substances for medicine, therapeutics, and spiritual uses.Certain plants have long been known to contain healing properties and used to treat everything from depression and addiction, to aiding in on one's own spiritual well-being for hundreds of years. Can Western medicine find new cures for human ailments by tapping into indigenous plant wisdom? And why the particular interest in the plants with psychoactive properties? These two conference volume proceedings provide an abundance of answers.The first international gathering of researchers held on this subject was in 1967, sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and U.S. Public Health Service. It was an interdisciplinary group of specialists – from ethnobotanists to neuroscientists – gathered in one place to share their findings on a topic that was gaining widespread interest: The use of psychoactive plants in indigenous societies. The WAR ON DRUGS which intervened slowed advances in this field.Research, however, has continued, and in the fifty years since that first conference, new and significant discoveries have been made. A new generation of researchers, many inspired by the giants present at that first conference, has continued to investigate the outer limits of ethno-psychopharmacology. At the same time, there has been a sea change in public and medical perceptions of psychedelics. There is now a renaissance in research, and some of these agents are actively being investigated for their therapeutic potential. They are no longer as stigmatized as they have been in the past, although they remain controversial. There still remains much work to do in this field, and many significant discoveries remain to be made.So, in June of 2017, once again specialists from around the world in fields of ethnopharmacology, chemistry, botany, and anthropology gathered to discuss their research and findings in a setting that encouraged the free and frank exchange of information and ideas on the last 50 years of research, and assess the current and possible futures for research in ethnopsychopharmacology. The papers given at the 2017 Symposium, organized by Dr. Dennis McKenna, represent perhaps the most significant body of knowledge in this interdisciplinary field available.About Dennis McKenna: He is an icon among psychedelic explorers, working to inspire the next generation of ethnobotanists in the search for new medicines for the benefit of humanity and the preservation of the biosphere that produces what is apparent from reading these papers – a rich pharmacopeia of medicines. Essential for academic libraries, pharmaceutical and ethnobotanical collections.

Medicinal plants are value added for the content and chemical composition of their active components. Therefore, the demand on plant based therapeutics has increased many fold in both developing and developed countries due to the growing recognition that they are natural products, being non-narcotic, having no side-effects, easily available at affordable prices. In a wider context, there is a growing demand for plant-based medicines, health products, pharmaceuticals, food supplements, cosmetics etc. International market of medicinal plants is over US $ 60 billion per year, which is growing at the rate of 7% and expected to be US $ 5 trillion by 2050. Herbal remedies would become increasingly important especially in developing countries. Progress in medicinal plants research has undergone a phenomenal growth during last two decades. The input of biochemistry to pharmacology has grown. Molecular pharmacology puts more emphasis on the mode of action of drugs. Worldwide trend towards the utilization of natural plant remedies has created an enormous need for information about the properties and uses of the medicinal plants. Based on this rationale, the present series Recent Progress in Medicinal Plants brought out eight volumes, in the first phase, providing edited information from over 225 original and review papers by eminent scientists and researchers from India and abroad on a wide range of topics in the areas of Ethno medicine, Pharmacognosy, Photochemistry, Pharmacology, Aesthetics, Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering, Crop Improvement, Production Technology, Trade and Commerce, Diseases and their Management etc. In continuation to these foregone efforts, further eight volumes (9-16) viz., Plant Bioactive in Traditional Medicine; Phototherapeutics; Drug Development from New Molecules; Globalization of Herbal Health; Search for Natural Drugs; Biopharmaceuticals; Natural Products; Phytomedicines, providing recent research data in the areas of medicinal plants investigations, aimed at discovering new drugs of plants origin, were presented. Continuing with the ongoing efforts and over-whelming response, the Series editors have been hard pressed to bring out further nine volumes (Vols: 17-25) of the series on herbal drugs containing recent researches on bioreactive components based on their photochemistry and psychopharmacology in order to discover potential drugs coupled with their therapeutic values. In this direction, nine volumes (17-25) on Photochemistry and Pharmacology III, Natural Products II, Psychopharmacology and Therapeutic Values I, II, III, IV & V, Standardization of Herbal / Ayurvedic Formulations and Chemistry and Medicinal Value were published. Thus the publication of 25 volumes of'Recent Progress in Medicinal Plan ts'(2002-2009) provides a comprehensive account of nearly 1800 important medicinal plants for producing drugs, cosmetics, perfumery etc. Hence, it was felt that there is an urgent need to document these 25 volumes in a more condensed form for scientist's desk reference in day to day research activity. Considering the importance of such a resource book, it was planned to bring out Vol. 26 containing the abstracts of papers published in 25 volume-set of Recent Progress in Medicinal Plants. The Vol. 26-'Cumulative Index to Abstracts, Vols. 1-25'- provides information on some 1282 abstracts of original and review papers published in the aforesaid volumes. Considering the fact that many traditional remedies are back to therapeutic use, including plants as such, or extracts prepared in accordance with the pharmacopoeia of the country where they are used. These medicinal plants are increasingly used as (i) source of direct therapeutic agents; (ii) as a raw material base for the elaboration of more complex semi-synthetic chemical compounds; (iii) as models for new synthetic compounds; and, (iv) as taxonomic markers for the discovery of new compounds. In addition to these applicatio

Medicinal plants are value added for the content and chemical composition of their active components. Therefore, the demand on plant based therapeutics has increased many fold in both developing and developed countries due to the growing recognition that they are natural products, being non-narcotic, having no side-effects, easily available at affordable prices. In a wider context, there is a growing demand for plant-based medicines, health products, pharmaceuticals, food supplements, cosmetics etc. International market of medicinal plants is over US $ 60 billion per year, which is growing at the rate of 7% and expected to be US $ 5 trillion by 2050. Herbal remedies would become increasingly important especially in developing countries. Progress in medicinal plants research has undergone a phenomenal growth during last two decades. The input of biochemistry to pharmacology has grown. Molecular pharmacology puts more emphasis on the mode of action of drugs. Worldwide trend towards the utilization of natural plant remedies has created an enormous need for information about the properties and uses of the medicinal plants. Based on this rationale, the present series Recent Progress in Medicinal Plants brought out eight volumes, in the first phase, providing edited information from over 225 original and review papers by eminent scientists and researchers from India and abroad on a wide range of topics in the areas of Ethno medicine, Pharmacognosy, Photochemistry, Pharmacology, Aesthetics, Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering, Crop Improvement, Production Technology, Trade and Commerce, Diseases and their Management etc. In continuation to these foregone efforts, further eight volumes (9-16) viz., Plant Bioactive in Traditional Medicine; Phototherapeutics; Drug Development from New Molecules; Globalization of Herbal Health; Search for Natural Drugs; Biopharmaceuticals; Natural Products; Phytomedicines, providing recent research data in the areas of medicinal plants investigations, aimed at discovering new drugs of plants origin, were presented. Continuing with the ongoing efforts and over-whelming response, the Series editors have been hard pressed to bring out further nine volumes (Vols: 17-25) of the series on herbal drugs containing recent researches on bioreactive components based on their photochemistry and psychopharmacology in order to discover potential drugs coupled with their therapeutic values. In this direction, nine volumes (17-25) on Photochemistry and Pharmacology III, Natural Products II, Psychopharmacology and Therapeutic Values I, II, III, IV & V, Standardization of Herbal / Ayurvedic Formulations and Chemistry and Medicinal Value were published. Thus the publication of 25 volumes of'Recent Progress in Medicinal Plan ts'(2002-2009) provides a comprehensive account of nearly 1800 important medicinal plants for producing drugs, cosmetics, perfumery etc. Hence, it was felt that there is an urgent need to document these 25 volumes in a more condensed form for scientist's desk reference in day to day research activity. Considering the importance of such a resource book, it was planned to bring out Vol. 26 containing the abstracts of papers published in 25 volume-set of Recent Progress in Medicinal Plants. The Vol. 26-'Cumulative Index to Abstracts, Vols. 1-25'- provides information on some 1282 abstracts of original and review papers published in the aforesaid volumes. Considering the fact that many traditional remedies are back to therapeutic use, including plants as such, or extracts prepared in accordance with the pharmacopoeia of the country where they are used. These medicinal plants are increasingly used as (i) source of direct therapeutic agents; (ii) as a raw material base for the elaboration of more complex semi-synthetic chemical compounds; (iii) as models for new synthetic compounds; and, (iv) as taxonomic markers for the discovery of new compounds. In addition to these applicatio

Advances in Agricultural Microbiology is a collection of papers about the progresses in the field of agricultural microbiology. The said papers are contributions of different experts in related fields. The book is divided into three sections. Section A covers topics related to the role of microorganisms in the mobilization of nutrients for plant growth such as the relationship of microbial genetics and biological nitrogen; plant surface microflora and plant nutrition; and developments in grass-bacteria associations. Section B discusses the use of microorganisms in the management of pathogens, pests, and weeds and includes topics such as the microbial control of insect pests; microbial herbicides; and agricultural antibiotics. Section C tackles strategies in bioconversion such as the production of biogas from agricultural wastes; bioconversion of lignocelluloses into protein-rich food and feed; and ethanol fuel from biomass. The text is recommended for biologists and agriculturists who would like to know more about the importance of microorganisms in the field of agriculture.

This proceedings is a collection of 46 selected papers that were presented at the 12th International Wheat Genetics Symposium (IWGS). Since the launch of the wheat genome sequencing project in 2005, the arrival of draft genome sequences has marked a new era in wheat genetics and genomics, catalyzing rapid advancement in the field. This book provides a comprehensive review of the forefront of wheat research, across various important topics such as germplasm and genetic diversity, cytogenetics and allopolyploid evolution, genome sequencing, structural and functional genomics, gene function and molecular biology, biotic stress, abiotic stress, grain quality, and classical and molecular breeding. Following an introduction, 9 parts of the book are dedicated to each of these topics. A final, 11th part entitled “Toward Sustainable Wheat Production” contains 7 excellent papers that were presented in the 12th IWGS Special Session supported by the OECD. With rapid population growth and radical climate changes, the world faces a global food crisis and is in need of another Green Revolution to boost yields of wheat and other widely grown staple crops. Although this book focuses on wheat, many of the newly developed techniques and results presented here can be applied to other plant species with large and complex genomes. As such, this volume is highly recommended for all students and researchers in wheat sciences and related plant sciences and for those who are interested in stable food production and food security.

Medicinal plants are value added for the content and chemical composition of their active components. Therefore, the demand on plant based therapeutics has increased many fold in both developing and developed countries due to the growing recognition that they are natural products, being non-narcotic, having no side-effects, easily available at affordable prices. In a wider context, there is a growing demand for plant-based medicines, health products, pharmaceuticals, food supplements, cosmetics etc. International market of medicinal plants is over US $ 60 billion per year, which is growing at the rate of 7% and expected to be US $ 5 trillion by 2050. Herbal remedies would become increasingly important especially in developing countries. Progress in medicinal plants research has undergone a phenomenal growth during last two decades. The input of biochemistry to pharmacology has grown. Molecular pharmacology puts more emphasis on the mode of action of drugs. Worldwide trend towards the utilization of natural plant remedies has created an enormous need for information about the properties and uses of the medicinal plants. Based on this rationale, the present series Recent Progress in Medicinal Plants broughtout eight volumes, in the first phase, providing edited information from over 225 original and review papers by eminent scientists and researchers from India and abroad on a wide range of topics in the areas of Ethnomedicine, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Aesthetics, Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering, Crop Improvement, Production Technology, Trade and Commerce, Diseases and their Management etc. In continuation to these foregone efforts, further eight volumes (9-16) viz., Plant Bioactives in Traditional Medicine; Phytotherapeutics; Drug Development from New Molecules; Globalisation of Herbal Health; Search for Natural Drugs; Biopharmaceuticals; Natural Products; Phytomedicines, providing recent research data in the areas of medicinal plants investigations, aimed at discovering new drugs of plants origin, were presented. Continuing with the ongoing efforts and over-whelming response, the series editors have been hard pressed to bring out further nine volumes (Vols: 17-25) of the series on herbal drugs containing recent researches on bioreactive components based on their phytochemistry and phytopharmacology in order to discover potential drugs coupled with their therapeutic values. In this direction, nine volumes (17-25) on Phytochemistry and Pharmacology III, Natural Products II, Phytopharmacology and Therapeutic Values I, II, III, IV & V, Standardization of Herbal / Ayurvedic Formulations and Chemistry and Medicinal Value were published. Thus the publication of 25 volumes of'Recent Progress in Medicinal Plants'(2002-2009) provides a comprehensive account of nearly 1800 important medicinal plants for producing drugs, cosmetics, perfumery etc. Hence, it was felt that there is an urgent need to document these 25 volumes in a more condensed form for scientist's desk reference in day to day research activity. Considering the importance of such a resource book, it was planned to bring out Vol. 26 containing the abstracts of papers published in 25 volume-set of Recent Progress in Medicinal Plants. The Vol. 26-'Cumulative Index to Abstracts, Vols. 1-25'- provides information on some 1282 abstracts of original and review papers published in the aforesaid volumes. considering the fact that many traditional remedies are back to therapeutic use, including plants as such, or extracts prepared in accordance with the pharmacopoeia of the country where they are used. These medicinal plants are increasingly used as (i) source of direct therapeutic agents; (ii) as a raw material base for the elaboration of more complex semi-synthetic chemical compounds; (iii) as models for new synthetic compounds; and, (iv) as taxonomic markers for the discovery of new compounds. In addition to these ap

Polysaccharide gums have a wide range of applications due to their hydrophilic properties. They have been used as a gelling agent, encapsulating agent, thickener, emulsifier, and stabilizer. Sourcing natural gums from botanical and plant sources has become an important focus in producing acceptable food ingredients in liquids and semi-solid forms. This is mainly because of the positive attitude of consumers toward plant-based gums rather than other gums from animal and microbial sources.Gum karaya, also known as Indian tragacanth, is a vegetable gum produced as an exudate by trees of the genus Sterculia. Gum karaya has very strong swelling properties, high viscosity, and very poor solubility because of its acetyl groups. Therefore, it is mainly used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Gum karaya is one of the least-soluble gums used for many industries, such as petroleum and gas, textile, paper and pulp, leather and allied products, ammunition and explosives, electrical appliances, adhesives, confectionery, medicine, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.Because of the crude tapping method and overexploitation, the population of karaya trees has markedly declined. In the absence of cultivation of this tree on the regular plantation, there is grave concern about the loss of wild germplasm of S. aurens. As gum karaya is vital for the tribal economy and its trade value is substantial, there is a pressing need to develop a scientific and sustainable tapping method to increase the yield and ensure the survival of the tapped trees. There is also a need for a large-scale plantation of gum karaya. People are becoming health-conscious and are taking natural products as food ingredients. This book will be useful to all the people interested in natural food additives. This book gives the details of gum karaya–yielding species and their distribution. Scientific methods of gum tapping are given for sustainable gum production. Propagation methods, both field and in vitro, are given. Uses of gum karaya, in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food, are given. Genetic diversity and biotechnological intervention for the improvement of gum karaya–yielding species are included. Threats and conservation of gum karaya–yielding species are given.

Bamboo occupies an unparalleled position in the plant kingdom in terms of its distribution, diversity and uses in the tropics and subtropics. In addition to featuring prominently in the lives of rural communities, particularly in Asia, it continues to find new applications in such wide ranging areas as paper and rayon manufacture; construction; architecture; engineering; handicrafts; food and medicine.Within Asia, India is second only to China in terms of the quantities and varieties of bamboo species found in the country. However, as in many other countries, information on this subject is generally inadequate and inaccessible. Contradictory reports on various aspects of bamboos, especially relating to taxonomic and phytogeographic observations, further add to the confusion regarding classification. There is thus an urgent need for a review of the current literature and a compilation of information on the various species of bamboo, including their synonyms.This compilation by K.K. Seethalakshmi and M.S. Muktesh Kumar, scientists specializing in plant physiology and taxonomy respectively at the Kerala Forest Research Institute, seeks to fulfil this need. Based primarily on a literature survey, it provides a comprehensive and holistic account of 128 bamboo species belonging to 18 genera occurring in India. By synthesizing and consolidating the work done so far on each of the covered species, it is expected to illuminate current information gaps and to provide a solid foundation for further work in this area.

Academic Paper from the year 2023 in the subject Biology - Botany, grade: A, Savitribai Phule Pune University, formerly University of Pune, language: English, abstract: Cotton plant diseases location is a tremendous issue and frequently needs proficient support to identify the infection. This exploration center's on making a profound learning model that distinguishes the sort of sickness that impacted the plant from the pictures of the leaves of the plants. The profound learning is finished with the assistance of Convolutional Brain Organization by performing move learning. This technique accomplished condition of workmanship results for the dataset utilized. The primary objective is to bring down the expert assistance to identify the cotton plant illnesses and make this model open to however many individuals as could reasonably be expected. Fast upgrades in profound learning (DL) procedures have made it conceivable to identify and perceive objects from pictures. DL approaches have as of late entered different horticultural and cultivating applications, subsequent to being effectively utilized in different fields.

Bio-based materials, including those containing wood, will become increasingly important as we move to a bio-based economy. Among their many attributes, it is vitally important that these materials are renewable, sustainable with proper management and environmentally benign. Wood remains one of our most important bio-based materials. While it is an amazing material, wood still has negative attributes and drawbacks that can affect performance, including dimensional instability when wetted, vulnerability to fire and high temperatures, and susceptibility to biodeterioration. A variety of treatments have been developed to overcome these weaknesses. Among the most exciting of these treatments are nanomaterials. These materials have some exceptionally attractive properties for improving timber performance and have been the subject of intensive research over the past decade. There is a tremendous need for a single comprehensive source of information on this rapidly emerging subject withtremendous potential to enhance the performance of a variety of bio-based materials. This book contains 10 chapters, each compiled by different author(s) who are considered the top researcher(s) in their respective fields. The chapters begin with some basic background on nanomaterials and their synthesis, then explore different areas for potential applications and conclude with a review of the emerging questions about nanomaterial safety. The book is designed to provide the latest information and know-how on application and utilization of different nanomaterials to improve the properties of wood and wood-based composite panels. The contents cover some main topics in the industry including improving physical and mechanical properties, increasing resistance to biodegradation (including fungi and insects), developing wood-plastic composites (WPC), applying nanomaterials in paper and board industry, and emergence of transparent wood and radiation shielding. It also covers the use of nanomaterials to improve the performance of paints and finishes used for forest products. The book provides a single location for those interested in the field to begin.

Pulping and Papermaking of Non-wood Plant Fibres presents the latest technologies associated with the papermaking process. With chapters specific to each non-wood species, the book provides step-by-step guidance on processes such as pulping, bleaching, blending and beating. Non-wood fibers are practical for pulp and paper production due to their chemical content of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin percentages. Beginning with a general overview of non-wood fibers in the papermaking process, chapters then take a deep dive into different raw materials and their processes, including bamboo, corn stalk, pineapple leaves and sugarcane. This book is an essential resource for researchers, scientists and industry specialists. - Provides comprehensive coverage of the processes involved in pulp and papermaking technology for each species of non-wood raw materials - Written by the leading research and industrial experts in the field of pulping, bleaching, blending, beating and papermaking processes - Includes step-by-step processes and methodologies

Quantum dots (QDs) are important in the research and industrial fields due to their diverse properties and technological importance. Recently, QDs have been found to be suitable for biological, biomedical, agricultural, and food science applications. Many research articles, review papers, and internet sources have published on the use of QDs to improve plant growth and yield, but a comprehensive overview in book form has not been available to date. This book provides detailed information on synthesis, functionalization, and the use of various types of quantum dots for plant systems. It also addresses the current state of knowledge on sensing mechanisms of QD-based biosensors used for microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and plant virus detection. This book also offers in-depth knowledge related to QDs used for plant growth, nutrients, and plant protection from micro-organisms. This volume is beneficial as one comprehensive resource for students, researchers, scientists, technicians, academicians, and industrialists.

This edited book covers all aspects of wood degradation from its formation and growing in trees to its end usages when it is put into human usage. Wood is an age-old traditional fascinating material with a sensory-rich immersive experience that kindles aesthetics and creativity. The utility, durability, and functionality of wood render it a cosmopolitan material. It constitutes an integral part of human lives from ancient times to modern societies being used by various sectors viz., construction, furniture, panel products, paper and pulp, sports goods, agricultural implements, etc., Wood, being a biological material, is susceptible to degradation both by physical and biological means, and the need to protect the wood and prevent heavy economic losses constitutes a major challenge. Also, wood formed by the trees is the major sinks of carbon and the carbon remains locked-up for the life of the wood, thereby serving as important tool to mitigate the climate change. But the carbon stored in wood returns to the atmosphere when it degrades and will have positive effect on climate change. Hence, wood protection aiming for extending the service life of wood plays a key role in locking the carbon for a longer period in the wood and also substantially reduce the demand and depletion of forest resources. The book focuses on wood as an important natural bio-resource, inventory of wood protection, usage, utilization, preservatives, protection technologies and wood protection from all forms of degradation. Special focus is given on the eco-friendly way of protecting wood and its importance in mitigating climate change. The book is useful for Indian and international readers, who are working in wood domains. It is of interest to wood technologists, teachers, researchers, climate change scientists, capacity builders, and policymakers. It is of immense importance as a guide and study material to the graduate and postgraduate students of wood science in various universities of India and abroad.

Lignans are aromatic compounds isolated from plants. This handbook presents an authoritative and comprehensive review of lignan chemistry, biochemistry, nomenclature, uses, and occurrence. Lignans are used in a wide variety of industries and this book will appeal to those working in the pulp and paper industries, renewable energy, specialty chemicals, pharmaceuticals, flavors and fragrances, agriculture and forestry, evolution and ecology. Additionally, the book features a comprehensive lignans dictionary section, drawn from the prestigious Dictionary of Natural Products. Other features include: Presents a comprehensive and up-to-date account of this important group of natural products Addresses and resolves problems in current lignan nomenclature Edited by the leaders in the field of lignan chemistry and biochemistry

The book presents a machine-generated literature review on CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) from 114 selected papers published by Springer Nature in the last few years, which are then organized by the book editors with a human-written introduction to each chapter. Each chapter presents summaries of predefined themes and provides the reader with a basis for further exploration of the topic. As one of the experimental projects initiated by Springer Nature for AI book content generation, this book shows the latest developments in the CRISPR field. It will be a useful reference for graduate students who are interested in CRISPR-related research and early-career researchers who need an overview of the current development of the field.

This volume consists of full length manuscripts of 159 of the 165 invited papers presented at World Soybean Research Conference III that was held in the Scheman Continuing Education Building at Iowa State University August 12-17, 1984. The authors, widely recognized as world authorities in their fields, represent all aspects of soybean research activity: breeding and genetics, crop and soil management, economics, entomology, food science, international programs, nematology, pathology, physiology, plant nutrition, rhizobiology, utilization, and weed science. This proceedings, which contains more than 1200 pages of information including many tables and figures, represents the most extensive compilation of soybean research results since the previous proceedings were published in 1980. It should be of value to research scientists, students and administrators alike.

This book, consisting of 8 chapters, describes the state-of-the-art technological progress and applications of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in precision agriculture. It focuses on the UAV application in agriculture, such as crop disease detection, mid-season yield estimation, crop nutrient status, and high-throughput phenotyping. Different from individual papers focusing on a specific application, this book provides a holistic view for readers with a wide range of subjects. In addition to researchers in the areas of plant science, plant pathology, breeding, engineering, it is also intended for undergraduates and graduates who are interested in imaging processing, artificial intelligence in agriculture, precision agriculture, agricultural automation, and robotics.

In her quest for global leadership in science and technology, the People's Republic of China has attained top ranks in the number of scientific publications,'hot papers,'or national and international patent applications. However, analysis of the underlying structures and mechanisms is hindered by the sheer flood of data, stringent government control of all media, and ambiguities inherent in translation from Chinese. This book overcomes these difficulties and provides a concise picture of biotechnology-related research and development in China. It begins with brief accounts of China's geography, people, political and administrational structure, economy, finance, infrastructure related to science and technology, and educational system. It presents succinct accounts on structures and developments in biomedicine, diagnostics, agriculture, fermented food, bioindustry, and environmental biotechnology, with reference to government, industry, and academia. Finally, it predicts the next steps in Chinese biotechnology for the national agenda and, in view of China's ambitious global development strategy, the Belt and Road Initiative.

Fungi are an essential, fascinating and biotechnologically useful group of organisms with an incredible biotechnological potential for industrial exploitation. Knowledge of the world's fungal diversity and its use is still incomplete and fragmented. There are many opportunities to accelerate the process of filling knowledge gaps in these areas. The worldwide interest of the current era is to increase the tendency to use natural substances instead of synthetic ones. The increasing urge in society for natural ingredients has compelled biotechnologists to explore novel bioresources which can be exploited in industrial sector. Fungi, due to their unique attributes and broad range of their biological activities hold great promises for their application in biotechnology and industry. Fungi are an efficient source of antioxidants, enzymes, pigments, and many other secondary metabolites. The large scale production of fungal pigments and their utility provides natural coloration without creating harmful effects on entering the environment, a safer alternative use to synthetic colorants. The fungal enzymes can be exploited in wide range of industries such as food, detergent, paper, and also for removal toxic waste. This book will serve as valuable source of information as well as will provide new directions to researchers to conduct novel research in field of mycology.Volume 2 of “Industrially Important Fungi for Sustainable Development” provides an overview to understanding bioprospecting of fungal biomolecules and their industrial application for future sustainability. It encompasses current advanced knowledge of fungal communities and their potential biotechnological applications in industry and allied sectors. The book will be useful to scientists, researchers, and students of microbiology, biotechnology, agriculture, molecular biology, and environmental biology.

Bamboo is a plant that occurs over much of the World. It is probable that billions of the World's population see, eat and touch bamboo every day. Bamboo contributes significantly to the income generation of many poor farmers. Yet it is an “orphan” crop – largely ignored by the main landholding agencies – forestry and agriculture.This volume contains most of the papers presented at the joint Fifthth International Bamboo Congress and Sixth International Bamboo Workshop held in San José, Costa Rica, 1998, organized by the International Bamboo Association (IBA) and INBAR. The book is divided into four parts: Bamboo Resources and Socio-economics; Bamboo Propagation and Management; Bamboo Engineering and Construction; Bamboo Design and Utilization. The topics covered include varied aspects of bamboo, such as: from bamboo resources of Mexico to bamboos of Ethiopia; from bamboo afforestation of a mined area to bamboo as a food and fiber alternative in an island; from bamboo drippers to bamboo wheelchairs; from teaching architecture with bamboo to an international building code for bamboo; from silviculture of Guadua bamboo to flowering of Moso bamboo; and many more.This publication serves to highlight the usefulness of bamboo in aiding developing countries in their sustainable social, economic and environmental development.

The International Conference on Phytochemistry, Textile, & Renewable Energy Technologies for Sustainable Development (ICPTRE 2020) was hosted by the World bank funded Africa Centre of Excellence in Phytochemicals, Textile and Renewable Energy (ACEII-PTRE) based at Moi University in conjunction with Donghua University, China and the Sino–Africa International Symposium on Textiles and Apparel (SAISTA). The theme of the conference was Advancing Science, Technology and Innovation for Industrial Growth. The research relationships between universities and industry have enabled the two entities to flourish and, in the past, have been credited for accelerated sustainable development and uplifting of millions out poverty. ICPTRE 2020 therefore provided a platform for academic researchers drawn from across the world to meet key industry professionals and actively share knowledge while advancing the role of research in industrial development, particularly, in the developing nations. The conference also provided exhibitors with an opportunity to interact with professionals and showcase their business, products, technologies and equipment. During the course of the conference, industrial exhibitions, research papers and presentations in the fields of phytochemistry, textiles, renewable energy, industry, science, technology, innovations and much more were presented.

Forests cover thirty-one percent of the world's land surface, provide habitats for animals, livelihoods for humans, and generate household income in rural areas of developing countries. They also supply other essential amenities, for instance, they filter water, control water runoff, protect soil erosion, regulate climate, store nutrients, and facilitate countless non-timber forest products (NTFPs). The main NTFPs comprise herbs, grasses, climbers, shrubs, and trees used for food, fodder, fuel, beverages, medicine, animals, birds and fish for food, fur, and feathers, as well as their products, like honey, lac, silk, and paper. At present, these products play an important role in the daily life and well-being of millions of people worldwide. Hence the forest and its products are very valuable and often NTFPs are considered as the ‘potential pillars of sustainable forestry'. NTFPs items like food, herbal drugs, forage, fuel-wood, fountain, fibre, bamboo, rattans, leaves, barks, resins, and gums have been continuously used and exploited by humans. Wild edible foods are rich in terms of vitamins, protein, fat, sugars, and minerals. Additionally, some NTFPs are used as important raw materials for pharmaceutical industries. Numerous industry-based NTFPs are now being exported in considerable quantities by developing countries. Accordingly, this sector facilitates employment opportunities in remote rural areas. So, these developments also highlight the role of NTFPs in poverty alleviation in different regions of the world. This book provides a wide spectrum of information on NTFPs, including important references. We hope that the compendium of chapters in this book will be very useful as a reference book for graduate and postgraduate students and researchers in various disciplines of forestry, botany, medical botany, economic botany, ecology, agroforestry, and biology. Additionally, this book should be useful for scientists, experts, and consultants associated with the forestry sector.

This book aims to present some research papers on obtaining and using Salvia compounds in the search for health promotion and valuable products with improved quality. The chapters are illustrated and contain accessible information for an audience interested in learning about the chemical composition of the Salvia genus, their therapeutic effects, adverse effects and nutritional properties. Chapter 1, Salvia: Phenotypic properties, compounds, medicinal utilizing, genotoxic and adverse effects, prepared by Aydin et al., discusses the chemical composition of the genus, their therapeutic effects and adverse effects as a guide for future studies in order to investigate and reveal the effects of Saliva spp. by reviewing the phenotypic properties, chemical composition and effects of Salvia genus. In Chapter 2, Antimicrobial activity from essential oils obtained from plants of the genus Salvia, Sánchez-Mendoza et al. present the results of the last nine years and provide an overview of the published data on essential oils obtained from 32 Salvia species with antimicrobial activity. In Chapter 3, Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) as an essential fatty acid and fiber content source, Schettino-Bermúdez et al. show a review of studies on the nutritional and therapeutic potential of chia seed in the inclusion in animal diets, as well as in the preparation of food for human consumption. Chapter 4, Sustainable green extraction of bioactive compound from Salvia, prepared by Jakovljević et al., discusses the importance of finding an adequate solvent and method for extraction of desired bioactive components while maintaining the environmentally friendly nature of the process. In Chapter 5, Salvia divinorum: Beyond its therapeutic uses, Silva et al. perform a critical review about Salvia divinorum and its components, modes of consumption, effects, interactions, therapeutic uses, their determination in biological specimens and laboratory difficulties as well as toxicological aspects. Chapter 6, Salvia spp as an additive in diets for rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), Hernández et al. present a review of scientific articles to demonstrate the benefits of Salvia spp. as an additive to rabbit diets. Chapter 7, Superficial properties of proteins from Salvia hispanica L., prepared by López et al., describes the methodology carried out to study foams and emulsions including the mathematical models used for their characterization. Chapter 8, Biological properties of salvia species: an overview, prepared by Tiezzi et al., presents an overview of recent findings on salvia compounds and their biological properties.

The global population is increasing rapidly, and feeding the ever-increasing population poses a serious challenge for agriculturalists around the world. Seed is a basic and critical input in agriculture to ensure global food security. Roughly 90 percent of the crops grown all over the world are propagated by seed. However, seed can also harbour and spread pathogens, e.g. fungi, bacteria, nematodes, viruses etc., which cause devastating diseases. Seed-borne pathogens represent a major threat to crop establishment and yield. Hence, timely detection and diagnosis is a prerequisite for their effective management. The book'Seed-Borne Diseases of Agricultural Crops: Detection, Diagnosis & Management'addresses key issues related to seed-borne/transmitted diseases in various agricultural crops. Divided into 30 chapters, it offers a comprehensive compilation of papers concerning: the history of seed pathology, importance of seed-borne diseases, seed-borne diseases and quarantine, seed health testing and certification, detection and diagnosis of seed-borne diseases and their phytopathogens, host-parasite interactions during development of seed-borne diseases, diversity of seed-borne pathogens, seed-borne diseases in major agricultural crops, non-parasitic seed disorders, mechanisms of seed transmission and seed infection, storage fungi and mycotoxins, impact of seed-borne diseases on human and animal health, and management options for seed-borne diseases. We wish to thank all of the eminent researchers who contributed valuable chapters to our book, which will be immensely useful for students, researchers, academics, and all those involved in various agro-industries.

This book offers a comprehensive collection of papers on CRISPR/Cas genome editing in connection with agriculture, climate-smart crops, food security, translational research applications, bioinformatics analysis, practical applications in cereals, floriculture crops, engineering plants for abiotic stress resistance, the intellectual landscape, regulatory framework, and policy decisions. Gathering contributions by internationally respected experts in the field of CRISPR/Cas genome editing, the book offers an essential guide for researchers, students, teachers and scientists in academia; policymakers; and public companies, private companies and cooperatives interested in understanding and/or applying CRISPR/Cas genome editing to develop new agricultural products.

This book provides an indispensable reference guide to the sustainable control and treatment of biomass residues from a wide variety of agroindustrial sources, e.g. sugarcane, livestock, pulp & paper, food wastes, among others. Pursuing a structured and clear approach, the book opens with a general introduction to biomass, sustainability and environmental chemistry aspects, and on how the use of biomass as a renewable material ties into the UN's Sustainable Development Goals. The book subsequently presents analytical methods applied to different biomass types and their residues and reviews monitoring and treatment strategies in order to avoid pollution of the same. The book closes by describing the value chains, bioeconomy and circular economy for globally relevant agroindustrial biomass. The book is intended for researchers in academia and industry alike and shows how, in addition to sustainability criteria and life cycle assessments, integrating environmental chemistry aspects can contribute to a holistic approach, and unlock the economic potential of biomass in the age of circular economy and sustainable development.

This book provides a comprehensive and systematic overview of the recent developments in cotton production and processing, including a number of genetic approaches, such as GM cotton for pest resistance, which have been hotly debated in recent decades. In the era of climate change, cotton is facing diverse abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought, toxic metals and environmental pollutants. As such, scientists are developing stress-tolerant cultivars using agronomic, genetic and molecular approaches. Gathering papers on these developments, this timely book is a valuable resource for a wide audience, including plant scientists, agronomists, soil scientists, botanists, environmental scientists and extention workers.

Biotechnology refers to the use or manipulation of an organism or parts of an organism. While the early applications were certainly simpler (though still relevant), modern plant biotechnology is primarily associated with molecular biology, cloning and genetic engineering. Over the last 50 years, several key discoveries have revolutionized the biological sciences and enabled the rapid growth of the biotechnology industry.This book gathers handpicked articles presented by national and international scientists at the International Conference on Biotechnology and Biological Sciences, BIOSPECTRUM 2017. It highlights the works of researchers and students in India and abroad on plant biotechnology and its applications in addressing various agricultural and food production-related issues.The respective papers explore a range of advances in plant biotechnology, e.g.: the cytotoxic potential of Moringaoleifera lam; the use of the entomo-pathogenic fungi Cordyceps sp. as unique and valuable sources of bioactive compounds; and strain improvement strategies for Cordyceps sp. In addition, they discuss the use of low-cost blue green algal biofertilizer comprising four blue green algal strains in rice fields; and the use of lignocellulosic materials as potential renewable energy resources for the production of fuels.This book will be extremely useful for researchers and students of biotechnology and plant science, providing an essential update on the latest findings and trends.

The book brings together papers covering the most recent scientific research from the top endophyte researchers in the world. It presents the state of the art in our knowledge and technical capacity and explores future directions of this work. It is highly relevant and timely because of the need to improve global food security and its sustainability, and also to provide novel bioactive molecules for medicine. There is also a need to protect forestry in a changing and growing world. Endophytes offer a huge potential to reduce environmentally damaging agricultural inputs such as fertilisers and pesticides. They are also a largely overlooked group of organisms where much basic science remains to be undertaken. For example, new molecular tools of DNA profiling using high throughput environmental sequencing are allowing the exploration of a previously largely unknown resource. There is a pressing need to convert scientific research on endophytes into practical application. This book describes how that will be achieved.

The present study brings together research papers contributed by thirty selected Indian botanists who are specialists in the chosen field of study and who participated in different symposia or focal theme lectures organised during the congress. They reflect the present and the future trends in researches in plant sciences in India and are an authentic indication of what the state of art at present is. Professor Bir's presidential address, reproduced here in an abridged form, is not only provocative but is sufficiently broad-based to be of interest to the plant scientists the world over.

This book re-examines the endosymbiotic theory, and presents various related theories and hypotheses since the first proposal in 1905 by a Russian biologist. It also demonstrates that Lynn Margulis's contribution to the current endosymbiotic is less than sometimes thought, and presents a plausible idea on how the organelles were formed. Explaining that Margulis's initial work did not intend to show the endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria, the book discusses their endosymbiotic origin in the light of current biology with the help of clear visual images. Further, by including numerous historical facts and details of phylogenetic analyses using recent genomic data that are largely unknown to many in the field, it offers deep insights into the history of biology, phylogenetic analysis, and the new evolutionary thinking. 2017 was the 50-year anniversary of Margulis's first paper in the Journal of Theoretical Biology, and 2020 will mark 50 years since the publication herfamous work Origin of Eukaryotic Cells, and as such this book offers a timely reconsideration ofthe works of Lynn Margulis and the endosymbiotic origin of organelles.

The green revolution led to the development of improved varieties of crops, especially cereals, and since then, classical or molecular breeding has resulted in the creation of economically valuable species. Thanks to recent developments in genetic engineering, it has become possible to introduce genes from different sources, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, mice and humans, to plants. This technology has made the scientific community aware of the critical role of transgenics, not only as a means of producing stress tolerant crops but also as a platform for the production of therapeutics through molecular farming. This book discusses the commercial applications of plant transgenic technologies, including the use of transgenic cell culture approachesto improve the production of metabolites and high-value therapeutics as well as transgenic plants in pest management. It also explores generation of novel vectors, protein production using chloroplast engineering and the latest developments in this area, such as genome editing in plants. Featuring general discussions and research papers by leading international experts, it is a valuable resource for scientists, teachers, students and industrialists working in the field.

This book is an outcome of the keynote/lead papers presented by the experts from different disciplines in the Indian Ecological Society International Conference 2016 on “Natural Resource Management: Ecological Perspectives”, organized at the Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, India. The book captures the essence of natural resource management from the intra and interdisciplinary perspectives of agricultural sciences (entomology, plant pathology, plant breeding and genetics, agronomy and soil sciences), social sciences (resource economics, agricultural extension education), medical sciences, and environmental sciences to stimulate discussion on the ecological perspectives of natural resource management. Wide-ranging topics on land and water resources, biodiversity, integrated farming system, role of microbes in agriculture, climate change and its impact on human health and crop pests, exploiting chemical ecology for pest management, human disease-causing pesticides, beneficial insects like lac insects, integrated pest management, resistance management in insect pests and Bt cotton, and diffusion and adoption of ecologically sustainable technologies at individual and organizational level are covered in the book.. The book will serve the professionals, researchers, academia, government, industry and students.

The Tale of Tea is the saga of globalisation. Tea gave birth to paper money, the Opium Wars and Hong Kong, triggered the Anglo-Dutch wars and the American war of independence, shaped the economies and military history of Táng and Sòng China and moulded Chinese art and culture. Whilst black tea dominates the global market today, such tea is a recent invention. No tea plantations existed in the world's largest black tea producing countries, India, Kenya and Sri Lanka, when the Dutch and the English went to war about tea in the 17th century. This book replaces popular myths about tea with recondite knowledge on the hidden origins and detailed history of today's globalised beverage in its many modern guises.

Cellulase is a key enzyme of industrial interest and plays a crucial role in the hydrolysis of cellulose, a prime component of plant cell walls. Cellulase covers a broad area in the global market of industrially important enzymes and it is considered as the third largest industrial enzyme globally. Additionally, cellulase contributes about 20% of the total enzyme market globally because of its massive demand in various industries such as in biofuel production, pulp, paper, textile, food, and beverages, as well as in detergent industries. Among these, the demand of cellulase may become frequently selected in the commercial production of biofuels in the future and thus will further increase demand of cellulase in the biofuel industry. Because biofuel production is still not realized in a cost-effective, practical implementation due to its high cost (the higher cost of biofuels is due to higher production costs of enzymes), there is a need to introduce these types of approaches, which will help to lower the cost of enzyme production for developing overall economic biofuel production.

The Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR) has grouped Plant biochemistry, Plant physiology and Agriculture biotechnology under Plant Science A for conducting the all India exams. This book is second in the series of practice books containing Plant physiology and Plant biochemistry as our previous book covered Plant biochemistry and Agriculture biotechnology. Passing competitive exams is necessary for obtaining higher studies, scholarships and career in research as well as teaching. This book contains more than 2,000 questions from both Plant physiology and Biochemistry covering almost every aspect of the subject. The questions have been designed keeping in view of the new syllabus for the students. Features: Efforts have been made to cover all the topics in both Plant physiology and Biochemistry for designing more than 2,000 multiple choice questions. The biochemistry section of the book covers more of plant biochemistry rather than general biochemistry. The questions have been designed keeping in view the requirements of the graduate, post graduate students, teachers and research scientists as per the latest updations of the 5th Deans'Committee Recommendations. This practice book also includes maximum possible questions from the previous question papers, which have appeared directly or indirectly in tests like ICAR JRF/SRF/NET.

This book provides insights into various aspects of medicinal plant-associated microbes, known to be a unique source of biological active compounds, including their biotechnological uses and their potential in pharmaceutical, agricultural and industrial applications. Featuring review papers and original research by leading experts in the field, it discusses medicinal plants and their interactions with the environment; medicinal plants as a source of biologically active compounds; medicinal plant-associated microbes (diversity and metabolites); their pharmaceutical, agricultural and industrial applications as well as their potential applications as plant growth stimulators and biocontrol agents. As such the book offers a valuable, up-to-date overview of the current research on medicinal plants, their ecology, biochemistry and associated biomes.

When George I, Elector of Hanover, was crowned King of England in 1714, he established a dynastic union between the two countries that endured until 1837, leaving many cultural and political accomplishments to posterity. The 300th anniversary of this union led the Institute of Landscape Architecture, Technische Universität Dresden, and the Centre of Garden and Landscape Architecture (CGL), Leibniz Universität Hannover, to take a critical look at the gardens that resulted. The symposium'Hanover and England: a union of state and garden / German and British garden culture between 1714 and today'was sponsored by the Lower Saxonian Ministry of Science and Culture. The resulting papers dealt with far more than garden history, addressing as well the background and channels by which ideas on art, agriculture, commerce, technology, literature and politics were exchanged. Given the encyclopedic interests of late 18th century thinkers, it was necessary to invite several academic disciplines to participate, in order to describe and discuss the cultural transfer between Great Britain and Hanover. The transfer of horticultural and artistic ideas very often flourished in the 19th century at different places. For this reason, the conference focused on two key aspects: the Hanoverian-British exchange between 1714 and 1837 (the period of the actual royal union) and the Anglo-German relations that endure to the present day. Als Georg I., Kurfürst von Hannover, 1714 zum König von England gekrönt wurde, begründete dies eine Personalunion zwischen den beiden Ländern, die bis 1837 bestand und der Nachwelt eine Vielzahl kultureller und politischer Errungenschaften hinterließ. Das 300-jährige Jubiläum dieses Zusammenschlusses nahmen das Institut für Landschaftsarchitektur der Technischen Universität Dresden und das Zentrum für Gartenkunst und Landschaftsarchitektur (CGL) der Leibniz Universität Hannover zum Anlass, sich kritisch mit den in dieser Zeit entstandenen Gärten auseinanderzusetzen. Das Symposium'Hanover and England: a union of state and garden / German and British garden culture between 1714 and today'wurde vom Niedersächsischen Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kultur gefördert. Die Beiträge beschäftigten sich nicht nur mit Gartengeschichte, sondern widmeten sich auch dem Austausch von Ideen zu Kunst, Landwirtschaft, Handel, Technologie, Literatur und Politik. So schien es sinnvoll, unterschiedliche akademische Disziplinen zur Teilnahme einzuladen, um den kulturellen Transfer zwischen Großbritannien und Hannover zu untersuchen und zu diskutieren. Die Konferenz konzentrierte sich auf zwei Schlüsselaspekte: den hannoverisch-britischen Austausch zwischen 1714 und 1837 (die Zeit der Personalunion) und die deutsch-englischen Beziehungen, die bis heute andauern.