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This book focuses on the various invasive and non-invasive techniques which can be used for the characterization of starch macromolecules along with, the various types of physical, chemical, and enzymatic modifications of starch to enhance its usage in the food industry. It discusses various biophysical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman scattering, and second harmonic generation microscopy for the understanding of the Physico-chemical properties of starch. The book also sheds light on the visual, rheological characterization of different types of starches that are responsible for altered digestibility. The chapters also cover the applications of starch in food industries, non-food industries, pharmaceuticals, drug delivery systems, and green flexible electronics. Towards the end, the book reviews the chemical, physical, and enzymatic modifications of the starch for improving its properties and applications. This book provides a valuable reference for students and researchers in the field of food science and technology, food science, and nutrition.

In recent years, extensive research on stochastic processes such as neuron networks, molecular motors, dynamics models, anomalous diffusion, and disordered media has led to the development of various methods for applying the Classical and Quantum Smoluchowski Equation to these phenomena. This book focuses on presenting the solution to the Fokker-Planck equation using the Crank-Nicholson formalism. This method is particularly effective for handling systems with numerous interactions, requiring vector and matrix-oriented approaches suitable for implementation in Matlab. Among the topics treated in the book are: Dynamics of protons in DNA, Photosynthesis and the quantum mechanochemical model, Entanglement, coherence and decoherence, Excitons in the Fenna-Mathews-Olson complex, and Energy exchange between cells. The author has made an incredible work in facilitating the understanding of these complex topics. This book includes a brief and clear explanation of the Quantum theory and also includes code to build useful software to use in research environments. This volume is particularly helpful for graduate students in physics and biology interested in understanding biological processes with the use of quantum physics tools.

This book presents key aspects and recent developments of cryogenic sample electron tomography (cryo-ET) methodology, authored by leading experts in the field. Understanding structure and function of biomolecules in the context of cells is a new frontier in cellular and structural biology. To facilitate such research, cryo-ET is a key method to visualize the molecules of life in their native settings. Cryo-ET enables the imaging of samples that are preserved in a near-native state, at (macro)-molecular resolution and in three dimensions. Thus, this technique is a unique tool to gain insights into how biomolecules collaborate in orchestrating fundamental biological processes, how mutations cause diseases, pathogens cause infections, and to develop novel therapeutics to treat such illnesses. This book provides a unique reference for the emerging field of cryo-ET. The topics covered range from the fundamental principles of imaging to sample preparation, data analysis,and data sharing within the scientific community. It serves as a valuable resource for the next generation of structural biologists, making it suitable both for undergraduate students studying biochemistry, biophysics, and molecular biology and highly valuable for the more experienced and specialized PhD student. Furthermore, it stands as a state-of-the–art source of knowledge for the established senior scientist within the field of structural biology.