Search

With Cholesterol, Drs. Anna Bukiya and Alex Dopico have compiled a comprehensive resource on biological and clinical aspects of cholesterol, spanning biophysics and biochemistry, as well as the latest pharmacological discoveries employed to tackle disorders associated with abnormal cholesterol levels. Early chapters on basic biology offer guidance in cholesterol lab chemistry, cholesterol metabolism and synthesis, molecular evolution of cholesterol and sterols, cholesterol peptides, and cholesterol modulation. Chapters on cellular and organismal development discuss cholesterol transport in blood, lipoproteins, and cholesterol metabolism; cholesterol detection in the blood; cellular cholesterol levels; hypercholesterolemia; and the role of cholesterol in early human development. Pathophysical specialists consider familial hypobetalipoproteinemia, critical illness and cholesterol levels, coronary artery disease, CESD, cholesterol and viral pathology, cholesterol and neurodegenerative disorders, and cholesterol and substance use disorders. A final section examines pharmacology of drug delivery systems targeting cholesterol related disorders, cholesterol receptors, cholesterol reduction, statins, citrate lyase, cyclodextrins, and clinical management. Cholesterol: From Biophysics and Biochemistry to Pathology and Pharmacology empowers researchers, students, and clinicians across various disciplines to advance new cholesterol-based studies, improve clinical management, and drive drug discovery. - Ties basic biology to clinical application and drug discovery - Provides methods and protocols for lab-based cholesterol research and clinical testing - Examines the latest pharmacological discoveries employed to tackle cholesterol related disorders - Includes chapter contributions from a wide range of specialists, uniting various disciplines

This book aims to assist the scientists working with the medicinal, biochemical, biophysical, genetic and pharmacological aspects of topoisomerases and their inhibitors. The book has covered various aspects of topoisomerases like classification, structural aspects, basic genetics and mutations, disease implications and cell signaling networks, which may be helpful for researchers of the field for better therapeutics. Chapter One deals with structure, functions and role and of human topoisomerase-I in cancer progression. It describes a detailed classification, mechanism of action and recent updates on the development of camptothecin and non-camptothecin derivatives, along with their Structure-Activity Relationships (SAR) as topoisomerase-I inhibitors. Chapters Two and Three cover X-ray co-crystal structures, biological functions and the significant role of topoisomerase-II isoforms in cancer. A thorough discussion on classification and various pharmacoinformatics techniques employed in delineating the binding mode of topoisomerase-II inhibitors and their mechanism of action is well presented. Chapter Four deals not only with adverse effects associated with the use of topoisomerase-I and II inhibitors, but also includes approaches to overcome them. Chapter Five discusses various disorders associated with SNPs in topoisomerases and risks associated with their pharmacogenetics. Chapter Six sheds light on interactions and cross-talks between topoisomerases and histone deacetylases, leading to their significant role in drug resistance. The work is expected to assist the scientists to selectively design dual/multi-inhibitors of topoisomerases and histone deacetylases. The authors are thankful to the reviewers, who were so kind in reviewing and making suggestions for improving this book. This book could not have been completed without their commendable efforts.

This book covers structure, function, and important roles of the SH domains, structure-function relationships, the versatile nature of their action, mechanisms of aggregation, specificity of interactions, impact of mutations on protein functional dysregulation, and cell signaling. Their involvement in various cellular processes such as migration, invasiveness, actin reorganization, shaping spines, determination of the morphology assembly of fibrils, and mechanotransduction makes these molecules attractive drug targets. Substrates, inhibitors and activators of PTKs present a wide variety of therapeutic agents in the context of delivering treatments for numerous pathologies. The new emerging field of stem cell therapies and design of biomaterials for treatments relies on the directed regulation of stem cell growth, differentiation and morphology, as well as the production of biomimetic scaffolds that respond to programmed signals. Advances in deciphering the mechanisms of action of these important molecules will lead to the implementation and success of their vital applications.

This new volume of Methods in Enzymology continues the legacy of this premier serial with quality chapters authored by leaders in the field. This volume covers protein kinase inhibitors in research and medicine, and includes chapters on such topics as fragment-based screening, broad kinome profiling of kinase inhibitors, and designing drug-resistant kinase alleles. - Continues the legacy of this premier serial with quality chapters authored by leaders in the field - Covers research methods in biomineralization science - Contains sections focusing on protein kinase inhibitors in research and medicine

(Written for the original Russian edition) Out of all the functional groups of protein molecules that be­ long to the side chains of amino acid residues, the sulfhydryl or thiol (SH) groups of cysteine residues and the disulfide (S-S) groups of cystine have for long attracted particular attention from chemists and biochemists. This is due, on the one hand, to the high chemical reactivity of these groups, which enter into many, and often very characteristic and selective, reactions with several types of compound. On the other hand, this attention is connected with the great significance of SH and S-S groups for the specific functions of a number of enzymes, hormones, and other biological­ ly active proteins, and consequently for the normal course of many physiological processes. The varied functions of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in en­ zymes are particularly interesting; their role can consist of bind­ ing substrates and cofactors, in direct participation in the catalytic act, or in maintaining (in ways not so far sufficiently studied) the native, catalytically active conformation of the protein. It is entirely natural that the detailed study of the chemical behavior and biological role of these sulfur-containing groups in proteins (and in such low-molecular cofactors as glutathione, co­ enzyme A, lipoiC acid, etc.) has, in addition to its academic, gen­ eral biological interest, great Significance for many applied branches of medicine and biology (toxicology, radiobiology, diagnostics and therapeutics, biochemical engineering, plant growing, etc.).

Atomic biology has come of age. Interest in the role of chemical elements in life processes has captured the imagination of a wide spectrum of research scientists-ranging from the nutritionist to the biochemist, the inorganic chemist, and even to some biophysicists. This series, Biochemistry of the Elements, is a recognition of this increasing interest. When complete, the books will assemble the hard facts concerning the biochemistry of each element-singly or in a logical grouping. The series will provide a permanent reference for this active and growing field. Each volume shall represent an integrated effort by one or several authors to describe the current knowledge of an element(s) or the methods by which it is studied. Iron is the only element to which we have devoted two volumes, because its biological and chemical role is so versatile and complex. These two volumes will treat the two main structural categories of iron: heme and nonheme iron. In this volume on nonheme iron, the first in the series, Anatoly Bezkorovainy provides what we believe is the most comprehensive treatment of this important topic.

This volume is a collection of articles from the proceedings of the International School of Structural Biology and Magnetic Resonance 3rd Course: Protein Dynamics, Function, and Design. This NATO Advance Study Institute was held in Erice at the Ettore Majorana Centre for Scientific Culture on April 16-28, 1997. The aim of the Institute was to bring together experts applyipg different physical methods to problems of macro­ molecular dynamics-notably x-ray diffraction, NMR and other forms of spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations. Emphasis was placed on those systems and types of problems-such as mechanisms of allosteric control, signal transmission, induced fit to different ligands with its implications for drug design, and the effects of dynamics on structure determination-where a correlation of findings obtained by different methods could shed the most light on the mechanisms involved and stimulate the search for new approaches. The individual articles represent the state of the art in each of the areas cov­ ered and provide a guide to the original literature in this rapidly developing field. v CONTENTS 1. Determining Structures of ProteinlDN A Complexes by NMR Angela M. Gronenbom and G. Marius Clore 2. Fitting Protein Structures to Experimental Data: Lessons from before Your Mother Was Born............................................. 15 Jeffrey C. Hoch, Alan S. Stem, and Peter J. Connolly 3. Multisubunit Allosteric Proteins....................................... 27 William N. Lipscomb 4. Studying Protein Structure and Function by Directed Evolution: Examples with Engineered Antibodies......................................... 37Andreas Pliickthun 5. High Pressure Effects on Protein Structure..............................

Metal ions and proteins are ubiquitous. Therefore, not surprisingly, new protein-metal interactions continue to be dis­ covered, and their importance is increasingly recognized in both physical and life sciences. Because the subject matter is so broad and affects so many disciplines, in organizing this Symposium, I sought participation of speakers with the broadest possible range of interests. Twenty-two accepted my invitation. To supplement the verbal presentations, the Proceedings include five closely re­ lated invited contributions. The ideas expressed are those of the various authors and are not necessarily approved or rejected by any agency of the United States Government. No official recommendation concerning the sub­ ject matter or products discussed is implied in this book. This book encompasses many aspects of this multifaceted field. Topics covered represent biochemical, immunochemical, bioorganic, biophysical, metabolic, nutritional, medical, physiological, toxi­ cological, environmental, textile, and analytical interests. The discoveries and developments in any of these areas inevitably illumine others. I feel that a main objective of this Symposium, bringing together scientists with widely varied experiences yet with common interests in protein-metal interactions, so that new understanding and new ideas would result has been realized. I hope that the reader enjoys and benefits from reading about the fascinat­ ing interactions of metal ions and proteins as much as I did.

Bioinorganic chemistry is primarily concerned with the role of metal atoms in biology and is a very active research field. However, even though such important structures of metalloenzymes are known, as the MoFeCo of nitrogenase, Cu or Mn superoxide dismutase and plastocyanin, the synthetic routes to the modelling of such centers remains a matter of acute scientific interest. Other metalloenzymes, such as the Mn center of the oxygen evolving complex of PSII, are still the focus of in-depth examination, both spectroscopic and structural. Another area of concern is the interaction between drugs and metals and metal ion antagonism. Understanding the chemistry of metal ions in biological systems will bring benefits in terms of understanding such problems as biomineralization and the production of advanced materials by micro-organisms. The 29 contributions to Bioinorganic Chemistry: An Inorganic Perspective of Life give an excellent summary of the state of the art in this field, covering areas from the NMR of paramagnetic molecules to the use of lanthanide porphyrins in artificial batteries.

Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology is a seminal series in the field of biochemistry, offering researchers access to authoritative reviews of the latest discoveries in all areas of enzymology and molecular biology. These landmark volumes date back to 1941, providing an unrivaled view of the historical development of enzymology. The series offers researchers the latest understanding of enzymes, their mechanisms, reactions and evolution, roles in complex biological process, and their application in both the laboratory and industry. Each volume in the series features contributions by leading pioneers and investigators in the field from around the world. All articles are carefully edited to ensure thoroughness, quality, and readability. With its wide range of topics and long historical pedigree, Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology can be used not only by students and researchers in molecular biology, biochemistry, and enzymology, but also by any scientist interested in the discovery of an enzyme, its properties, and its applications.

Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology is a seminal series in the field of biochemistry, offering researchers access to authoritative reviews of the latest discoveries in all areas of enzymology and molecular biology. These landmark volumes date back to 1941, providing an unrivaled view of the historical development of enzymology. The series offers researchers the latest understanding of enzymes, their mechanisms, reactions and evolution, roles in complex biological process, and their application in both the laboratory and industry. Each volume in the series features contributions by leading pioneers and investigators in the field from around the world. All articles are carefully edited to ensure thoroughness, quality, and readability. With its wide range of topics and long historical pedigree, Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology can be used not only by students and researchers in molecular biology, biochemistry, and enzymology, but also by any scientist interested in the discovery of an enzyme, its properties, and its applications.

Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology is a seminal series in the field of biochemistry, offering researchers access to authoritative reviews of the latest discoveries in all areas of enzymology and molecular biology. These landmark volumes date back to 1941, providing an unrivaled view of the historical development of enzymology. The series offers researchers the latest understanding of enzymes, their mechanisms, reactions and evolution, roles in complex biological process, and their application in both the laboratory and industry. Each volume in the series features contributions by leading pioneers and investigators in the field from around the world. All articles are carefully edited to ensure thoroughness, quality, and readability. With its wide range of topics and long historical pedigree, Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology can be used not only by students and researchers in molecular biology, biochemistry, and enzymology, but also by any scientist interested in the discovery of an enzyme, its properties, and its applications.

Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology is a seminal series in the field of biochemistry, offering researchers access to authoritative reviews of the latest discoveries in all areas of enzymology and molecular biology. These landmark volumes date back to 1941, providing an unrivaled view of the historical development of enzymology. The series offers researchers the latest understanding of enzymes, their mechanisms, reactions and evolution, roles in complex biological processes, and their applications in both the laboratory and industry. Each volume in the series features contributions from leading pioneers and investigators in the field from around the world. All articles are carefully edited to ensure thoroughness, quality, and readability. Volume 76 focuses on the most recent advances in the field of practical preparative enzymology. Enzymes have long been recognized and utilized for the preparation of specialty chemicals, and enzymatic resolution and desymmetrization are mainstays of the fine chemical industry. Today, some of the most intriguing enzymatic synthetic approaches involve the construction of complex pathways within cells to prepare molecules much more complex than those that can be reasonably developed in cell-free applications; this volume considers some of those processes. Koffas and coworkers provide an overview of the construction of complex biosynthetic pathways for the preparation of a variety of both fine and commodity chemicals, including biofuels. The development of highly efficient pathways involves a combination of rational design and, increasingly, evolutionary approaches, and Schmidt-Dannert reviews the use of evolutionary strategies in synthetic biology. Glycosylation of myriad biologically active species impacts both in vivo activity and ADME behavior. The addition of carbohydrate moieties to complex organic molecules represents a daunting synthetic challenge, and Williams and Thorson review the various strategies for enzymatic glycosylation of complex natural products. Finally, Pimkin and Markham review the structure, activity, and mechanism of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, a central enzyme of purine biosynthesis. With its wide range of topics and long historical pedigree, Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology can be used not only by students and researchers in molecular biology, biochemistry, and enzymology, but also by any scientist interested in the discovery of an enzyme, its properties, and its applications.

When I was invited to edit this volume, I wanted to take the opportunity to assemble reviews of different biophysical methodologies for protein interactions at a level suf?ciently detailed to understand how complex systems can be studied. There are several excellent introductory texts for biophysical methodologies, many with hands-on descriptions or embedded in general introductions to physical b- chemistry. The goal of the present volume was to present state-of-the-art reviews that do not necessarily enable the reader to carry out these techniques, but to gain a deep understanding of the biophysical observables, to stimulate creative thought on how the techniques may be applied to study a particular biological system, and to foster collaboration and multidisciplinary work. Reversible protein interactions involve noncovalent chemical bonds, pro- cing protein complexes with free energies not far from the order of magnitude of the thermal energy kT. As a consequence, they can be highly dynamic and may be controlled, for example, by protein expression levels and changes in the intracel- lar or microenvironment. Reversible protein complexes may have suf?cient stab- ity to be puri?ed for study, but frequently their short lifetime essentially limits their existence to solutions of mixtures of the binding partners in which they remain populated through dissociation and reassociation processes. To understand the function of such protein complexes, it is important to study their structure and dynamics.

Proteins continuously interact with each other to determine cell fate. Consequently, an examination of just when such protein-protein interactions occur and how they are controlled is essential for understanding the molecular mechanism of biological processes, elucidating the molecular basis of diseases, and identifying potential targets for therapeutic interventions. In Protein-Protein Interactions: Methods and Applications, leading experts describe in detail their highly successful biochemical, biophysical, genetic, and computational techniques for studying these interactions. Their readily reproducible methods demonstrate how to identify protein interaction partners, qualitatively or quantitatively measure protein-protein interactions, monitor protein-protein interactions as they occur in living cells, and determine interaction interfaces. The techniques described utilize a variety of cutting-edge technologies, including surface plasmon resonance (SRP), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), fluorescence polarization (FP), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), circular dichroism (CD), protein fragment complementation assays (PCA), various two-hybrid systems, and proteomics- and bioinformatics-based approaches, such as the Scansite program for computational analysis. Each time-tested protocol includes a background introduction outlining the principle behind the technique, lists of equipment and reagents, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and highly practical, Protein-Protein Interactions: Methods and Applications offers both beginning and experienced investigators a full range of the powerful tools needed for deciphering how proteins interact to form biological networks, as well as for unraveling protein-protein interactions in disease in the search for novel therapeutic targets.

Living cells are constantly sensing environmental changes, and their abilities to sense these changes and adapt to them are essential for their survival. In bacteria, histidine kinases are the major sensors for these environmental stresses, enabling cells to adapt to new growth conditions. Written by leading experts in the field, this book provides an up-to-date and comprehensive review on the structure and function of histidine kinases. It also provides extensive information on the physiological roles of histidine kinases in bacteria and eukaryotes. An an essential reference for cell biologists, microbiologists, molecular biologists, and biochemists interested in signal transduction. Experimental biologists and pharmacologists studying signal transduction systems in living organisms will also find it a valuable research tool. - The first comprehensive book on the roles of histidine kinases in cells - 23 in-depth chapters written by leading experts in the field - Describes the most recent advances in the field of signal transduction

Biochemistry: The Chemical Reactions of Living Cells is a well-integrated, up-to-date reference for basic biochemistry, associated chemistry, and underlying biological phenomena. Biochemistry is a comprehensive account of the chemical basis of life, describing the amazingly complex structures of the compounds that make up cells, the forces that hold them together, and the chemical reactions that allow for recognition, signaling, and movement. This book contains information on the human body, its genome, and the action of muscles, eyes, and the brain.• Thousands of literature references provide introduction to current research as well as historical background • Contains twice the number of chapters of the first edition • Each chapter contains boxes of information on topics of general interest

Biochemistry: The Chemical Reactions of Living Cells is a well-integrated, up-to-date reference for basic chemistry and underlying biological phenomena. Biochemistry is a comprehensive account of the chemical basis of life, describing the amazingly complex structures of the compounds that make up cells, the forces that hold them together, and the chemical reactions that allow for recognition, signaling, and movement. This book contains information on the human body, its genome, and the action of muscles, eyes, and the brain.• Thousands of literature references provide introduction to current research as well as historical background• Contains twice the number of chapters of the first edition• Each chapter contains boxes of information on topics of general interest

Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology is a seminal series in the field of biochemistry, offering researchers access to authoritative reviews of the latest discoveries in all areas of enzymology and molecular biology. These landmark volumes date back to 1941, providing an unrivaled view of the historical development of enzymology. The series offers researchers the latest understanding of enzymes, their mechanisms, reactions and evolution, roles in complex biological process, and their application in both the laboratory and industry. Each volume in the series features contributions by leading pioneers and investigators in the field from around the world. All articles are carefully edited to ensure thoroughness, quality, and readability. With its wide range of topics and long historical pedigree, Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology can be used not only by students and researchers in molecular biology, biochemistry, and enzymology, but also by any scientist interested in the discovery of an enzyme, its properties, and its applications.

Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology is a seminal series in the field of biochemistry, offering researchers access to authoritative reviews of the latest discoveries in all areas of enzymology and molecular biology. These landmark volumes date back to 1941, providing an unrivaled view of the historical development of enzymology. The series offers researchers the latest understanding of enzymes, their mechanisms, reactions and evolution, roles in complex biological process, and their application in both the laboratory and industry. Each volume in the series features contributions by leading pioneers and investigators in the field from around the world. All articles are carefully edited to ensure thoroughness, quality, and readability. With its wide range of topics and long historical pedigree, Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology can be used not only by students and researchers in molecular biology, biochemistry, and enzymology, but also by any scientist interested in the discovery of an enzyme, its properties, and its applications.

Metabolic Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Treatise, Volume II charts the major advances that have been made in understanding metabolic inhibition and inhibitors. The book explores the inhibition of enzymes, such as catechol amines, acetylcholinesterases, and succinic dehydrogenases, as well as inhibitors of processes ranging from gas transport to photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and oxidative phosphorylation. Organized into 23 chapters, this volume begins with a discussion on the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and dinucleotide analogues. The reader is then introduced to the biochemical significance and mode of action of antibiotics; substances interfering with the biogenesis and metabolism of catechol amines; and inhibition of enzyme activities by thioarsenites. Some chapters focus on mercaptide-forming agents, biological alkylating agents, organophosphates, and carbamates, while others examine the metabolic inhibitory effects of quinones, fungicides, and surface active agents. The book also considers the effects of anesthetics, depressants, and tranquilizers on cerebral metabolism, and then concludes with a chapter on inhibition caused by radiation. This book is a valuable resource for biochemists, advanced students, medical research workers, and research workers in the fields of biological chemistry, microbiology, botany, and agriculture.

Comparative Biochemistry: A Comprehensive Treatise, Volume IV: Constituents of Life — Part B focuses on the distribution, biogenesis, and metabolism of cells and organisms. Composed of various literature, the book first looks at the optical asymmetry of metabolites. The natural occurrence of D-amino acids and L-sugars; significance of purity; optical asymmetry and protein structure; and the relationship of optical asymmetry and cancer are discussed. The text also discusses structural studies on cellulose, starch, and glycogen; biochemistry of lignin formation; structure and localization of nucleic acids; and intraspecific and interspecific variations of protein molecules. The book considers the metabolism of aromatic amino acids, structural and chemical properties of keratin-forming tissues, sclerotization, and blood coagulation. The text further discusses metamorphosis and biochemical adaptation in amphibians. The importance of intrinsic tissue sensitivity in tadpoles; comparative morphological alterations; and the increase in serum albumin and serum protein are considered. The book focuses as well on the structure, distribution, and metabolism of porphyrins, pteridines, and carotenoids. The selection is a good source of data for researchers wanting to study the distribution, biogenesis, and metabolism of cells and organisms.

Bioconjugate Techniques is the essential guide to the modification and crosslinking of biomolecules for use in research, diagnostics, and therapeutics. It provides highly detailed information on the chemistry, reagent systems, and practical applications for creating labeled or conjugate molecules. It also describes dozens of reactions with details on hundreds of commercially available reagents and the use of these reagents for modifying or crosslinking peptides and proteins, sugars and polysaccharides, nucleic acids and oligonucleotides, lipids, and synthetic polymers. Armed with this information and the abundant protocols provided, readers will form unique complexes that can be used for detecting, quantifying, and targeting important analytes. This book helps readers make: high activity antibody-enzymes conjugates, immunotoxins, immunogen complexes, liposome conjugates; as well as biotinylated molecules, avidin or streptavidin conjugates, colloidal gold labeled proteins, PEG or dextran complexes, labeled oligonucleotide probes, and fluorescently tagged or radiolabeled molecules.Key Features• This book is the first to thoroughly capture the entire field of bioconjugate chemistry in a single volume• Serves as a practical guide to modification and cross-linking technology for research, diagnostics, and therapeutics• Provides useful, detailed, easy-to-follow, step-by-step protocols• Contains easy-to-read, and easy-to-understand key concepts for making bioconjugates of all types• Efficiently covers the chemistry of bioconjugation, the major reagents available for modification and cross-linking, and the application of these reagents to the synthesis of highly active conjugates• Cites over more than references keyed to concepts covered in the book• Uses more than 600 figures to illustrate bioconjugate reagents, their reactions, and applications• Suggests sources for all key reagents

A Laboratory Manual of Analytical Methods of Protein Chemistry, Volume 4 provides information pertinent to the fundamental aspects of protein chemistry. This book discusses the simple and accurate methods of estimating specific proteins. Organized into six chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the composition of acids and experimental conditions for the acid hydrolysis of proteins. This text then examines the advantages of high-voltage electrophoresis for amino acid analysis, which are paralleled by equal advantages in the peptide separation field. Other chapters consider the simple technique of estimating specific proteins, which is one of several based on the phenomenon of antigen-antibody precipitation in gels. This book discusses as well the summations of analyses in weight percentages of the various residues and of the nitrogen of each constituent. The final chapter deals with the electrical properties of molecules. This book is a valuable resource for physicists and research workers.

The Amino Sugars: The Chemistry and Biology of Compounds Containing Amino Sugars, Volume IIB: Metabolism and Interactions takes a look at the chemistry, physical chemistry, and biochemistry of naturally occurring and synthetically prepared amino sugars and amino sugar-containing molecules and the critical and interpretative account of the biological and medical importance of these molecules. The selection takes a look at the metabolism of amino sugars, glycosaminoglycans, and glycoproteins, glycopeptides, and glycolipids. Topics include pathways of degradation, energy-utilizing reactions, catabolism, formation of macromolecules, and metabolism of moieties. The text then ponders on the effects of steroid hormones on the glycosaminoglycans of target connective tissues, hexosaminidases, and neuraminidases. The publication elaborates on enzymes degrading glycosaminoglycans, sulfatases of glycosaminoglycans, and activation and inhibition of enzymes by polyanions containing amino sugars. The manuscript also reviews the chemical and physical changes of glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins caused by oxidation-reduction systems and radiation and interactions between glycoproteins and viruses. The selection is a dependable reference for readers interested in amino sugars.

The Proteins: Composition, Structure, and Function, Second Edition, Volume I explores the quantitative relationships between protein composition, structure, and function. This book is composed of six chapters that cover the rapid and fundamental advances in understanding protein chemistry. This book outlines first the quantitative procedures and various methods suitable for the determination of amino acids found as constituents of naturally occurring peptides and as free amino acids in tissues and body fluids. These topics are followed by a discussion on some of the aspects of peptide chemistry, which appear significant in relation to peptides possessing physiological activity. The next chapter considers protein synthesis that represents the sequences of chemical reactions whereby amino acids are assembled in biological systems to produce proteins. This volume also examines the correlation of structure with function; the mechanisms of control of protein biosynthesis; the exact role of intramolecular interactions in the determination of tertiary structure; and the colinearity of genetic'maps with amino acid sequences. A chapter describes the methods of analysis and reactions of sulfhydryl, disulfide, and thiol ester groups in proteins, as well as the evidence relating to the functions of these sulfur groups in proteins. The final chapter looks into the models and theories for the noncovalent bond interactions in proteins. This book is of value to organic chemists, biochemists, and researchers in the protein-related fields.

The Enzymes

The Proteins: Composition, Structure, and Function, Second Edition, Volume IV covers the significant developments in understanding the relationships between the composition, structure, and function of proteins. This three-chapter volume deals first with the genetic determination of protein structure and with the effects of mutational alteration on the structure and function of proteins. A highly relevant aspect of this topic is the change in protein structure during evolution and cell development. The second chapter describes the basic structure of several glycoproteins, such as orosomucoid, egg albumin, and submaxillary gland glycoprotein. The third chapter highlights the features of composition and arrangement of the group protein, which impart the capacity to perform their physical function. This book is of value to organic chemists, biochemists, and researchers in the protein-related fields.

The Proteins, Volume II: Chemistry, Biological Activity, and Methods, Part B is a six-chapter text that explores the chemical and biological aspects of proteins. This book deals first with the general properties and components of plasma proteins, followed by a discussion on the protein components of immune reactions. The subsequent chapters describe the structure of fibrous and muscle proteins, including silk fibroin, keratin, and collagen. A chapter presents the methods of preparation, physicochemical properties, chemical composition, stability, and enzymatic activity of proteolytic enzymes. The last chapter emphasizes the half lives and replacement rates of the various proteins in animal tissues. Biochemists, physiologists, and medical researchers will find this book invaluable.

In recent years, research has shown the importance of peptides in neuroscience, immunology, and cell biology. Active research programs worldwide are now engaged in developing peptide-based drugs and vaccines using modification of natural peptides and proteins, design of artificial peptides and peptide mimetics, and screening of peptide and phage libraries. In this comprehensive book, the authors discuss peptide synthesis and application within the context of their increasing importance to the pharmaceutical industry. Peptides: Synthesis, Structures, and Applications explores the broad growth of information in modern peptide synthetic methods and the structure-activity relationships of synthetic polypeptides. - The history of peptide chemistry - Amide formation, deprotection, and disulfide formation in peptide synthesis - Solid-phase peptide synthesis - a-helix formation by peptides in water - Stability and dynamics of peptide conformation - An overview of structure-function studies of peptide hormones - Neuropeptides:peptide and nonpeptide analogs - Reversible inhibitors of serine proteinases - Design of polypeptides - Current capabilities and future possibilities of soluble chemical combinatorial libraries - Epitope mapping with peptides - Synthesis and applications of branched peptides in immunological methods and vaccines

Offers coverage of the development of protein purification processes for large-scale commercial operations, and addresses process development, scale-up, applications and mathematical descriptions. Technologies currently used at the commercial scale are covered in depth.