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This book comprehensively covers critically investigated information on medicinal plants prioritized for their anti-allergy properties. It offers insights into strategies related to the distribution, mechanism of action, and assessment of antiallergic medicinal plants, and also delves into crucial aspects of modern biotechnological tools, addressing their implementation challenges, presenting innovative approaches through case studies, and exploring opportunities for nanotechnologies. These elaborated discussions aim to raise awareness and bridge the gap between human health and the biodiversity of antiallergic medicinal plants. As the book navigates the uncertainties of plant-based medicines in the post-COVID-19 era, it provides real-world applications showcasing the specific utility of medicinal plants through advanced biotechnological insights. This book covers several medicinal plants associated with antiallergy, exploring their modes of action, available secondary metabolites,and estimation methods. It also emphasizes all modern biotechnological interventions aimed at propagating, multiplying, and conserving this unique treasure trove of medicinal plants. The World Health Organization estimated that 80% of the populations of developing countries rely on traditional medicines, mostly plant drugs, for their primary health care needs. Increasing demand in both developing and developed countries resulted in the expanding trade of medicinal plants and has serious implications for the survival of several plant species, with many under threat of becoming extinct. This book describes various approaches to conserving these genetic resources. It discusses the whole spectrum of biotechnological tools from micro-propagation for large-scale multiplication and cell-culture techniques to the biosynthesis and enhancement of pharmaceutical compounds in plants. It also discusses the genetic transformation as well as short- to long-term conservation of plant genetic resources via synthetic seed production and cryopreservation, respectively. This reference book is useful for researchers in the pharmaceutical and biotechnological industries, medicinal chemists, biochemists, botanists, molecular biologists, academicians, students as well as allergic patients, traditional medicine practitioners, scientists in medicinal and aromatic plants, and other traditional medical practitioners.

Mitochondrial Translocases Part A series, highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters. Each chapter is written by an international board of authors. - Provides the latest information on biological research - Offers outstanding and original reviews on a range of biological research topics - Serves as an indispensable reference for researchers and students alike

ORAL BIOAVAILABILITY AND DRUG DELIVERY Improve the performance and viability of newly-developed and approved drugs with this crucial guide Bioavailability is the parameter which measures the rate and extent to which a drug reaches a user's circulatory system depending on the method of administration. For example, intravenous administration produces a bioavailability of 100%, since the drugs are injected directly into the circulatory system; in the case of oral administration, however, bioavailability can vary widely based on factors which, if not properly understood, can result in a failure in drug development, adverse effects, and other complications. The mechanics of oral bioavailability are therefore critical aspects of drug development. Oral Bioavailability and Drug Delivery provides a comprehensive coverage of this subject as well as its drug development applications. Beginning with basic terminology and fundamental concepts, it provides a thorough understanding of the challenges and barriers to oral bioavailability as well as the possibilities for improving this parameter. The resulting book is an indispensable tool for drug development research. Oral Bioavailability and Drug Delivery readers will also find: Discussion questions in many chapters to facilitate comprehension Detailed discussion of topics including dissolution, absorption, metabolism, and more Real-world examples of methods in actions throughout Oral Bioavailability and Drug Delivery is ideal for pharmaceutical and biotechnology scientists working in drug discovery and development; researchers in chemistry, biology, pharmacology, immunology, neuroscience, and other related fields; and graduate courses in drug development and delivery.

H2S in Plants: Past, Present and Beyond presents translational insights from animal to plant application. The recent discovery of several aspects of the function of H2S and its homeostasis in plant cells was propelled by discoveries in mammalian models. Based on the practical application of those analytical methods to plant science, this book will guide readers in the identification and qualification of this gasotransmitter in plant cell function. In addition, it explores important roles in complex signaling networks together with calcium cations, nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide and plant hormones.Presenting detailed descriptions of analytical methodologies, this book will enable the reader to determine H2S presence and understand it's potential in improving stress resistance and crop productivity. - Presents the integrated role of H2S in plant cells - Identifies methods for determining H2S in plants - Establishes feasible strategies based on H2S to improve food production

Zinc in Plants: Current Knowledge and Recent Advances addresses zinc hunger, the transport of zinc in the soil-plant interphase, zinc and abiotic stress in plants, and zinc and plant disease. Written by experts in the field, this title is an essential resource to all scientists and students interested in plant physiology, biochemistry and agriculture. During their life, plants encounter various challenges, including their normal development under changing environmental conditions. Zinc (Zn) is an essential component of thousands of proteins in plants, although it is toxic in excess, and is essential for many processes throughout the plant lifecycle. - Provides an overview on the origin, chemistry and behavior of zinc in soil - Discusses zinc deficiency and toxicity along with causes and remediation - Presents the latest advances in zinc signaling, regulation and genotypic variation

General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry, 6e ISE

This book reviews the potential of metallodrugs against different cancer. It summarizes the classification of metal-based anti-cancer drugs, their plausible biochemical and mechanistic pathways, combining drug strategies for hitting multiple therapeutic targets at the intracellular level, and advanced drug delivery strategies. The book covers the metallodrugs for the efficacious treatment of diverse cancerous strains and recent advances in drug delivery strategies that are used for developing these metal-based therapeutics as potent anticancer agents in vitro and in vivo. The book also covers different biophysical and analytical techniques for studying metal-ligand and metal-macromolecular interactions. The book further presents the recent examples of metallomics studies on the different types of cell death induced by metal-based anticancer drugs, especially on the three major forms of programmed cell death (PCD) in mammalian cells: apoptosis, autophagy, and regulated necrosis, alsocalled necroptosis. Lastly, the book explores the modulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by metallodrugs.

Describing the importance of surfactants in electrochemical investigations related to biologically and environmentally vital chemicals, this book charts the progression of highly responsive electrochemical sensors using surfactants as a modifying agent in the sensor field. It provides contributed chapters from respected researchers on information concerning the activity of target molecules and electron transfer kinetics arising at the surface of the fabricated sensor materials. Surfactant-based electrochemical sensors are of great interest in the quest to find low-cost, fast and highly responsive sensing devices and one aim of this book is to help improve the competence and knowledge in this newly emerging interdisciplinary research area. Attracting an audience of students, academics, industrialists and engineers, it will interest researchers seeking to use non-toxic sensors in their detection challenges.

Drug Safety Evluation Comprehensive and practical guide presenting a roadmap for safety assessment as an integral part of the development of drugs and therapeutics This fourth edition of Drug Safety Evaluation maintains the central objective of presenting an all-inclusive practical guide for those who are responsible for ensuring the safety of drugs and biologics to patients, healthcare providers, those involved in the manufacture of medicinal products, and all those who need to understand how the safety of these products is evaluated and shepherding valuable candidates to market. Individual chapters address specific approaches to evaluation hazards, including problems that are encountered and their solutions. Also covered are the scientific and philosophical bases for evaluation of specific concerns (e.g., carcinogenicity, development toxicity, etc.) to provide both understanding and guidance for approaching the new problems that have come to face both our society and the new challenges they brought. The many changes in regulatory requirements, pharmaceutical development, technology, and the effects of Covid on our society and science have required both extensive revision to every chapter and the addition of four new chapters. Specific sample topics covered in Drug Safety Evaluation include: The drug development process and the global pharmaceutical marketplace and regulation of human pharmaceutical safety Sources of information for consideration in study and program design and in safety evaluation Electronic records, reporting and submission, screens in safety and hazard assessment, and formulations, routes, and dosage regimens Mechanisms and endpoints of drug toxicity, pilot toxicity testing in drug safety evaluation, and repeat dose toxicity Genotoxicity, QSAR tools for drug safety, toxicogenomics, nonrodent animal studies, and developmental and reproductive toxicity testing An appendix which provides an up to date guide to CROs for conducting studies Drug Safety Evaluation was written specifically for the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, including scientists, consultants, and academics, to show a utilitarian yet scientifically valid path to the everyday challenges of safety evaluation and the problem solving that is required in drug discovery and development.

This book aims to provide an association of the major redox-sensitive pathways and networks involved in cancer. The initial chapter of the book discusses basic information about oxidative stress, its generation, and regulation (redox regulation or redox homeostasis) via cell signaling in normal and cancer cells. The book also explores antioxidants and metabolic events in cancer cells compared to normal cells. It further covers the application of nanoparticles in redox regulation in cancer cells. The role of redox regulation in cancer therapy, its influence, and its involvement in programmed cell death (PCD), metastasis, immune system, p53, and cell cycle/DNA damage repair pathways have been discussed in separate chapters. It further reviews the importance of dietary phytochemicals in redox regulation in normal and cancer pathophysiology. Towards the end, the book focuses on the role of redox balance, especially in ROS-dependent cellular processes in cancer stem cells.

This handbook covers the medicinal and chemical properties of Ayurvedic medicines, the plants that produce them and the currently known organic compounds that occur therein. It provides therapeutic attributes of each plant as well as indicates its potential for use as modern herbal or molecular drug. It combines the works of Ayurvedic folk medicine with modern pharmacology, botany, and chemistry in a singularly effective way. It also provides a useful standardization of classical Ayurvedic formulations. Consisting of numerous photographs of medicinal plants, this handbook will serve as an excellent reference work for chemists, botanists, pharmacists, and medical professionals.

This book is a comprehensive collection of information on the role of plant phenolics in stress management in plants. The main focus of this book is to address the abiotic stress management in plants by plant phenolics under varied environments. Plant metabolic networks contribute significantly to the plasticity of plant metabolism, which is required to afford the sessile lifestyle of a land plant under changing environmental conditions. In natural systems, plants face a plethora of antagonists and thus possess a myriad of defenses and have evolved multiple defense mechanisms by which they can cope with various kinds of stresses for adaptation. Plant phenolics being ubiquitous have been extracted from every plant part such as roots, stem, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds and thus plays important role in adapting the plants to the varied environment. The book will provide readers with an up-to-date review of this dynamic field and sets the direction for future research. This book is of interest and use to a diverse range of topics of regulation of abiotic stress in plants. Bringing together work from leading international researchers, it is also a valuable reading material for plant and agricultural scientists, academics, researchers, students, and teachers wanting to gain insights into the role of plant phenolics in stress management in plants for sustainable agriculture.

Cellular Lipid in Health and Disease presents a comprehensive and systematic coverage of the various roles lipids play in human biology. This book is organized in four parts covering the foundational concepts of lipid biology all the way to the therapeutic opportunities they present. The first part is dedicated to the basic concepts of cellular lipid, the roles it plays in the cell, structure and physiology, regulation mechanisms, storage, and utilization. The second part is focused on lipid metabolism, covering the organelles involved in lipid trafficking, metabolism in aging, cholesterol homeostasis, lipid droplets (LDs), and lipid oxidation. Part three is dedicated to the roles lipids play in specific disease states including renal, metabolic, cardiovascular, and fatty liver diseases. Other conditions include cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and the intricate relationship between cellular lipids and autophagy. The final part covers therapeutic opportunities, including drug carrier systems, modeling lipid metabolism, and prevention therapeutics. Cellular Lipid in Health and Disease is a complete reference targeted at graduate students and early career researchers in cell biology, biochemistry, and pharmacology. Research physicians can also benefit from the foundational content and links to pathologies and therapeutic opportunities. - Offers a complete and systematic coverage of lipid biology - Provides foundational content and establishes the needed connections to translational aspects of the research in this area - Includes chapters on the therapeutic opportunities presented by lipids

This book highlights the morphology-property relationship of regenerated cellulose materials and composites, as morphology of materials is the key feature and corresponds to associated applications of/to the materials. It is highly essential to assimilate the literature on morphology-property relationship of cellulose materials. Being the most abundant natural polymer on earth and gateway to large number of applications, cellulose is expected to be researched for higher efficiencies. Various books and research articles have targeted the specific morphologies, the respective characteristics and application areas. This book presents literature on morphology-property relationship of cellulose materials and provides a direction to this relationship. ​

This book looks deeply into the prospects for using ethanol as a greener alternative to fossil fuels and the technical and scientific issues that surround them. Ethanol, with its numerous advantages, has emerged as a promising contender to replace gasoline as a fuel source. Currently, it is commercially available as a blend with gasoline, commonly known as E10 and E25, utilizing various ratios of ethanol. Despite its clear benefits over gasoline, the widespread adoption of ethanol as a fuel remains hindered by its limited availability. In this insightful book, we aim to explore the multifaceted challenges surrounding ethanol's full integration into our energy landscape, employing a comprehensive approach through review manuscripts. Leading worldwide experts, known for their deep understanding of ethanol as a fuel, have contributed to the book. Their valuable insights and contributions enrich the book's content, offering readersa comprehensive exploration of the subject matter. This book is a compelling resource for researchers, energy professionals, and anyone interested in understanding the challenges and opportunities associated with the integration of ethanol as a substitute for gasoline.

This volume highlights some recent developments on plants used widely as botanical dietary supplements and herbal medicines, especially in terms of knowledge of the chemical types and diverse biological activities of their constituents, as well as laboratory approaches for their quality control and taxonomic identification. In the first chapter, the biologically active secondary metabolites are described of selected botanicals that have a wide current use in the United States, with recent information provided also on their in vitro and in vivo biological activities. The second chapter constitutes an updated survey of the different chromatographic, spectroscopic, and metabolomics techniques that can be utilized for the quality control of botanical products. The penultimate chapter covers different nomenclatural systems that are of use for the taxonomic identification of source plants used in botanical products. Finally, deoxyribonucleic acid molecular barcoding techniques for the identification for plants used as dietary supplements are covered.

Peptide and Protein Drug Delivery Using Polysaccharides offers an interdisciplinary discussion of polysaccharides applied in peptide and protein drug delivery. Chapters consider basic biology of different polysaccharides of current interest and their production at pilot and large-scale stages by various techniques including, but not limited to, cell and hairy root cultures. Other sections examine factors affecting polysaccharide absorption, metabolism, and excretion in nascent, encapsulated, or conjugated forms, with unique coverage of vaccine absorption, metabolism, and drug delivery. A final section considers analytical methods for detection in tissue fluids and homogenates. Accessible figures, tables, and graphical abstracts are included throughout to support understanding. Specific polysaccharides discussed for therapeutic purposes include cellulose, hyaluronic acid, heparin, carageenan, alginic acid, agar and myrrh, acacia, tragacanth, ghatti gum, chitin, chitosan, starch, glycogen and dextran. - Adopts an interdisciplinary approach across biochemistry, molecular biology, pharmaceutical sciences and drug delivery, and biotechnological perspectives - Features accessible figures, tables and graphical abstracts across all chapters to support understanding - Examines various polysaccharides of current interest and aspects affecting their absorption, metabolism, excretion and detection

This Handbook covers the fundamental aspects, experimental setup, synthesis, properties, and characterization of different nanocelluloses. It also explores the technology challenges of nanocelluloses and the emerging applications and the global markets of nanocelluloses-based systems. In particular, this book: · Covers the history of nanocelluloses, types and classifications, fabrication techniques, critical processing parameters, physical and chemical properties, surface functionalization, and other treatments to allow practical applications. · Covers all recent aspects of nanocelluloses technologies, from experimental set-up to industrial applications. · Includes new physical, chemical and biological techniques for nanocelluloses fabrication, in-depth treatment of their surface functionalization, and characterization. · Discusses the unique properties of nanocelluloses that can be obtained by modifying their diameter, morphology, composition and dispersion in other materials. · Discusses the properties and morphology of several kinds of dispersion in polymeric materials, such as micro/nanofiberlated cellulose, cellulose nanofibers, cellulose nanocrystals, amorphous cellulose nanoparticles, and hybrid cellulose nanomaterials. · Presents the different techniques for dispersion, and self-assembly of polymeric materials, critical parameters of synthesis, modelling and simulation, and characterization methods. · Highlights a wide range of emerging applications of nanocelluloses, e.g. drug delivery, tissue engineering, medical implants, medical diagnostics and therapy, biosensors, catalysis, energy harvesting, energy storage, water/waste treatment, papermaking, textiles, construction industry, automotive, aerospace and many more. · Provides an outlook on the opportunities and challenges for the fabrication and manufacturing of nanocelluloses in industry. · Provides an in-depth look at the nature of nanocelluloses in terms of their applicability for industrial uses. · Provides in-depth insight and review on most recent types of nanocelluloses-based systems of unique structures and compositions. · Highlights the challenges and interdisciplinary perspective of nanocelluloses-based systems in science, biology, engineering, medicine, and technology, incorporating both fundamentals and applications.- Demonstrates how cutting-edge developments in nanofibers translate into real-world innovations in a range of industry sectors. This Handbook isa valuable reference for materials scientists, biologists, physicians, chemical, biomedical, manufacturing and mechanical engineers working in R&D industry and academia, who want to learn more about how nanocelluloses-based systems are commercially applied.

This book collects information about the most popular ethnomedicinal plants, which are common in Turkey and around the world. It presents the ethnopharmacological records, in vivo and in vitro studies, side effects, chemical compositions and clinical studies of these medicinal plants. Its special focus is on the novel drug targets for disease and their possible mechanisms of action. It covers botanical descriptions the status of the plants, and food or drug interactions including precautions and warnings about the plants and the available market products. It provides an explanation of recorded and known plant administration dosages. Also, the gap between the traditional practice and scientific/clinical evidences in the use of ethnomedicinal plant is acknowledged.It is well known that traditional knowledge of the use of the medicinal plants in therapy is an important resource for the discovery of novel treatment options and drug targets. The main purpose of this book is to draw attention to ethnomedicinal plant species. Data on the therapeutic potentials of these medicinal plants can now be accessed from a single source. It provides an important resource for future research opportunities for harnessing the full potential of these plants.

This reference book, which is the second volume of Targeting Oxidative Stress in Cancer, explores oxidative stress as the potential therapeutic target for cancer therapy. The initial chapters discuss the molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress and its effects on different signaling pathways. Subsequently, the sections examine the impact of redox signaling on tumor cell proliferation and consider the therapeutic potential of dietary phytochemicals and nutraceuticals in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced cancer. In turn, it examines the evidence supporting the use of Vitamin C in cancer management, before presenting various synthetic and natural compounds that have therapeutic implications for oxidative stress-induced cancer. It also explores the correlation between non-coding RNA and oxidative stress. Furthermore, the book summarizes the role of stem cells in ROS-induced cancer therapy and reviews the therapeutic applications of nanoparticles to alter redox haemostasis in cancer cells. Lastly, it explores heat-shock proteins, ubiquitin ligases, and probiotics as potential therapeutic agents in ROS-mediated cancer. This book is a useful resource for basic and translational scientists as well as clinicians interested in the field of oxidative stress and cancer therapy. ​

This volume focuses on the most recent trends for greening analytical activities beginning with an introduction to green analytical chemistry followed by a discussion of green analytical chemistry metrics and life-cycle assessment approach to analytical method development. The chapters discuss two main topics; first is the most recent techniques for greening sample pretreatment steps, and second is modern trends for tailoring analytical techniques and instrumentation to implement the green analytical chemistry concept. The role of different kinds of green solvents, such as ionic liquids, supercritical fluids, deep eutectic solvents, bio-based solvents, and surfactants, as well as nanomaterials and green sorption materials in greening sample extraction steps is also a focus of this book. Furthermore, different approaches for greening chromatography as a key analytical technique are discussed. The applications of nanomaterials in analytical procedures are deeply reviewed, and miniaturization of spectrometers is also discussed as a recently evolved approach for efficient green on-site analysis. This book will appeal to a wide readership of academic and industrial researchers in different fields. It can be used in the classroom for undergraduate and postgraduate students focusing on the development of new analytical procedures for organic and inorganic compounds determination in different kinds of samples characterized by complex matrices composition. The book will also be useful for researchers that are interested in both chemical analysis and environment protection.

Biocatalysis in Green Solvents offers a pragmatic overview and instruction in biocatalysis and enzymology of green solvents for sustainable industries and medicine, running from concept to application. Here, international experts in the field discuss structure-function relationships of enzymes in ionic liquids (ILs) and examine how enzymes act as selective catalysts for fine biochemical synthesis in non-aqueous environments. Several integral green biochemical processes of biocatalytic transformation and pure product separation are described in detail. Application focused chapters discuss the role of biocatalysis in creating and implementing deep eutectic solvents, biomass derived solvents, sub and supercritical fluids, carbon dioxide biphasic systems, and enzymatic membrane reactors, as well as applying these biocatalytic processes in drug discovery and production. - Examines the structure-function relationships of enzymes in ionic liquids and biocatalytic processes for various applications across industry and medicine - Includes clear instruction in core green biochemical processes—of (bio)catalytic transformation—and pure product separation - Features chapter contributions from international experts across academia and industry

A thorough discussion of the structure, pharmacology, function, and role of G protein-coupled receptors In GPCRs as Therapeutic Agents, distinguished researcher Dr. Annette Gilchrist delivers an authoritative and in-depth compendium of a vibrant and active area of academic and industrial drug discovery. The book serves as an important reference for new and experienced researchers studying G protein-coupled receptors and discusses the molecular pharmacology of this important target class. It also includes up-to-date material on GPCR structures and structure-based drug design. The book explores the role of GPCRs in the treatment of disease and novel approaches to their study. In addition to providing information on the structure, pharmacology, and function of GPCRs, it discusses their role in disease states, and advances new methods for measuring GPCR activity in an accessible and engaging way. The book includes: A thorough introduction to the molecular pharmacology of G protein-coupled receptors, including up-to-date material on GPCR structures and structure-based drug design In-depth discussions of the evolving pharmacology for GPCRs, intracellular trafficking, and subcellular GPCR signaling Comprehensive explorations of allosteric modulation, receptor dimerization, deorphanization, and ubiquitination Fulsome treatments of the role played by GPCRs in the treatments of cancer, substance use disorders, cerebrovascular diseases, and metabolic diseasesPerfect for researchers in biochemistry, cell biology, and pharmacology, GPCRs as Therapeutic Agents will also earn a place in the libraries of professionals working in medicinal chemistry, structural biology, and clinical pharmacology.

The electrophoresis techniques are used in medicine, biochemistry, analytical chemistry, and biology to separate soluble and insoluble proteins, nucleic acids, chromosomes, viruses, as well as lysosomes, mitochondria, ribosomes and other cell organelles, red cells, tissue cells, and parasites. This book provides a view over the old electrophoresis techniques, as well as the recent developments in electrophoresis. Electrophoresis Fundamentals is based on the recent book Electrophoresis: Theory and Practice published in 2020 by De Gruyter. The previous book combines theory and technical applications with troubleshooting and problem solving. While Electrophoresis is intended for specialists, Electrophoresis Fundamentals is a book for laboratory technicians, students, biochemists, general practitioners, and more.

Disorders of Protein Synthesis, Volume 132 in the Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology series, highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters written by an international board of authors. - Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors - Presents the latest release in the Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology series - Includes the latest information on disorders of protein synthesis

Bachelor Thesis from the year 2018 in the subject Chemistry - Bio-chemistry,, course: Biochemistry, language: English, abstract: Objectives of this studie are: to determine the Phytochemical constituents of the seed extract, to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of Cleome viscosa seed extract against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in experimental animal models, to determine the antioxidant activity of the seed extract of Cleome viscosa and to compare the antioxidant potential of the extract with the standard. Liver diseases are mainly caused by toxic chemicals, over dose of drugs such as carbon tetrachloride and excessive consumption of alcohol. Previous studies have shown that liver damages have been induced by hepatotoxic chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride. This give rise to serum level AST and ALT and cholesterol which give rise to damage of structural integrity of the liver cells. Cellular ageing and inflammatory diseases have been caused by free radicals. Free radicals are reactive species of oxygen. Free radicals also lead to oxidative stress which is defined as loss of balance between oxidizing and antioxidant agents within the cell. The plant has traditionally been used for hepatoprotective activities, hence this research intends to validate the plant hepatoprotective activity. The abundance and the numerous medicinal properties of the plant has also urge us to undertake this study.

This book caters to the need of researchers working in the ever-evolving field of agricultural biotechnology. It discusses and provides in-depth information about latest advancements happening in this field. The book discusses evolution of plant tissue culture techniques, development of doubled haploids technology, role of recombinant-DNA technology in crop improvement. It also provides an insight into the global status of genetically modified crops, use of RNAi technology and mi-RNAs in plant improvement. Chapters are also dedicated for different branches of ‘omics'science including genomics, bioinformatics, proteomics, metabolomics and phenomics along with the use of molecular markers in tagging and mapping of various genes/QTLs of agronomic importance. This book also covers the role of enzymes and microbes in agriculture in productivity enhancement. It is of interest to teachers, researchers of biotechnology and agriculture scientists. Also the book serves as additional readingmaterial for undergraduate and postgraduate students of biotechnology, agriculture, horticulture, forestry, ecology, soil science, and environmental sciences. National and international biotechnologists and agricultural scientists will also find this to be a useful read.

This book presents a large number of organic reactions performed under green conditions, which were earlier performed using anhydrous conditions and various volatile organic solvents. The conditions used involve green solvents like water, super critical carbon dioxide, ionic liquids, polymer-supported reagents, polyethylene glycol and perfluorous liquids. A number of reactions have been conducted in solid state without using any solvent. Most of the reactions have been conducted under microwave irradiations and sonication. In large number of reactions, catalysts like phase transfer catalysts, crown ethers and biocatalysts have been used. Providing the protocols that every laboratory should adopt, this book elaborates the principles of green chemistry and discusses the planning and preparations required to convert to green laboratory techniques. It includes applications relevant to practicing researchers, students and environmental chemists. This book is useful for students (graduate and postgraduate), researchers and industry professionals in the area of chemical engineering, chemistry and allied fields.

Demand for agricultural crops and nutritional requirement continues to escalate in response to increasing population. Also, climate change exerts adverse effects on agriculture crop productivity. Plant researchers have, therefore, focused to identify the scientific approaches that minimize the negative impacts of climate change on agricultural crops. Thus, it is the need of the hour to expedite the process for improving stress tolerance mechanisms in agricultural crops against various environmental factors, in order to fulfil the world's food demand. Among the various applied approaches, the application of phytohormones has gained significant attention in inducing stress tolerance mechanisms.Jasmonates are phytohormones with ubiquitous distribution among plants and generally considered to modulate many physiological events in higher plants such as defence responses, flowering and senescence. Also, jasmonates mediate plant responses to many biotic and abiotic stresses by triggering a transcriptional reprogramming that allows cells to cope with pathogens and stresses. Likewise, salicylates are important signal molecules for modulating plant responses to environmental stresses. Salicylic acid influences a range of diverse processes in plants, including seed germination, stomatal closure, ion uptake and transport, membrane permeability and photosynthetic and growth rate.Understanding the significant roles of these phytohormones in plant biology and from agriculture point of view, the current subject has recently attracted the attention of scientists from across the globe. Therefore, we bring forth a comprehensive book “Jasmonates and Salicylates Signalling in Plants” highlighting the various prospects involved in the current scenario. The book comprises chapters from diverse areas dealing with biotechnology, molecular biology, proteomics, genomics, metabolomics, etc. We are hopeful that this comprehensive book furnishes the requisite of all those who are working or have interest in this topic.

Handbook of Bioremediation: Physiological, Molecular and Biotechnological Interventions discusses the mechanisms of responding to inorganic and organic pollutants in the environment using different approaches of phytoremediation and bioremediation. Part One focuses specifically on inorganic pollutants and the use of techniques such as metallothionein-assisted remediation, phytoextraction and genetic manipulation. Part Two covers organic pollutants and consider topics such as plant enzymes, antioxidant defense systems and the remediation mechanisms of different plant species. This comprehensive volume is a must-read for researchers interested in plant science, agriculture, soil science and environmental science. The techniques covered in this book will ensure scientists have the knowledge to practice effective bioremediation techniques themselves. - Provides a comprehensive review of the latest advances in bioremediation of organic and inorganic pollutants - Discusses a range of different phytoremediation techniques - Evaluates the role of genomics and bioinformatics within bioremediation

Aging is an inevitable part of life, and is becoming a worldwide social, economic and health problem due to the fact that an increasing proportion of individuals in the advanced age category have a higher probability of developing age-related disorders. New therapeutic approaches are still in need to decrease or slow the effects of such diseases in this aging society. Advances in ‘omic technologies such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics have significantly advanced our understanding of diseases in multiple medical areas. It is hoped that emerging hits from these analyses might be prioritized for further screening as potential novel drug targets for increasing the human healthspan in line with the lifespan, which will in turn lead to new therapeutic strategies and drug development projects by the pharmaceutical industry. This new book presents a series of reviews describing studies which have resulted in the identification of potential new drug targets for age-related disorders. Much of this information has come from ‘omic comparisons of healthy and disease states or from testing the effects of potential new therapeutic approaches. Each chapter will be presented in the context of specific chronic diseases or different therapeutic strategies, providing important information on disease mechanisms related to the aging process. This book will be of interest to researchers in the areas of aging and chronic disease, as well as clinical scientists, physicians, and major drug companies. With contributors from Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, India, Iran, Iraq, South Africa, South Korea, Thailand, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uruguay and Vietnam, this is a timely follow up to Guest's previous book Reviews on New Drug Targets in Age-Related Disorders.

Natural gums are polysaccharides consisting of multiple sugar units linked together via glycosidic linkages. Most natural gums reveal appropriate safety for oral consumption in the form of food additives or drug carriers. Challenges related to the utilization of natural polysaccharides, however, include uncontrolled rates of hydration, pH dependent solubility, viscosity reduction during storage, and weak interfacial properties. Modification provides an efficient route for not only removing such drawbacks but also improving physicochemical properties, such as solubility, viscosity and swelling index, and introducing new properties for varied applications.This book provides a comprehensive review of the various modifications on gums to make them suitable for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. The book is divided in four parts: an introduction to natural gums followed by in-depth coverage of chemical modification, physical modification, and enzymatic modification of gums. Eachchapter includes reaction mechanisms, physicochemical properties, rheological properties, interfacial properties, applications and future perspectives. Presenting a succinct account on gum modification from a practical point of view, this book is a helpful reference for academic and industrial scientists and engineers in food technology, materials chemistry, pharmaceuticals, chemical, industrial, and applied engineering, biochemistry, and biopolymers.

TRANSPORTERS AND DRUG-METABOLIZING ENZYMES IN DRUG TOXICITY Explore up-to-date coverage on the interaction between drug metabolism enzymes, transporters, and drug toxicity with this leading resources Transporters and Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes in Drug Toxicity delivers a comprehensive and updated review of the relationship between drug metabolism, transporters, and toxicity, providing insights into a major challenge in drug development – accurate assessment of human drug toxicity. Combining two disciplines frequently considered independently of one another, the book combines drug metabolism and toxicology with a focus on the role of biotransformation on drug toxicity and as a major factor for species and individual differences. Mechanism and species differences in drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters are discussed, as are the methods used to investigate the role of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters in drug toxicity. Finally, the distinguished authors describe promising new experimental approaches to accurately assessing human drug toxicity via the consideration of human-specific drug metabolism in toxicity assays. In addition to topics as diverse as extended clearance models, experimental approaches for the estimation of DILI potential of drug candidates and roles of transporters in renal drug toxicity, readers will also enjoy the inclusion of such subjects as: A thorough overview of and introduction to drug metabolism and transporters and drug toxicity An exploration of drug metabolism enzymes and transporter activities as risk factors of marketed drugs associated with drug-induced fatalities A discussion of human-based in vitro experimental models for the evaluation of metabolism-dependent drug toxicity A treatment of mechanism-based experimental models for the evaluation of BSEP inhibition and DILI An examination of transporters and cochlea toxicity Perfect for scientists, students, and practitioners with interests in metabolism, toxicology, and drug development in the pharmaceutical industry, Transporters and Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes in Drug Toxicity will also earn a place in the libraries of medicinal chemists, pharmacologists, biochemists, toxicologists, and regulators in the pharmaceutical and health industries.

Plant growth and development is closely dependent on the plant environment, including the wide-spread presence of organic and inorganic xenobiotics and pollutants. Currently, heavy metals are the most common inorganic environmental pollutants and they have pronounced effects and consequences not only for plants, but also for the ecosystem in which the plants form an integral component. It has been suggested that these contaminants accumulate in agricultural crops, thus entering the food chain and posing a significant health risk. Plants growing in polluted sites exhibit altered metabolism, reduced growth, and decreased biomass production. These pollutants adhere to plant roots and exert physical or chemical toxicity and subsequently cell death in plants. Yet, plants have developed various defence mechanisms to counteract the toxicity induced by heavy metals. Only detailed study of the processes and mechanisms would allow researchers and students to understand the interactions, responses, and adaptations of plants to these pollutants; however, there are several unresolved issues and challenges regarding the interaction and biological effects of heavy metals. Therefore, this volume provides relevant, state-of-the-art findings on environmental phytotoxicity and the mechanisms of such interactions at the cellular and molecular levels. This volume consists of chapters on relevant topics contributed by different experts or group of experts so as to make available a comprehensive treatise designed to provide an in-depth analysis of heavy metals phytotoxicity. This book may serve as a reference to scientists, researchers and students in the fields of toxicology, environmental toxicology, phytotoxicology, plant biology, plant physiology, plant biochemistry and plant molecular biology, and especially those interested in heavy metals toxicology.

This textbook introduces the industrial production and processing of natural resources. It is divided into six major topics (fats and oils, carbohydrates, lignin, terpenoids, other natural products, biorefinery), which are divided into a total of 20 chapters.Each chapter is self-contained and therefore a compact learning unit, which can be worked on by students in self-study or presented by lecturers. Clear illustrations, flow diagrams, apparatus drawings and photos facilitate the understanding of the subject matter. All chapters end with a succinct summary, the'Take Home Messages'. Each chapter is supplemented by ten short test questions, which can be solved quickly after working through the chapter; the answers are at the end of the book. All chapters contain bibliographical references that focus on essential textbooks and reference works. As a prior knowledge, only basic knowledge of chemistry is required.

Natural remedies play an important role in curing ailments that happen by chance or adoptively. Adhatoda vasica is a natural Asian remedy that has the potential to treat respiratory disorders, among others. While existing literature does exist on this medicinal plant, it can be cumbersome to sort through for information relevant to academics, research, and practice. This work reframes and consolidates information on Adhatoda vasica so that it is easier to approach through academic, research, and practitioner perspectives.

Fungi are eukaryotic microorganisms that include both unicellular and multicellular species. They have a worldwide distribution and a wide range of applications in diverse sectors, from environmental, food and medicine to biotechnological innovations. Fungal biochemical genetics involves the study of the relationships between genome, proteome and metabolome, and the underlying molecular processes in both native and bioengineered fungi. This book provides a valuable resource on the challenges and potential of fungal biotechnology and related bioengineering and functional diversity for various industrial applications in the food, environmental, bioenergy and biorefining, and the biopharma sectors. In comparison to previous and related publications in the area of applied myco-biotech-engineering, this book bridges a knowledge gap in the areas related to prospects and investment as well as intellectual and technical issues. This book also provides information on recent commercial and economic interests in the area by juxtaposing the developments achieved in recent worldwide research and its many challenges.

Tumors/cancers are characterized by uncontrolled growths of abnormal cells that extend beyond their usual boundaries and disrupt the normal functions of affected organs and systems. While about 75%–80% of tumors/cancers arise sporadically without a family connection, 20%–25% appear to be familial (including 10%–15% nonhereditary familial tumors [or familial tumors] and 5%–10% hereditary familial tumors [or hereditary tumors]). As nonhereditary and hereditary familial tumors often show both tumor-related and non-tumor-related (or syndromic) symptoms, they are referred to as tumor syndromes (or cancer susceptibility syndromes). In comparison with sporadic tumors/cancers, tumor syndromes (>300 described so far) tend to occur at a younger age, involve multiple organs and systems, produce multiple (often in a distinct spectrum) and bilateral lesions, form multiple hamartomatous, benign, or precursor lesions; locate in specific site(s), display unique syndromic features, and affect multiple members/generations of a family. This book provides state-of-art and authoritative coverage of nearly 100 tumor syndromes, with chapters presenting overviews of individual tumor syndromes in relation to their biology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Featuring contributions from oncologists, clinicians, and specialists, the book offers a reliable, comprehensive reference on tumor syndromes for scholars and students of medicine, dentistry, pharmacology, nursing, public health, and other biomedical disciplines.Key Features Reviews the biology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features of tumor syndromes Contains up-to-date information on the diagnosis and treatment of tumor syndromes Includes expert coverage from leading oncologists and clinicians Related TitlesJ. R. McIntosh, Understanding Cancer: An Introduction to the Biology, Medicine, and Societal Implications of This Disease (ISBN 978-0-8153-4535-0)P. S. T. Shanmugam, Understanding Cancer Therapies (ISBN 978-1-1381-9815-9)J. M. Baehring and J. M. Piepmeier, eds., Brain Tumors: Practical Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment (ISBN 978-0-3673-9022-8)D. Liu, Tumors and Cancers: Endocrine Glands – Blood – Marrow – Lymph (ISBN 978-1-4987-2975-8)Dongyou Liu, PhD, has worked at several research and clinical laboratories in Australia and the United States for the past three decades, with a focus on molecular characterization of microbial pathogens and detection of human genetic disorders and tumors/cancers. He is the primary author of more than 50 original research and review articles in various peer-reviewed international journals, the contributor of 197 book chapters, and the editor of more than 10 books.

Electrophoresis is a straightforward but informative analytical method used in biochemistry, biology and medicine. This book combines a detailed discussion of theory and technical application with an elaborate section on troubleshooting and problem solving in electrophoresis. Therefore the book is an important guide for both students and scientists.

Plants produce a vast number of bioactive compounds with different chemical scaffolds, which modulate a diverse range of molecular targets and are used as drugs for treating numerous diseases. Most present-day medicines are derived either from plant compounds or their derivatives, and plant compounds continue to offer limitless reserves for the discovery of new medicines. While different classes of plant compounds, like phenolics, flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids, and their potential pharmacological applications are currently being explored, their curative mechanisms are yet to be understood in detail. This book is divided into 2 volumes and offers detailed information on plant-derived bioactive compounds, including recent research findings. Volume 1, Plant-derived Bioactives: Chemistry and Mode of Action, discusses the chemistry of highly valued plant bioactive compounds and their mode of actions at the molecular level. Volume 2, Plant-derived Bioactives: Production, Properties and Therapeutic Applications, explores the sources, biosynthesis, production, biological properties and therapeutic applications of plant bioactives. Given their scope, these books are valuable resources for members of the scientific community wishing to further explore various medicinal plants and the therapeutic applications of their bioactive compounds. They appeal to scholars, teachers and scientists involved in plant product research, and facilitate the development of innovative new drugs.

This book describes the physicochemical fundamentals and biomedical principles of drug solubility. Methods to study and predict solubility in silico and in vitro are described and the role of solubility in a medicinal chemistry and pharmaceutical industry context are discussed. Approaches to modify and control solubility of a drug during the manufacturing process and of the pharmaceutical product are essential practical aspects of this book.

This book covers the recent innovations relating to various bioactive natural products (such as alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, anthraquinones, steroids, polysaccharides, tannins and polyphenolic compounds, volatile oils, fixed oils, fats and waxes, proteins and peptides, vitamins, marine products, camptothecin, piperines, carvacrol, gedunin, GABA, ginsenosides) and their applications in the pharmaceutical fields related to academic, research and industry.

This book presents the latest research on plant phenolics, offering readers a detailed, yet comprehensive account of their role in sustainable agriculture. It covers a diverse range of topics, including extraction processes; the role of plant phenolics in growth and development; plant physiology; post-harvesting technologies; food preservation; environmental, biotic and abiotic stress; as well as nutrition and health. Further the book provides readers with an up-to-date review of this dynamic field and sets the direction for future research. Based on the authors'extensive experience and written in an engaging style, this highly readable book will appeal to scholars from various disciplines. Bringing together work from leading international researchers, it is also a valuable reference resource for academics, researchers, students and teachers wanting to gain insights into the role of plant phenolics in sustainable agriculture.

This book presents essential studies and cutting-edge research results on tau, which is attracting increasing interest as a target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Tau is well known as a microtubule-associated protein that is predominantly localized in the axons of neurons. In various forms of brain disease, neuronal loss occurs, with deposition of hyperphosphorylated tau in the remaining neurons. Important questions remain regarding the way in which tau forms hyperphosphorylated and fibrillar deposits in neurons, and whether tau aggregation represents the toxic pathway leading to neuronal death. With the help of new technologies, researchers are now solving these long-standing questions. In this book, readers will find the latest expert knowledge on all aspects of tau biology, including the structure and role of the tau molecule, tau localization and function, the pathology, drivers, and markers of tauopathies, tau aggregation, and treatments targeting tau. Tau Biology will be an invaluable source of information and fresh ideas for those involved in the development of more effective therapies and for all who seek a better understanding of the biology of the aging brain.

Bioactive compounds produced by natural sources, such as plants, microbes, endophytic fungi, etc., can potentially be applied in various fields, including agriculture, biotechnology and biomedicine. Several bioactive compounds have proved to be invaluable in mediating plant-microbe interactions, and promoting plant growth and development. Due to their numerous health-promoting properties, these compounds have been widely used as a source of medication since ancient times. However, there is an unprecedented need to meet the growing demand for natural bioactive compounds in the flavor and fragrance, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Moreover, discovering new lead molecules from natural sources is essential to overcoming the rising number of new diseases. In this regard, natural bioactive compounds hold tremendous potential for new drug discovery. Therefore, this field of research has become a vital area for researchers interested in understanding the chemistry,biosynthetic mechanisms, and pharmacological activities of these bioactive metabolites. This book describes the basics of bioactive plant compounds, their chemical properties, and their pharmacological biotechnological properties with regard to various human diseases and applications in the drug, cosmetics and herbal industries. It offers a valuable asset for all students, educators, researchers, and healthcare experts involved in agronomy, ecology, crop science, molecular biology, stress physiology, and natural products.

Chemiluminescence is a fascinating and mesmerizing phenomenon, which consists on the generation of light as the result of a chemical reaction. This process has been gaining attention in the last decades, being now a standard tool in analytical, bioimaging, biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. This book provides a detailed overview of the basic mechanisms and principles of the most relevant chemiluminescent systems, as well as describing the most recent advances and applications. Written by experts, this is a reference text suitable both for researchers focused on chemiluminescence and for those wanting to start working on this field. In Chapter One, the progress and evolution of the chemiluminescent studies in imidazopyrazinone-based compounds are reviewed, with emphasis on their potential as diagnosis tools. Chapter Two addresses the spectral changes associated with firefly bioluminescence by focusing on the tautomeric equilibria of the light emitter. Chapter Three reviews, for the first time, the liquid-phase chemiluminescence of fullerene and derivatives. Chapter Four is devoted to studies of chemiluminescence with the participation of lanthanide ions. Chapter Five summarizes the mechanism behind the chemiluminescence of acridinium esters, while discussing their current applications. Chapter Six explains the potential of phenothiazine derivatives as enhancers in analytic chemiluminescent assays. Chapter Seven collects the available information of both well-known and lesser-known examples of squid bioluminescence. Chapter Eight discusses the enhancement of chemiluminescent emission by using metal-nanoparticles near a luminescent molecule, which is known as metal-enhanced chemiluminescence. In Chapter Nine it is explained how model molecules can make the study of complex bioluminescence reaction mechanisms accessible, as well as allowing for chemiluminescence on macroscopic molecular crystals. Chapter Ten describes experimental and computational approaches used for enhancing the thermostability of firefly luciferase. Chapter Eleven demonstrates the usefulness of theoretical studies for better understanding chemiluminescent reactions. Chapter Twelve describes the fundamental theoretical aspects of state-of-the-art multiconfigurational methods and shows illustrative examples of their application to the study of chemiluminescence. Finally, Chapter Thirteen discusses chemiluminescent experiments that are simple, inexpensive and can be performed by students.

The book Heat Shock Proteins in Neuroscience provides the most comprehensive review on contemporary knowledge on the role of HSP in signaling pathways relevant to a number of diseases. Using an integrative approach, the contributors provide a synopsis of novel mechanisms, signal transduction pathways. To enhance the ease of reading and comprehension, this book has been subdivided into various section including; Section I, reviews current progress on our understanding of Neurological Aspects of HSP; Section II, focuses on Aspects of HSP in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Disorders, Section III, emphasizes the importance of HSP in Multiple Sclerosis; Section IV, reviews critical Aspects of HSP in Alzheimer's Disease and Section V, gives a comprehensive update of the Development of HSP-Based Therapies for Neurological Disorders. Key basic and clinical research laboratories from major universities, academic medical hospitals, biotechnology and pharmaceutical laboratories around the world have contributed chapters that review present research activity and importantly project the field into the future. The book is a must read for starters and professionals in the fields of Neurology and Neurosciences, Translational Medicine, Clinical Research, Human Physiology, Biotechnology, Cell & Molecular Medicine, Pharmaceutical Scientists and Researchers involved in Drug Discovery.

This volume explores how ionic liquids are used in different areas of biotechnology. It also provides insights on the interaction of ionic liquids with biomolecules and biomaterials. Ionic liquids have become essential players in the fields of synthesis, catalysis, extraction and electrochemistry, and their unique properties have opened a wide range of applications in biotechnology. Readers will discover diverse examples of the application of ionic liquids as solvents for biomaterials extraction and pretreatment, in enzymatic and whole cell catalysed reaction, and as activation agents for biocatalysis. Particular attention is given to the biologically functionalized ionic liquids employed in medical and pharmaceutical applications. Although ionic liquids are considered “green solvents”, the contributing authors will also explore their environmental impact when applied to biotechnology. Chemical, biological and medical scientists interested in ionic liquids and biotechnology will find this work instructive and informative.

Presents the latest R & D information on medicinal mushrooms from diverse geographical locationsOffers comprehensive coverage of the most important application areas of medicinal mushroomsIncludes contributions by eminently experienced researchers in the field of medicinal mushrooms Medicinal mushrooms are increasingly gaining attention worldwide because of their pharmacologically bioactive compounds, which have demonstrated potent and unique clinical properties. Scientific studies carried out during the last decade have confirmed their efficacy in treating a wide range of diseases. Extracts and bioactive compounds obtained from mushrooms have been used medicinally as anticancer, immunomodulator, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, neuroprotectant, cardioprotectant, antioxidant, and anti-hypoglycemic agents, and in stem cell-based therapies.Introducing readers to the latest developments in, and ongoing research efforts on, medicinal mushrooms, this book gathers articles contributed by eminent researchers in different disciplines and from around the globe. Highlighting the tremendous potential of mushrooms for the development of new drugs, the topics covered include but are not limited to: Recent progress in research on the pharmaceutical potential of medicinal mushrooms and prospects for their clinicalapplication Edible mushroom neuronutraceuticals: Basis of therapeutics Overview of therapeutic efficacy of mushrooms Mushrooms – a wealth of resources for prospective stem cell-based therapies Mushrooms as potential natural cytostatics

Natural bioactive compounds have become an integral part of plant-microbe interactions geared toward adaptation to environmental changes. They regulate symbiosis, induce seed germination, and manifest allelopathic effects, i.e., they inhibit the growth of competing plant species in their vicinity. In addition, the use of natural bioactive compounds and their products is considered to be suitable and safe in e.g. alternative medicine. Thus, there is an unprecedented need to meet the increasing demand for plant secondary metabolites in the flavor and fragrance, food, and pharmaceutical industries. However, it is difficult to obtain a constant quantity of compounds from the cultivated plants, as their yield fluctuates due to several factors including genotypic variations, the geography, edaphic conditions, harvesting and processing methods. Yet familiarity with these substances and the exploration of various approaches could open new avenues in their production. This book describes the basis of bioactive plant compounds, their mechanisms and molecular actions with regard to various human diseases, and their applications in the drug, cosmetic and herbal industries. Accordingly, it offers a valuable resource for students, educators, researchers, and healthcare experts involved in agronomy, ecology, crop science, molecular biology, stress physiology, and natural products.