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This book presents the current status of CO2 utilization from fundamental studies to industrial tests. With the development of renewable energy, carbon dioxide will become an important feedstock for the synthesis of fuels and chemicals, and CO2 utilization must be the final solution for the carbon dioxide issues. This book discusses the effective techniques for activating inert carbon dioxide and various approaches for CO2 conversion, such as homogeneous catalytic conversion, homogeneous catalytic conversion, heterogeneous catalytic conversion, photocatalytic conversion, electrocatalytic conversion, photo-thermal catalytic conversion, plasma-chemical/plasma-catalytic conversion, and bio-catalytic conversion. It also addresses the electronic and geometric structural effects of the supported catalyst on the activity and selectivity of the conversion of carbon dioxide. The significant effects from single atom catalyst to nanoparticle are also discussed, and process intensification in catalyst preparation and reaction is highlighted. Furthermore, this book contains chapters with theoretical studies, including functional theory, which has played an important role in the catalyst design, the explanation of the reaction mechanism, and in understanding the synergy of reaction and heat and mass transfer. Given its scope, this book appeals to a wider readership, especially for researchers in the field of CO2 utilization.

This book offers a comprehensive review of the latest developments in medicinal mushroom biochemical engineering and biotechnology, and it also analyses the circular economy of mushroom bioproduction. Divided into 13 chapters, the book begins with a historical perspective of medicinal mushrooms, followed by authoritative chapters that explore the farming of medicinal mushrooms and bioeconomy, as well as the limitations of using medicinal mushrooms to produce metabolites. Subsequent chapters cover topics such as solid-state and submerged cultivation of medicinal mushroom mycelia in bioreactors, pilot and industrial bioreactor cultivation experiences, downstream processing of medicinal mushroom products, and biochemistry of medicinal mushroom bioactive compounds. Particular attention is given to the recent genetic engineering techniques applied in mushroom cultivation. The book closes with a chapter devoted to the health and clinical benefits of medicinal fungi, where readerswill find expert insights into the therapeutic implications of medicinal fungi. In this book, readers will find an authoritative perspective on the past, present and future of medicinal mushrooms, and will also learn about some recent clinical studies with isolates from these natural products. Given its breadth, this book will appeal to biotechnologists working in mushroom cultivation, as well as to professionals interested in traditional pharmacy and medicine.

The book introduces the definition, classification, source and structure of hydrocolloids and provides a comprehensive description of their functionalities and food-related applications. The emphasis is put on the basic concepts and mechanisms underlying functionalities, and the new developments in fundamental knowledge and practice. The book would be useful for students or professionals working in the fields of food science & technology, and biopolymers etc. It would help to organize hydrocolloids knowledge in a more systematic framework and enlighten further profound investigations.

This book provides a comprehensive summary of research to date in the field of stable iron isotope geochemistry. Since research began in this field 20 years ago, the field has grown to become one of the major research fields in'non-traditional'stable isotope geochemistry. This book reviews all aspects of the field, from low-temperature to high-temperature processes, biological processes, and cosmochemical processes. It provides a detailed history and state-of-the art summary about analytical methods to determine Fe-isotope ratios and discusses analytical and sample prospects.

It is essential for the survival of cells to maintain their volume within certain limits: Profound alterations interfere with the integrity of the cell membrane and the cytoskeletal architecture. Cells use various methods to adjust osmotic pressure gradients which in turn govern water movement across cell membranes. The most rapid and efficient means is ion transport across the cell membrane. However, to avoid excessive alterations of intracellular ion concentration, cells additionally employ organic osmolytes for osmoregulation and modify their metabolism, thus generating or disposing osmotically active organic substances. But a given cell uses only part of the cell volume regulatory mechanisms at their disposal: The large repertoire available allows for a selection of those which have the least untoward impact on cell function. The present book is a collection of reviews on the various aspects of cell volume regulation, written by internationally leading experts, and constitutes a valuable addition to the library of those working in the field.