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This book discusses how the increased emanation of radon and other gases from the Earth's crust in the vicinity of active tectonic faults triggers a chain of physical processes and chemical reactions in the atmospheric boundary layer and the Earth's ionosphere over an earthquake area several days/hours before strong seismic shocks occur. It presents the two main concepts involved in this mechanism: atmosphere ionization and the global electric circuit. The Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC) concept is strongly supported by experimental data showing the atmospheric and ionospheric precursors for major recent earthquakes including 2004 Sumatra; 2008 Sichuan, China; 2011 Tohoku, Japan; and 2015 Nepal. The book not only addresses the theoretical considerations but also includes information on experimental techniques used for precursor observations based on the space-borne systems. Providing practical methods of precursor identification and interpretation, it is an excellenttextbook for graduate courses in geophysics, earthquake science, atmospheric physics and remote sensing. Moreover, it offers a wealth of information for scientists and experts from governmental and international agencies working in the fields of natural-disaster mitigation, response and recovery.

The work in your hand contains three main chapters, covering the chemistry of the condensed phase in the atmosphere, first, the different forms of atmospheric waters (precipitation, fog and clouds, dew), and secondly dust, now mostly termed particulate matter and, more scientifically, atmospheric aerosol. A third section treats the gases in the atmosphere. An introductory chapter covers the roots of the term atmospheric chemistry in its relations to chemistry in general and biogeochemistry as the chemistry of the climate system. Furthermore, a brief overview of understanding chemical reactions in aqueous and gaseous phase is given. It is my aim to pay respect to all persons who studied the substances in the air, to those who made small, and to them who made giant contributions for the progress in atmospheric science. I'm not a historian who is able to present the past from a true perspective of their time – this also would not be my aim. If possible, however, I try to interpret the past – almost limited to experimental fi ndings in the nineteenth century – through current values, without dismissal of the problems and ideas of earlier scientists. In this way it is possible to draw some ideas on the historical chemical state of the air. Hence, I name this voyage critical. However, nowhere in this book it is my attention to express my criticism to colleagues and scientifi c ancestors. Great scientists too were subject to errors; doing science consists from the permanent loop observation, interpretation, conclusion, and again testing against new observation. If this volume can contribute more than to be “a nice story” on atmospheric chemistry, then hopefully it inspires the reader to more critical reading of scientifi c publications, and, not to forget the older one. 2022 ASLI Choice Awards Winner! The book won the annual Atmospheric Science Librarians International (ASLI) award. For details see here: https://www.aslionline.org/wp/2022-asli-choice-awards-winners/

Atmospheric aerosols are an important and a highly complex component of the Earth's atmosphere that alter the radiative forcing and the chemical composition of the gas phase. These effects have impacts on local air quality and the global climate. Atmospheric Aerosol Chemistry outlines research findings to date in aerosol chemistry and advances in analytical tools used in laboratory settings for studying their surface and bulk reactivity.

alarmist (pre 2020): Someone who exaggerates a danger and so causes needless worry or panic.alarmist (post 2020): Someone who justifiably raises the alarm about a global danger to Earth's biosphere.His research was urgent fifty years ago. Now, it's critical.In the early 1970s, budding Kiwi scientist Dave Lowe was posted at an atmospheric monitoring station on the wind-blasted southern coast of New Zealand's North Island. On a shoestring salary he measured carbon in the atmosphere, collecting vital data towards what became one of the most important discoveries in modern science.What followed was a lifetime's career marked by hope and despair. As realisation dawned of what his measurements meant for the future of the planet, Dave travelled the world to understand more about atmospheric gases, along the way programming some of the earliest computers, designing cutting-edge equipment and conducting experiments both dangerous and mind-numbingly dull. From the sandy beaches of California to the stark winters of West Germany, the mesas of the Rocky Mountains and an Atlantic voyage across the equator, Dave has faced down climate deniers, foot-dragging bureaucracy and widespread comp

This book investigates various aspects of the phenomenon of atmospheric oxygen depletion, and summarizes our current knowledge of atmospheric oxygen. The authors address the currently available records indicating that atmospheric oxygen is undergoing nonlinear decline. The consensus in the research community is that the main reason for this decline is the combustion of fossil fuels (which is growing nonlinearly). However, the short length of the currently available records, alongside the technological and social uncertainties that may risk speed up oxygen depletion, raise questions about the time scale of the decline, in particular, when oxygen depletion may cause physiological impact on humans and animals. The authors analyze this uncertainty to postulate the near term impact of depleted atmospheric oxygen, and perform multidisciplinary complex modelling of oxygen with long-term horizon estimations.

Climate change is a major challenge facing modern society. The chemistry of air and its influence on the climate system forms the main focus of this book. Vol. 2 of Chemistry of the Climate System takes a problem-based approach to presenting global atmospheric processes, evaluating the effects of changing air compositions as well as possibilities for interference with these processes through the use of chemistry.

This book presents current knowledge on chemistry and physics of Arctic atmosphere. Special attention is given to studies of the Arctic haze phenomenon, Arctic tropospheric clouds, Arctic fog, polar stratospheric and mesospheric clouds, atmospheric dynamics, thermodynamics and radiative transfer as related to the polar environment. The atmosphere-cryosphere feedbacks and atmospheric remote sensing techniques are presented in detail. The problems of climate change in the Arctic are also addressed.

Climate change is a major challenge facing modern society. The chemistry of air and its influence on the climate system forms the main focus of this book. Vol. 1 of Chemistry of the Climate System provides the reader with a physicochemical understanding of atmospheric processes. The chemical substances and reactions found in the Earth's atmosphere are presented along with their influence on the global climate system.

This book is aimed at graduate students and research scientists interested in gaining a deeper understanding of atmospheric chemistry, fundamental photochemistry, and gas phase and heterogeneous reaction kinetics. It also provides all necessary spectroscopic and kinetic data, which should be useful as reference sources for research scientists in atmospheric chemistry. As an application of reaction chemistry, it provides chapters on tropospheric and stratospheric reaction chemistry, covering tropospheric ozone and photochemical oxidant formation, stratospheric ozone depletion and sulfur chemistry related to acid deposition and the stratospheric aerosol layer. This book is intended not only for students of chemistry but also particularly for non-chemistry students who are studying meteorology, radiation physics, engineering, and ecology/biology and who wish to find a useful source on reaction chemistry.

The estimated health impacts and associated economic costs resulting from airborne particulate matter are substantial. Exposure to airborne fine particles ranks highly amongst preventable causes of disease. This book reviews the sources and atmospheric processes affecting airborne particulate matter and consequent impacts upon human health. Examining the latest information on the sources of particles in the atmosphere, both through direct emissions and atmospheric formation, the book also explores the methods which are used to estimate the contributions of different sources to airborne concentrations. Featuring case studies from recent assessments in Europe, the USA, China and India, the book provides a global overview of source apportionment. The health effects are reviewed in the context of the influence of sources, chemical composition and particle size upon relative toxicity. This comprehensive book is an important reference for policymakers and consultants working with pollution and human health, as well as academics working in atmospheric chemistry.

This book contains texts by the Nobel laureate Paul J. Crutzen who is best known for his research on ozone depletion. It comprises Crutzen's autobiography, several pictures documenting important stages of his life, and his most important scientific publications. The Dutch atmospheric chemist is one of the world's most cited scientists in geosciences. His political engagement makes him a tireless ambassador for environmental issues such as climate change. He popularized the term ‘Anthropocene'for the current geological era acknowledging the enduring influence of humankind on planet Earth. This concept conceives humans to be a geologic factor, influencing the evolution of our globe and the living beings populating it. The selection of texts is representing Paul Crutzen´s scientific oeuvre as his research interests span from ozone depletion to the climatic impacts of biomass burning, the consequences of a worldwide atomic war – the Nuclear Winter - to geoengineering and the Anthropocene.

Atmospheric Chemistry provides readers with a basic knowledge of the chemistry of Earth's atmosphere, and an understanding of the role that chemical transformations play in this vital part of our environment. The composition of the'natural'atmosphere (troposphere, stratosphere and mesosphere) is described in terms of the physical and chemical cycles that govern the behaviour of the major and the many minor species present, and of the atmospheric lifetimes of those species. An extension of these ideas leads to a discussion of the impacts of Man's activities on the atmosphere, and to an understanding of some of the most important environmental issues of our time. One thread of the book explains how living organisms alter the composition and pressures in the atmosphere, modify temperatures, and change the intensity and wavelength-distribution of light arriving from the Sun. Meanwhile, the living organisms on Earth have depended on these very same environmental conditions being satisfactory for the maintenance and evolution of life. There thus appear to be two-way interactions between life and the atmosphere. Man, just one species of living organism, has developed an unfortunate ability to interfere with the feedbacks that seem to have maintained the atmosphere to be supportive of surface life for more than 3.5 billion years. This book will help chemists to understand the background to the problems that arise from such interference. The structure of the book and the development of the subject deviate somewhat from those usually encountered. Important and recurring concepts are presented in outline first, before more detailed discussions of the atmospheric behaviour of specific chemical species. Examples of such themes are the sources and sinks of trace gases, and their budgets and lifetimes. That is, the emphasis is initially on the principles of the subject, with the finer points emerging at later points in the book, sometimes in several successive chapters. In this way, some of the core material gets repeated exposure, but in new ways and in new contexts. The book is written at a level that makes it accessible to undergraduate chemists, and in a manner that should make it interesting to them. However, the material presented forms a solid base for those who are extending their studies to a higher level, and it will also provide non-specialists with the background to an understanding of Man's several and varied threats to the atmosphere. Well-informed citizens can then better assess measures proposed to prevent or alleviate the potential damage, and policy makers more realistically formulate the necessary controls on a sound scientific foundation.

Cet ouvrage présente les phénomènes chimiques qui interviennent dans la biosphère. Il permet de mieux comprendre comment leur perturbation par les pratiques anthropiques peut conduire à des bouleversements de notre environnement. Tous les types de réactions chimiques sont examinés : les réactions ioniques de la lithosphère et celles de l'hydrosphère, les réactions radicalaires de l'atmosphère, les transformations moléculaires qui dominent dans les organismes vivants. Pour faciliter la lecture par des non-chimistes, de nombreuses figures, formules et équations sont données, surtout à titre d'illustrations. En outre, des annexes et un glossaire permettent d'éliminer en grande partie l'obstacle des notations, termes et expressions en usage en chimie. Le lecteur pourra acquérir une vision globale de l'importance de la chimie dans la biosphère et des conséquences graves que peut entraîner l'activité humaine.

Die Weltklimakonferenz in Rio im Juni 1992 lenkte die Aufmerksamkeit der Welt auf die Verschmutzung unserer Atemluft. Haben die Pessimisten recht, die eine Klimakatastrophe für unausweichlich halten? Können die Industrieländer ihre Emissionen noch begrenzen? Peter Fabian ist einer der führenden Atmosphärenforscher. Bereits in früheren Auflagen seines Buches wies er auf die Gefahr des Treibhausklimas und den drohenden Abbau der Ozonschicht hin. Er versteht es, die vernetzten Zusammenhänge chemischer Reaktionen in den Luftschichten verständlich darzustellen. Er zeigt auf, welche menschlichen Eingriffe diese natürlichen Kreisläufe beeinflussen. Und er läßt den Leser selbst erkennen, zu welchen dramatischen Auswirkungen für das'Ökosystem Erde'die Ausnutzung unserer technischen Ressourcen führen kann. In die erweiterte vierte Auflage des Buches sind die Ergebnisse der neuesten Forschungen eingeflossen. Wir haben heute ein wesentlich genaueres Bild von den Vorgängen in unserer Atmosphäre als noch beim Erscheinen der 3. Auflage im Jahr 1989. Lesen Sie, welche Bedeutung die Luft außer zum Atmen für das Leben auf der Erde hat; verstehen Sie, welche Maßnahmen angezeigt sind.

Unsere Atmosphäre, das Luftmeer, auf dessen Grunde wir leben, ist ein Gasgemisch, das neben den Hauptbestandteilen Stickstoff und Sauerstoff eine Vielzahl von Spurengasen enthält. Dieses Gasgemisch an sich wäre reaktionsträge und somit von geringem chemischen Interesse, würde es nicht im Wechsel von Tag und Nacht und im Rhythmus der Jahreszeiten von der Sonne bestrahlt. Die Sonnenstrahlung, insbesondere ihr energie­ reicher Ultraviolettanteil, vermag die meisten Konstituenten des atmo­ sphärischen Gasgemisches in ihre Bestandteile zu spalten. Durch diesen photochemischen Prozeß, den man als'Photolyse'oder'Photodissozia­ tion'bezeichnet, entstehen äußerst reaktive Substanzen, die für uns Erdbewohner wichtige chemische Reaktionsketten auslösen. Lediglich die atmosphärischen Edelgase, Argon, Neon, Helium und Krypton (in der Reihenfolge ihrer Häufigkeit) nehmen an diesen Prozessen nicht teil. Der wohl wichtigste photochemische Prozeß in unserer Atmosphäre ist die Bildung von Ozon (s. Abschnitt 2). Ozon ist die dreiatomige Form des Luftsauerstoffs, 0 • Der normale Sauerstoff besteht aus O, zwei mit­ 3 2 einander verbundenen Sauerstoff-Atomen. Unter Einwirkung der Ultra­ violettstrahlung der Sonne wird ein Teil des Luftsauerstoffs O gespalten, 2 und die gebildeten Sauerstoffatome können sich mit zweiatomigen Sauer­ stoffmolekülen zum dreiatomigen Ozon verbinden. Die hieraus resultie­ rende atmosphärische Ozonschicht ist für uns in zweifacher Hinsicht von großer Bedeutung. Zum einen schirmt sie die gefährliche Ultraviolett­ strahlung der Sonne ab, welche ohne diesen Filter alles Leben auf dem Festland auslöschen würde. Zum anderen bewirkt die Energie dieser in der Höhe absorbierten Strahlung dort eine beachtliche Erwärmung, sie hat damitEinfluß auf die allgemeine Luftzirkulation.

Air pollution has historically been viewed as a local or regional scale problem with attention focused on acute episodes such as the sulphur dioxide and smoke smogs of London in the 1950s and 1960s and the photochemical smogs of southern California first recognized by Haagen­ Smit in the early 1950s. In recent years, however, it has become apparent that human activity has, and still is, changing the chemical composition of the atmosphere on a global scale. The composition of the atmosphere has seen enormous changes due to natural processes since the formation of the planet. Data obtained from air bubbles trapped in polar ice are beginning to reveal information about these changes over the last tens of thousands of years and geochemical models of the evolution of the Earth give us insights into the changes over much longer periods of time. Perhaps the crucial differences between these natural changes and those now being induced by man are their rel­ ative rates of change. The magnitude of present day fluxes of some com­ pounds released as air pollutants is in some cases much larger than those arising naturally. In other cases, for example carbon dioxide, the an­ thropogenic emission rates are small compared with that of the natural cycle, but the kinetics of the system are such that the steady state concent­ rations of the compounds in the atmosphere are now being perturbed.

Oxidation and removal of atmospheric constituents involve complex sequences of reactions which can lead to the production of photo-oxidants such as ozone. In order to understand and model these complex reaction sequences, it is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of reaction mechanisms and accurate estimates of kinetic parameters for relevant gas-phase atmospheric reactions. This book presents recent advances in the field and includes the following topics: e.g. the oxidation of simple organic compounds, NOx kinetics and mechanisms, OH radical production and rate constants for the OH attack on more complex organic compounds, peroxy and alkoxy radical reactions, photo-oxidation of aromatic and biogenic compounds, and the interaction between radical species.

The new revised edition of a classic Earth science textThis newly revised edition of Global Environment discusses the major elements of the geochemical cycles and global fluxes found in the atmosphere, land, lakes, rivers, biota, and oceans, as well as the human effects on these fluxes. Retaining the strengths of the original edition while incorporating the latest discoveries, this textbook takes an integrated, multidisciplinary, and global approach to geochemistry and environmental problems and introduces fundamental concepts of meteorology, surficial geology (weathering, erosion, and sedimentation), biogeochemistry, limnology, and oceanography.New concepts and information in this updated edition include changes of atmospheric carbon dioxide over geologic time, major advances in the study of chemical weathering of rocks, ocean acidification, and important environmental problems, such as the amelioration of the acid rain problem due to reduction in sulfur deposition, problems with nitrification of soils and lakes, and eutrophication of rivers and estuaries. An expanded chapter explores atmospheric chemistry and changing climate, with the most up-to-date statistics on CO2, the carbon cycle, other greenhouse gases, and the ozone hole. Only requiring a fundamental understanding in elementary chemistry, yet taking into account extensive and current data, this text is ideal for students in environmental geochemistry, environmental geology, global change, biogeochemistry, water pollution, geochemical cycles, chemical oceanography, and geohydrology, and serves as a valuable reference for researchers working on global geochemical and environmental issues.Revised edition takes a close look at global fluxes involving the atmosphere, land, lakes, rivers, biota, and oceans, and the human effects on these fluxesDetailed discussion of basic concepts including meteorology, surficial geology (weathering, erosion, and sedimentation), biogeochemistry, limnology, and oceanographyAn expanded up-to-date chapter on atmospheric chemistry and changing climate, including CO2, other greenhouse gases, and ozonePresentation of major advances in the study of chemical weatheringDiscussion of current environmental topicsGlobal coverage of environmental problems involving water

Hailed on first publication as a masterful review of the topic, The Science of Air: Concepts and Applications quickly became a standard resource in the field. Clearly written and user-friendly, the second edition continues to provide the scientific underpinnings of the essence of air. Major expansions include:Air math and physicsAir flow parameters

Light is the essential source of information about the surrounding world for most of us. We see objects of di?erent brightness and colours, or, in scienti?c terms, we distinguish objects by the way they re?ect light of di?erent wa- lengths with varying e?ciency. It was exciting for both of us to learn that scienti?c instruments can expand our senses and provide information from this very same radiation that goes far beyond the simple recognition of - jects. Theabilityto“see”thecompositionoftheairsurroundingusandabove our heads, to us and others, one of the most fascinating aspects of the app- cation of modern technology to study the atmosphere. This fascination drove many of the applications of the Di?erential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) method presented in this book, and continues to be the motivation for many current developments. DOAS is an elegant and powerful analytical method to study the at- sphere and is based on the relatively simple principles of classical absorption spectroscopy. It has therefore always been quite surprising to us that this method has not found wider use in atmospheric research and air-quality m- itoring. We have introduced many university students and researchers to DOAS, often wishing that we could improve our e?orts with a comprehensive text that describes both the theoretical basis and the practical applications of the method.

The new challenge in atmospheric chemistry is to understand the intercontinental transport and transformation of gases and aerosols. This book describes the observational and modeling techniques used to understand the atmospheric composition from satellites, aircraft and ground based platforms. The two common ideas presented throughout are the role of each component in an observing system for atmospheric composition, and the advances necessary to improve the understanding of atmospheric composition. The objective of this book is to provide a larger audience the opportunity to learn about these techniques and advances in atmospheric composition.

The emerging multidisciplinary field of earth system science sets out to improve our understanding functioning ecosystems, at a global level across the entire planet. Stable Isotopes and Biosphere - Atmosphere Interactions looks to one of its most powerful tools — the application of stable isotope analyses — to understanding biosphere-atmosphere exchange of the greenhouse gases, and synthesizes much of the recent progress in this work. Stable Isotopes and Biosphere - Atmosphere Interactions describes recent progress in understanding the mechanisms, processes and applications of new techniques. It makes a significant contribution to the emerging, multidisciplinary study of the Earth as an interacting system. This book will be an important reference for students and researchers in biology, ecology, biogeochemistry, meteorology, and atmospheric science and will be invaluable for anyone with any interest in the future of the planet. - Describes applications of new stable isotope techniques to the emerging fields of earth system science and global change - Illustrates advances in scaling of physiological processes from leaf/soil to the global scale - Contains state-of-the-art, critical reviews written by international researchers and experts

Knowledge of thc chemical behavior of trace compounds in the atmosphere has grown steadily, and sometimes even spectacularly, in recent decades. These developments have led to the emergence of atmospheric chemistry as a new branch of science. This book covers all aspects of atmospheric chemistry on a global scale, integrating information from chemistry and geochemistry, physics, and biology to provide a unified account. For each atmospheric constituent of interest, the text summarizes the principal observations on global distribution, chemical reactions, natural and anthropogenic sources, and physical removal processes. Coverage includes processes in the gas phase, in aerosols and c1ouds, and in precipitation, as well as biogeochemical cycles and the evolution of the atmosphere. Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere, Second Edition, will serve as a textbook for senior undergraduate and graduate courses, and as an essential reference for atmospheric chemists, meteorologists, and anyone studying the biogeochemical cycles of trace gases.• Updated extensively from the highly respected first edition • Treats the global-scale chemistry and distribution of atmospheric trace constituents • Emphasizes observations and their interpretation• Provides background on transport and reaction kinetics for interpretation of observational data• Includes chemistry in the gas phase and in aerosols and clouds• Details chemical reaction pathways for the most important trace constituents• Describes pertinent biogeochemical cycles• Written by an author with more than 40 years of research experience in atmospheric chemistry

Here is the most comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of one of the hottest areas of chemical research. The treatment of fundamental kinetics and photochemistry will be highly useful to chemistry students and their instructors at the graduate level, as well as postdoctoral fellows entering this new, exciting, and well-funded field with a Ph.D. in a related discipline (e.g., analytical, organic, or physical chemistry, chemical physics, etc.). Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere provides postgraduate researchers and teachers with a uniquely detailed, comprehensive, and authoritative resource. The text bridges the'gap'between the fundamental chemistry of the earth's atmosphere and'real world'examples of its application to the development of sound scientific risk assessments and associated risk management control strategies for both tropospheric and stratospheric pollutants. - Serves as a graduate textbook and'must have'reference for all atmospheric scientists - Provides more than 5000 references to the literature through the end of 1998 - Presents tables of new actinic flux data for the troposphere and stratospher (0-40km) - Summarizes kinetic and photochemical date for the troposphere and stratosphere - Features problems at the end of most chapters to enhance the book's use in teaching - Includes applications of the OZIPR box model with comprehensive chemistry for student use

The Science of Air: Concepts and Applications is a unique text devoted to every aspect of air. The study of air is closely related to other scientific disciplines, among them: chemistry, mathematics, meteorology, and physics. Through the view that air is the primary substance to most life on earth, The Science of Air presents the common themes of a

Atmospheric Chemistry