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With contributions from experts in supported metal catalysis from both the industry and academia, this book presents the latest developments in characterization and application of supported metals in heterogeneous catalysis. In addition to thorough and updated coverage of the traditional aspects of heterogeneous catalysis such as preparation, characterization and use in well-established technologies such as vehicle emission control, the book also includes emerging areas where supported metal catalysis will make significant contributions to future developments, such as fuel cells and fine chemicals synthesis.The second edition of Supported Metals in Catalysis comes complete with new and updated chapters containing important summaries of research in a rapidly evolving field. Very few other books deal with this highly pertinent subject matter and, as such, it is a must-have for anyone working in the field of heterogeneous catalysis.

HighlightsFirst comprehensive handbook on instrumentation and techniques for semiconductor nanostructure characterizationMore than 900 references providing up-to-date information With over 260 illustrationsAs we delve more deeply into the physics and chemistry of functional materials and processes, we are inexorably driven to the nanoscale. And nowhere is the development of instrumentation and associated techniques more important to scientific progress than in the area of nanoscience. The dramatic expansion of efforts to peer into nanoscale materials and processes has made it critical to capture and summarize the cutting-edge instrumentation and techniques that have become indispensable for scientific investigation in this arena. This Handbook is a key resource developed for scientists, engineers and advanced graduate students in which eminent scientists present the forefront of instrumentation and techniques for the study of structural, optical and electronic properties of semiconductor nanostructures.

A world of pleasure, excitement and new knowledge awaits one who learns to use the microscope — a world in which table salt crystals appear as jewels, a drop of water swarms with life, a butterfly's wings reveal a cascade of multicolored particles. This book is for anyone who would like to enter that world, whether or not he has ever used a microscope before. No special knowledge is required. In non-technical language and with generous use of illustration, the author explains how a microscope works and what kind to use; how to adjust the instrument and position the specimens to be viewed; examination of simple objects: a human hair, feathers, milk. At the same time, he shows how to prepare the objects, what to purchase for the purpose, how to care for it; one's every question is anticipated and clearly answered. The fundamentals understood, the reader is taken into further exploration viewing insect parts, diatoms, plankton, molds, leaves, ferns, fruit rinds, fish scales, animal parts. As we proceed, we learn step by step the techniques involved: use of chloroform, preparation of permanent slides, mounting in glycerine, preparing dye solutions, dissection, and blood smearing. We learn how to detect fat, find Vitamin C in food substances, prepare a frog for examination, view and distinguish bacteria, use the oil-immersion objective, dye bacilli spores, do microphotography, cut sections with the microtome. Following Dr. Stehli's careful instructions, we have entered and gone well into the fascinating world of microscopy. The invention of the microscope itself started science on new courses, entire fields of new knowledge. The use of a comparatively simple microscope today can start one on a lifetime interest, an absorbing hobby, a career in science, or a permanent addition to one's cultural background. This book provides all the help needed, whether one is adult or student, hobbyist or scientifically serious, seeking education or merely curious about the minute world that exists all about us. 119 photographs and drawings.

The book is aimed at assessing the capabilities of state-of-the-art optical techniques in elucidating the fundamental electronic and structural properties of semiconductor and metal surfaces, interfaces, thin layers, and layer structures, and assessing the usefulness of these techniques for optimization of high quality multilayer samples through feedback control during materials growth and processing. Particular emphasis is dedicated to the theory of nonlinear optics and to dynamical processes through the use of pump-probe techniques together with the search for new optical sources. Some new applications of Scanning Probe Microscopy to Material Science and biological samples, dried and in vivo, with the use of different laser sources are also presented. Materials of particular interest are silicon, semiconductor-metal interfaces, semiconductor and magnetic multi-layers and III-V compound semiconductors.

The combination of electron microscopy with transmitted light microscopy (termed correlative light and electron microscopy; CLEM) has been employed for decades to generate molecular identification that can be visualized by a dark, electron-dense precipitate. This new volume of Methods in Cell Biology covers many areas of CLEM, including a brief history and overview on CLEM methods, imaging of intermediate stages of meiotic spindle assembly in C. elegans embryos using CLEM, and capturing endocytic segregation events with HPF-CLEM. - Covers many areas of CLEM by the best international scientists in the field - Includes a brief history and overview on CLEM methods

Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) is the enabling tool for nano(bio)technology, which has opened new vistas in many interdisciplinary research areas. Concomitant with the developments in SPM instrumentation and techniques are new and previously unthought-of opportunities in materials nanofabrication and characterisation. In particular, the developments in addressing and manipulating matter at the level of single atoms or molecules, and studies of biological materials (e.g. live cells, or cell membranes) result in new and exciting discoveries.The rising importance of SPM demands a concise treatment in the form of a book which is accessible to interdisciplinary practitioners. This book highlights recent advances in the field of SPM with sufficient depth and breadth to provide an intellectually stimulating overview of the current state of the art. The book is based on a set of carefully selected original works from renowned contributors on topics that range from atom technology, scanning tunneling spectroscopy of self-assembled nanostructures, SPM probe fabrication, scanning force microscopy applications in biology and materials science down to the single molecule level, novel scanning probe techniques, and nanolithography.The variety of topics underlines the strong interdisciplinary character of SPM related research and the combined expertise of the contributors gives us a unique opportunity to discuss possible future trends in SPM related research. This makes the book not merely a collection of already published material but an enlightening insight into cutting edge research and global SPM research trends.

This book contains proposals to redesign the scanning electron microscope, so that it is more compatible with other charged particle beam instrumentation and analytical techniques commonly used in surface science research. It emphasizes the concepts underlying spectrometer designs in the scanning electron microscope, and spectrometers are discussed under one common framework so that their relative strengths and weaknesses can be more readily appreciated. This is done, for the most part, through simulations and derivations carried out by the author himself.The book is aimed at scientists, engineers and graduate students whose research area or study in some way involves the scanning electron microscope and/or charged particle spectrometers. It can be used both as an introduction to these subjects and as a guide to more advanced topics about scanning electron microscope redesign.

Electron cryomicroscopy is a form of transmission electron microscopy (EM) in which the sample is studied at cryogenic temperatures (generally liquid nitrogen temperatures). Cryo-EM is developing popularity in structural biology. This volume from the Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology series is Part B and covers essential topics.

This book contains 35 review articles on nanoscience and nanotechnology that were first published in Nature Nanotechnology, Nature Materials and a number of other Nature journals. The articles are all written by leading authorities in their field and cover a wide range of areas in nanoscience and technology, from basic research (such as single-molecule devices and new materials) through to applications (in, for example, nanomedicine and data storage).

The volume covers the preparation and analysis of model systems for biological electron microscopy. The volume has chapters about prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic systems that are used as so-called model organisms in modern cell biology. These systems include the most popular systems, such as budding and fission yeast, the roundworm C. elegans, the fly Drosophila, zebrafish, mouse, and Arabidopsis, but also organisms that are less frequently used in cell biology, such as Chlamydomonas, Dictyostelium, Trypanosoma, faltworms, Axolotl and others. In addition, tissues and tissue culture systems are also covered. These systems are used for very diverse areas of cell biology, such as cell division, abscission, intracellular transport, cytoskeletal organization, tissue regeneration and others. Moreover, this issue presents the currently most important methods for the preparation of biological specimens. This volume, however, is not a classic EM methods book. The methods are not the main focus of this issue. The main goal here is to cover the methods in the context of the specific requirements of specimen preparation for each model organism or systems. This will be the first compendium covering the various aspects of sample preparation of very diverse biological systems. - Covers the preparation and analysis of model systems for biological electron microscopy - Includes the most popular systems but also organisms that are less frequently used in cell biology - Presents the currently most important methods for the preparation of biological specimens - First compendium covering the various aspects of sample preparation of very diverse biological systems

The modern electron microscope, as a result of recent revolutionary developments and many evolutionary ones, now yields a wealth of quantitative knowledge pertaining to structure, dynamics, and function barely matched by any other single scientific instrument. It is also poised to contribute much new spatially-resolved and time-resolved insights of central importance in the exploration of most aspects of condensed matter, ranging from the physical to the biological sciences.Whereas in all conventional EM methods, imaging, diffraction, and chemical analyses have been conducted in a static — time-integrated — manner, now it has become possible to unite the time domain with the spatial one, thereby creating four-dimensional (4D) electron microscopy. This advance is based on the fundamental concept of timed, coherent single-electron packets, or electron pulses, which are liberated with femtosecond durations. Structural phase transitions, mechanical deformations, and the embryonic stages of melting and crystallization are examples of phenomena that can now be imaged in unprecedented structural detail with high spatial resolution, and ten orders of magnitude as fast as hitherto.No monograph in existence attempts to cover the revolutionary dimensions that EM in its various modes of operation nowadays makes possible. The authors of this book chart these developments, and also compare the merits of coherent electron waves with those of synchrotron radiation. They judge it prudent to recall some important basic procedural and theoretical aspects of imaging and diffraction so that the reader may better comprehend the significance of the new vistas and applications now afoot.This book is not a vade mecum — numerous other texts are available for the practitioner for that purpose. It is instead an in-depth exposé of the paradigm concepts and the developed techniques that can now be executed to gain new knowledge in the entire domain of biological and physical science, and in the four dimensions of space and time.

Structural genomics is the systematic determination of 3-D structures of proteins representative of the range of protein structure and function found in nature. The goal is to build a body of structural information that will predict the structure and potential function for almost any protein from knowledge of its coding sequence. This is essential information for understanding the functioning of the human proteome, the ensemble of tens of thousands of proteins specified by the human genome. While most structural biologists pursue structures of individual proteins or protein groups, specialists in structural genomics pursue structures of proteins on a genome wide scale. This implies large-scale cloning, expression and purification. One main advantage of this approach is economy of scale. - Examines the three dimensional structure of all proteins of a given organism, by experimental methods such as X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy - Looks at structural genomics as a foundation of drug discovery as discovering new medicines is becoming more challenging and the pharmaceutical industry is looking to new technologies to help in this mission

Emerging Topics in Physical Virology is a state-of-the-art account of recent advances in the experimental analysis and modeling of structure, function and dynamics of viruses. It is the first interdisciplinary book that integrates a review of relevant experimental techniques, such as cryo-electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and mass spectrometry with the latest results on the biophysical and mathematical modeling of viruses. The book comprehensively covers the structure and physical properties of the protein envelopes that encapsulate and hence protect the delicate viral genome, their assembly and disassembly, the organization of the viral genome, infection, evolution, as well as applications of viruses in Biomedical Nanotechnology. It is an essential primer for scientists working in all aspects of virology, including the increasing use of viruses and virus-like particles in bio- and nano-technology. Its review style makes it moreover suitable for non-experts as an introduction into this exciting research area.

This book deals with the quantitative (mensural) aspects of Electron Micrography (EM) [obtained by using both, Transmission (TEM) and Scanning (SEM) types] by applying Photogrammetric techniques. Starting with the fundamentals of both, TEM and SEM, it discusses at length the applicable Photogrammetric aspects, viz., instruments, coordinate systems, scale considerations, projective geometries, distortions, refinements of photo coordinates and self-calibration in EM systems. By combining data from both, TEM and SEM, procedures of extracting the best possible information are explored and discussed. Digital three-dimensional (3-D) data processing and displaying procedures are discussed at length. People using the EM technologies desirous of mensural information in fields like microbiology, virology, microelectronics, metallurgy and criminology will find the book very useful.

Title from PDF title page (viewed on Aug. 25, 2011).

During the 1950s, with the electron microscope fast becoming the characterisation tool par excellence for many scientific and engineering disciplines, the University of Sydney recognised that its academic community needed access to electron microscopy to do quality research. In 1958, in a bold move, the University established a centralised facility – the Electron Microscope Unit – comprising two support staff and the premier microscope of the day, the Siemens Elmiskop I. The Electron Microscope Unit was unique for its time and has since become a model for many advanced microscopy centres at other universities. During the past 50 years, the unit has supported a steadily growing amount and diversity of research, and has developed into an integral part of the University. Today, the Electron Microscope Unit has nearly 30 different microscopes and more than 45 staff members. This captivating book presents 50 great moments from the past five decades of the Electron Microscope Unit's activities. Blending history and science in an engaging style, 50 Great Moments tells the story of the unit's creation and profiles the key figures that have forged the facility into the success that it is today. The book looks at the instruments, events and achievements that have defined the unit's character and contributed so much to Australian microscopy and microanalysis. Finally, this volume explores some of the important research done by the scientists and engineers who have used the unit's advanced microscopes. This book makes a fascinating read for those with an interest in the historical development of Australian microscopy and microanalysis, and it will be an important reference for scholars studying the history of our nation's science.

Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die erstmalige, eindeutige, experimentelle Realisierung der magnetischen Austauschkraftmikroskopie (MAKM). Die MAKM basiert auf der Rasterkraftmikroskopie (hier im dynamischen Nichtkontaktmodus) und erlaubt die atomar aufgelöste, spinsensitive Abbildung von Oberflächen, unabhängig von deren elektrischer Leitfähigkeit, durch Messung der kurzreichweitigen magnetischen Austauschkräfte zwischen den Spins des vordersten Atoms der Messsonde und dem darunterliegenden Probenatom. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird das generelle Konzept der magnetischen Austauschkraftmikroskopie erklärt und es werden die experimentellen Anforderungen diskutiert. Außerdem wird ausführlich auf Techniken zur Präparation und Charakterisierung der verwendeten Messsonden und der Proben eingegangen. Die Messergebnisse werden im zweiten Teil der Arbeit vorgestellt. In einem Magnetfeld mit einer Flussdichte von 5 T wurden Messungen bei einer Temperatur von 8 K durchgeführt, bei denen mit Hilfe einer eisenbeschichteten Messsonde simultan die chemische (1×1)- und die magnetische (2×1)-Oberflächeneinheitszelle der (001)-Oberfläche des antiferromagnetischen Isolators NiO abgebildet werden konnte. Der magnetische Kontrast ist dabei sowohl im Topographie- als auch im Dissipationskanal sichtbar. In manchen der auf diese Weise gemessenen Bilder treten diskrete Änderungen im magnetischen Kontrast auf, die mit Umkonfigurationen des vordersten Spitzenendes erklärbar sind. Außerdem wurden mit nickel- bzw. gadoliniumbedampften Messsonden auf der NiO(001)-Oberfläche sowie mit eisenbedampften Messsonden auf der MnO(001)-Oberfläche Messungen im Magnetfeld durchgeführt, bei denen die atomar aufgelöste Abbildung der chemischen Einheitszelle gelang, eine magnetische Abbildung jedoch nicht möglich war. Bei weiteren Messungen wurde mittels atomar aufgelöster Rasterkraftspektroskopie mit einer nickelbeschichteten Messsonde ein Spektroskopiefeld aus 64×64 Kurven auf der NiO(001)-Oberfläche aufgenommen. Durch eine Optimierung der Messparameter und aufgrund der großen Stabilität des verwendeten Mikroskops gelang es, eine praktisch driftfreie Messung durchzuführen. Allerdings war es nicht möglich, in diesem Messmodus magnetische Auflösung zu erzielen. Jedoch konnten aus den Messdaten das Wechselwirkungspotential, die Kraft, sowie die dissipierte Energie zwischen Spitze und Probe mit hoher räumlicher Auflösung rekonstruiert werden. Bei der Analyse der Spektroskopiefelder lag das Hauptaugenmerk nicht wie üblich auf den Eigenschaften der Probe, sondern es wurde die Wechselwirkung der Spitze mit der symmetrischen (001)-Oberfläche der Probe ausgenutzt, um Aussagen bezüglich der Struktur und der Relaxationseffekte der vordersten Spitzenatome zu machen.

Recent advances in the imaging technique electron microscopy (EM) have improved the method, making it more reliable and rewarding, particularly in its description of three-dimensional detail. Cellular Electron Microscopy will help biologists from many disciplines understand modern EM and the value it might bring to their own work. The book's five sections deal with all major issues in EM of cells: specimen preparation, imaging in 3-D, imaging and understanding frozen-hydrated samples, labeling macromolecules, and analyzing EM data. Each chapter was written by scientists who are among the best in their field, and some chapters provide multiple points of view on the issues they discuss. Each section of the book is preceded by an introduction, which should help newcomers understand the subject. The book shows why many biologists believe that modern EM will forge the link between light microscopy of live cells and atomic resolution studies of isolated macromolecules, helping us toward the goal of an atomic resolution understanding of living systems. - Updates the numerous technological innovations that have improved the capabilities of electron microscopy - Provides timely coverage of the subject given the significant rise in the number of biologists using light microscopy to answer their questions and the natural limitations of this kind of imaging - Chapters include a balance of'how to','so what'and'where next', providing the reader with both practical information, which is necessary to use these methods, and a sense of where the field is going

Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics merges two long-running serials-Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics and Advances in Optical and Electron Microscopy. This series features extended articles on the physics of electron devices (especially semiconductor devices), particle optics at high and low energies, microlithography, image science and digital image processing, electromagnetic wave propagation, electron microscopy, and the computing methods used in all these domains.

Das vorliegende Buch widmet sich der video- und elektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchungen der Olefinpolymerisation mit trägerfixierten Katalysatorsystemen. Untersucht wurden sowohl klassische Ziegler-Katalysatoren als auch Metallocen-Katalysatoren, heterogenisiert auf porösem Fällungskieselgel (Silica). Die rasterelektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung der Katalysatorsysteme zeigt die meist sphärische Partikelmorphologie bei einem Korndurchmesser von ca. 70 µm. Mit Hilfe der Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie konnten die ca. 10 nm großen „Primärpartikel“, aus denen das Silica aufgebaut ist, abgebildet werden. Energieaufgelöste Röntgenspektroskopie diente zur Messung der teils inhomogenen Verteilung der Aktivkomponenten des Katalysatorsystems auf und im Volumen des Trägermaterials. Diese Informationen wurden mit dem Polymerisationsverhalten in Suspensions-, Gasphasen- und Massepolymerisationen verglichen. Um das Fragmentieren des Trägermaterials zu untersuchen, wurden Polymerisationen zu gezielten Zeitpunkten abgebrochen und die resultierenden Polymerproben elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Ergebnisse führten zu einem umfassenden polymer growth and particle expansion model, dessen zentrale Aussagen sind: Die Katalysatorpartikel sind als diskrete Mikroreaktoren zu betrachten. Die Polymerisation beginnt an den aktiven Zentren an der Oberfläche dieser Partikel, nachfolgend fragmentieren die hydraulischen Kräfte des gebildeten Polymers dann das Trägermaterial von außen nach innen fortschreitend. Nach diesem Abbau erfolgt eine Partikelexpansion auf das zehn- bis hunderttausendfache des Katalysatorvolumens. Mathematisch gelingt die Simulation durch Annahme einer sukzessiven schalenförmigen Fragmentierung des Katalysatorträgers. Die Gültigkeit des unter milden Modellbedingungen erarbeiteten polymer growth and particle expansion model auf Polymerisationen unter industriell üblichen deutlich drastischeren Polymerisationsbedingungen wird experimentell bewiesen. Die Anwendbarkeit des anhand von Metallocen-Katalysatoren entwickelten Modells auch auf die Polymerisation mit auf Silica geträgerten Ziegler-Katalysatoren wird belegt. Etablierte kinetische Untersuchungsmethoden messen stets das integrale Polymerisationsverhalten einer großen Anzahl von Partikeln. In der elektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchung zeigt sich aber teilweise ein sehr individuelles Fragmentierungsverhalten einzelner Katalysatorpartikel. Diese Diskrepanz führte zum Aufbau einer Pilotanlage zur in situ videomikroskopischen Analyse von Gasphasenpolymerisationen unter variablem Monomergasdruck als weiteren wichtigen Bestandteil dieser Arbeit. Herzstück der Anlage ist ein Fensterautoklav mit etwa 50 ml Volumen und einer Druckfestigkeit bis 160 bar. Der Fensterautoklav wird mit wenigen Mikrogramm Katalysator beladen und unter einen Lichtmikroskop mit hochauflösender CCD-Kamera positioniert. Das Anwachsen der einzelnen Katalysatorpartikel während der Polymerisation wird in einer Bildsequenz dokumentiert und mittels digitaler Bildverarbeitung ausgewertet. Man erhält die Polymerisationskinetik vieler individueller Polymerpartikel. Die Leistungsfähigkeit dieses innovativen Verfahrens zur mikrokinetischen Analyse der Polymerisationen von Einzelkörnern konnte anhand der Untersuchung eines breiten Spektrums von Katalysatorsystemen belegt werden. Das Verfahren erlaubt erstmals, die Auswertung der individuellen Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit einzelner Partikel und ist im Vergleich zu konventionellen, integralen Methoden wie der thermischen Massendurchflussmessung zur Messung des Monomergasverbrauchs um etwa 4 Zehnerpotenzen empfindlicher. Bedingt durch die hohe Empfindlichkeit, den geringen Katalysatorbedarf und eine prinzipiell auf weit über 50 Kanäle ausbaubare Parallelisierung bietet sich die Methode z. B. auch für die Katalysatoroptimierung mit Methoden der kombinatorischen Chemie an. Mit Hilfe der in situ Videomikroskopie konnte erstmals direkt gezeigt werden, dass das Verhalte

Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics merges two long-running serials-Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics and Advances in Optical and Electron Microscopy. This series features extended articles on the physics of electron devices (especially semiconductor devices), particle optics at high and low energies, microlithography, image science and digital image processing, electromagnetic wave propagation, electron microscopy, and the computing methods used in all these domains.

Der Sternrußtau (Schwarzfleckigkeit), Hauptfruchtform Diplocarpon rosae Wolf, (Nebenfruchtform Marssonina rosae), ist eine häufige und weit verbreitete Krankheit an Freilandrosen. Bisher war weder die Entwicklung des Pilzes im Blattgewebe geklärt, noch waren in der Literatur fotografische Aufnahmen zur endophytischen Pilzentwicklung zu finden. Die Bekämpfung des Pilzes wird überwiegend mit Fungiziden durchgeführt. Die Untersuchungen vorliegender Arbeit umfassen sowohl mikroskopische Studien zur exakten Ausbreitung des Erregers im Rosenblatt als auch die Wirkung unterschiedlicher Fungizide, insbesondere Strobilurine und Azole, auf pilzliche Strukturen. Zunächst wurde die Aggressivität verschiedener Isolate aus Kenia und Deutschland getestet. An einem deutschen Isolat konnte der Entwicklungszyklus von D. rosae mit verschiedenen Färbetechniken lichtmikroskopisch sowie nach konventioneller Präparation elektronenmikroskopisch studiert werden: Nach der Konidienkeimung entsteht eine Keimhyphe, von der aus meist ein Appressorium gebildet wird. Auf der Wirtskutikula zeigt sich dann an der Stelle der späteren Penetration ein brauner Ring, der vermutlich melanisiert ist. Nach der Penetration bildet sich in der subkutikulären Region ein Infektionsvesikel. Primäre Hyphen durchdringen von diesem Infektionsvesikel ausgehend subkutikuläre und interzelluläre Wirtsgewebezonen. Subkutikuläre, interzelluläre und intramurale Hyphen bilden in den epidermalen Zellen Haustorien unterschiedlicher Formen. Interzelluläre Hyphen produzieren ebenfalls Haustorien im Palisadenparenchym. Intrazelluläre Hyphen entstehen erst kurz vor der Bildung der Reproduktionsorgane. Braune, stark ornamentierte Strukturen werden vom Pilz auf den überwinternden Blättern gebildet. Diese öffnen sich im Frühjahr des Folgejahres und entlassen dünnwandige Organe. In diesen subepidermalen Apothezien-ähnlichen Strukturen entstehen aber keine Ascosporen. Strobilurine hemmten die Konidienkeimung vollständig, während Azole einen weniger starken Einfluss auf die Keimung hatten. Dagegen zerstörten die Azole alle Pilzstrukturen im Inneren des Gewebes, auch wenn sie sich bereits gut etabliert hatten. Diese Reaktion konnte bei Einsatz der Strobilurine nicht so deutlich beobachtet werden. Alle Fungizidtests zur protektiven und kurativen Wirkung wurden mit jeweils 100 ppm reinem Wirkstoff durchgeführt. Die Untersuchungen zeigten, dass D. rosae eine hemibiotrophe Lebensweise besitzt: die biotrophe Phase besteht aus der Haustorienbildung und die nekrotrophe Phase aus der Bildung interzellulärer Hyphen. Die deutschen Witterungsbedingungen eignen sich offenbar nicht für eine subepidermale Apothezienbildung. Strobilurine zeigten nur nach protektiver Applikation eine Wirkung. Azole wirkten sowohl bei prä- als auch bei post-inokulativer Behandlung.

The series bridges the gap between academic researchers and R&D designers by addressing and solving daily issues, which makes it essential reading.This volume looks at theory and it's application in a practical sense, with a full account of the methods used and realistic detailed application. The authors do this by examining the latest developments, historic illustrations and mathematical fundamentals of the exciting developments in imaging and electron physics and apply them to realistic practical situations.• Emphasizes broad and in depth article collaborations between world-renowned scientists in the field of image and electron physics• Presents theory and it's application in a practical sense, providing long awaited solutions and new findings• Provides the steps in finding answers for the highly debated questions

The subjects reviewed in the Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics series cover a broad range of themes including microscopy, electromagnetic fields and image coding. This volume concentrates on microscopy and pattern recognition and also electron physics. Several of these topics are covered in this volume, which opens with a long chapter of monograph stature on quantitative electron microscopy at the atomic resolution level by scientists from a well-known and very distinguished Antwerp University Laboratory. This is unique in that the statistical aspects are explored fully. This is followed by a contribution by A.M. Grigoryan and S.S. Again on transform-based image enhancement, covering both frequency-ordered systems and tensor approaches. The volume concludes with an account of the problems of image registration and ways of solving them by Maria Petrou of the University of Surrey; feature detection, related image transforms and quality measures are examined separately. The text bridges the gap between academic researchers and R&D designers by addressing and solving daily issues, which makes this book essential reading. - Emphasizes broad and in depth article collaborations between world-renowned scientists in the field of image and electron physics - Presents theory and it's application in a practical sense, providing long awaited solutions and new findings - Provides a comprehensive overview of international congress proceedings and associated publications, as source material

Fifty years ago solution chemistry occupied a major fraction of physical chemistry textbooks, and dealt mainly with classical thermodynamics, phase equilibria, and non-equilibrium phenomena, especially those related to electrochemistry. Much has happened in the intervening period, with tremendous advances in theory and the development of important new experimental techniques. This book brings the reader through the developments from classical macroscopic descriptions to more modern microscopic details.

This comprehensive reference illustrates optimal preparation methods in biological electron microscopy compared with common methodological problems. Not only will the basic methodologies of transmission electron microscopy like fixation, microtomy, and microscopy be presented, but the authors also endeavor to illustrate more specialized techniques such as negative staining, autoradiography, cytochemistry, immunoelectron microscopy, and computer-assisted image analysis. - Authored by the key leaders in the biological electron microscopy field - Illustrates both optimal and suboptimal or artifactual results in a variety of electron microscopy disciplines - Introduces students on how to read and interpret electron micrographs

Articles presented at a symposium held in Oxford on 18 September 1997.

The volumes in this series cover the progress and innovation in optical and electron microscopy at a fundamental level. It is aimed at microscopists and researchers not only interested in microscope instrumentation but also in applications ranging from biological techniques to materials research and industrial inspection.

Keine ausführliche Beschreibung für'Bildinterpretation in der Hochauflösungs-Elektronenmikroskopie'verfügbar.

This book provides an introduction to the fundamental concepts, techniques, and methods used for electron microscopy at high resolution in space, energy, and even in time. It delineates the theory of elastic scattering, which is most useful for spectroscopic and chemical analyses. There are also discussions of the theory and practice of image calculations, and applications of HRTEM to the study of solid surfaces, highly disordered materials, solid state chemistry, mineralogy, semiconductors and metals. Contributors include J. Cowley, J. Spence, P. Buseck, P. Self, and M.A. O'Keefe. Compiled by experts in the fields of geology, physics and chemistry, this comprehensive text will be the standard reference for years to come.

Acknowledged as the'founding father'of and world renowned expert on electron cyclotron resonance sources Richard Geller has produced a unique book devoted to the physics and technicalities of electron cyclotron resonance sources. Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources and ECR Plasmas provides a primer on electron cyclotron phenomena in ion sour

Three-Dimensional Electron Microscopy of Macromolecular Assemblies is the first systematic introduction to single-particle methods of reconstruction. It covers correlation alignment, classification, 3D reconstruction, restoration, and interpretation of the resulting 3D images in macromolecular assemblies. It will be an indispensable resource for newcomers to the field and for all using or adopting these methods.Key Features• Presents methods that offer an alternative to crystallographic techniques for molecules that cannot be crystallized• Describes methods that have been instrumental in exploring the three-dimensional structure of• the nuclear pore complex• the calcium release channel;• the ribosome• chaperonins

This text offers insight into the practical applications of microanalytical entomology in the laboratory and in the field of consumer protection. This is the only guide that gives an overview of the subject from initial analysis of a product to interpreting significance of final results. Complete insect illustrations throughout and an insect fragment identification discussion covers all pests that are found in foods. Micrographs illustrate a complete reference on identifying types of hair contaminants found in various foods. Chapters are written by practicing regulatory experts.

This book covers the fundamental principles of fluorescence and their application to fluorescence microscopy, and presents applications to immunofluorescence, in situ hybridization, and photomicrography. It provides troubleshooting guidance to guide the user through commonly encountered problems.

As a complement to The Beginnings of Electron Microscopy, Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics is pleased to present Volume 96, The Growth of Electron Microscopy. This comprehensive collection of articles surveys the accomplishments of various national groups that comprise the International Federation of Societies of Electron Microscopy (IFSEM).

One of the first books devoted entirely to the subject of Raman microscopy, Raman Microscopy addresses issues of great interest to engineers working in Raman-microscope development and researchers concerned with areas ofapplication for this science. The book is written by several world recognized experts, who summarize the Raman effect before discussing the hardware and software involved in todays instruments. This format provides an excellent introduction to this up-and-coming discipline. All important applications, including those in materials science and earth science are covered in depth. - Includes extensive description of the instrumentation, the Raman microspectrograph, the treatment of data, and micro-Raman imaging - Examines the use of Raman microscopy in diverse applications, including some of the hyphenated methods - Summarizes the Raman effect - Discusses new uses for this technology

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This book describes for the first time how Monte Carlo modeling methods can be applied to electron microscopy and microanalysis. Computer programs for two basic types of Monte Carlo simulation are developed from physical models of the electron scattering process--a single scattering program capable of high accuracy but requiring long computation times, and a plural scattering program which is less accurate but much more rapid. Optimized for use on personal computers, the programs provide a real time graphical display of the interaction. The programs are then used as the starting point for the development of programs aimed at studying particular effects in the electron microscope, including backscattering, secondary electron production, EBIC and cathodo-luminescence imaging, and X-ray microanalysis. The computer code is given in a fully annotated format so that it may be readily modified for specific problems. Throughout, the author includes numerous examples of how such applications can be used. Students and professionals using electron microscopes will want to read this important addition to the literature.