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Soil moisture plays an important role in the runoff process, and its evaluation can be used as a marker of flood risk or drought occurrence. The data is also required to validate the soil moisture component in a variety of soil types of hydrologic models before a possible flood event, and potentially improves the accuracy of their prediction. Keeping the above in view, enormous efforts have gone into measurement of soil moisture by in situ and remote sensing techniques using microwaves. The subject still remains an important point of investigation for it depends upon a number of parameters, for example, texture, topography and shows space and temporal variability. The advantages of both passive and active remote sensing techniques are discussed in detail. The book begins with the basics of soil physics and the soil moisture. Soil moisture measurement techniques presented are confined to microwave frequencies. A summary of theoretical models and a mix-up of experimental and theoretical details is included to offer a comparison. A special chapter is added on an upcoming technique of synthetic aperture radar. The book finally concludes with a summary of recent trends and techniques with a possible direction for future work. The book is primarily aimed to benefit postgraduates and researchers in the area of soil, agriculture physics and microwave remote sensing. The aim is to initiate beginners in the subject. The author will consider his efforts rewarded if it succeeds in such an endeavor.

This open access book is a proceeding of the International Conference on Urban Climate, Sustainability, and Urban Design in Mianyang (MYUCSUD). This work focuses on the latest thoughts, ideas, models, methods, solutions, and practices on urban climate mitigation and adaptation through sustainable planning and design, covering interdisciplinary topics in architecture, urban-rural planning, meteorology, building and construction engineering, material engineering, geographic sciences, public health, public administration, computer sciences, etc. This book can provide students and researchers from urban planning, urban design, urban meteorology, civil and construction engineering and urban governance with better understanding of urban climate sciences, innovative ideas, and tangible solutions.

The book provides information on the observational aspects of the severe storms through satellite, radar, aircraft, and ground based network of stations and these issues are discussed in the first part of the book consisting of 8 chapters. The numerical modelling and data assimilation techniques are discussed in the second part of the book aimed at development of Early Warning Systems (12 chapters) and finally the outlook of the severe storms in a changing climate scenario, their socio-economic impacts and policies for disaster mitigation are discussed in the third part of the book consisting of 6 chapters. This book is of great interest to atmospheric scientists and other researchers, practitioners, policy and decision makers, international institutions, governmental and non-governmental organizations, educators, as well as students.

This book seeks to showcase the ongoing challenges of water resource and its management through innovative and cutting-edge approaches (flooding and droughts and their respective impacts; spatial and urban planning; early warning systems; estimation of losses; water resource in the age of global climate change; risk communication; meteorology; integrated analysis; risk mitigation; infrastructures; nature-based management; watershed management; transport; legal assessment; vulnerability analysis; public participation; or case studies). In the face of current global changes, the availability and quality of water resources are under severe threat. Indeed, in all sectors related to water resource management, sustainable development is important for present and future generations. Indeed, multiple problems such as water shortage or flooding, as well as environmental pollution phenomena, are observed. This situation is further exacerbated by poor management practices and unsustainable extraction of water for various consumptive uses. Consequently, many regions around the world, particularly urban areas, are becoming water stressed and conflicts over access to water are becoming ever more common. To overcome the significant challenges fundamental to the management of water resources, cutting-edge knowledge, innovative approaches, and an in-depth understanding of the inherent scientific, economic, social, and environmental issues are imperative. Therefore, water resource management requires a clear understanding of the ongoing challenges and innovative approaches. The authors and editors believe that this book provides huge knowledge and data in the fields of water resource management, earth environmental sciences, humanities, and social sciences, which target a diverse range of readers, such as academics, scientists, students, environmentalists, meteorologists, urban planners, remote sensing, and GIS experts.

This book presents select proceedings of the International Conference on Water Resources, Ocean, and Environmental Engineering (ICWROEE 2024). It strives to promote an interdisciplinary approach to water management by taking various environmental factors into consideration. This book covers theoretical principles with real-world applications and equips readers with the knowledge and tools necessary to address the pressing challenges of water resources engineering in an era of increasing water scarcity and climate change. The book serves as an invaluable reference for researchers and professionals in the fields of water resources management, environmental engineering, and ocean engineering. It also inspires the next generation of water resource engineers to create sustainable solutions for the management and preservation of our most precious natural resource—water.

This open access book critically examines the policies and practices related to climate-related human mobility in Asia-Pacific and the legal and policy protection framework for climatically displaced migrants (CDMs) through an interdisciplinary human rights-based approach. While covering the policy and theoretical dimensions of mobility, it also evaluates the issue through empirical studies. The book illustrates how interdisciplinary rights-based approaches address and identify gaps in the protection framework for the region regarding dimensions of climate change displacement, migration, forced migration, susceptibility to climate change, and typology of climate change-induced displacement. Presenting multiple case scenarios, it recommends a legal mechanism based on human rights in a region brimming with variety and multiculturalism. Bringing together voices from the Asia-Pacific Academic Network on Disaster Displacement, the book examines issues that are immediately relevant in countries where they are living and working. In addition to academic perspective, the chapters also bring perspectives from positions held in national human rights institutions and government. They bring insight into lived experience and policy processes, seeking to avert, minimize, and address displacement, including through general disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation initiatives, as well as specific initiatives around emergency preparedness for response and planned relocation and resettlement. The chapters examine diverse forms of human mobility, including displacement, planned relocation, and forced immobility. The combination of studies focusing on both sudden onset and slower onset movement is also distinctive. With a thorough understanding of the interdisciplinary rights-based approaches to the issue, students, researchers, policymakers, administrators, and all those engaged in studying these topics can quickly evaluate and appreciate how the rights of CDMs are protected on a national, regional, and international level in Asia-Pacific.

An award-winning text introducing the latest operational hydrometeorological forecasting and warning techniques for flood, drought, reservoir, hydropower, irrigation, water supply and water pollution applications. Hydrometeorology: Forecasting and Applications is the latest edition of this award-winning book intended for practicing engineers and scientists. It also provides useful background for undergraduate and postgraduate courses in engineering, earth sciences, environmental sciences, geography, meteorology and hydrology. Operational examples include applications from the USA, UK, the Netherlands, Bangladesh and Nepal. Throughout, there is a focus on end-to-end warning systems, forecast uncertainty and risk-based and impact-based approaches. Hydrological forecasting topics include rainfall-runoff, flow routing, data assimilation, forecast verification and ensemble techniques. There are also updates to the text on weather radar, satellite precipitation estimates, hydrometry, low cost monitoring, numerical weather prediction, demand forecasting and dissemination of warnings, including the role of social media and citizen science. Applications include national and community based flood warning systems, flash flood guidance, famine and drought early warning systems, reservoir operations, and surface water, debris flow, ice jam, bathing water and harmful algal bloom alerts. Seasonal forecasting, land surface and global hydrological models are now discussed in more detail, including the opportunities from ‘Big Data'and artificial intelligence, and a new chapter discusses approaches to predicting the hydrological impacts of climate change. The extensive sets of references have been revised and updated. “There are few books that have ever attempted to discuss all aspects of hydrometeorology in one volume. This one does so.” From a review of the 1st edition in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Kevin Sene FRGS, FRMetS, CEng (MICE) is a scientist and writer with wide experience in flood risk management, water resources and hydrometeorology. His previous publications include books on flood warning, forecasting and emergency response and flash flood forecasting and warning (Springer, 2008, 2013).

This book explores the potential of big data, artificial intelligence (AI), and data analytics to address climate change and achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Furthermore, the book covers a wide range of related topics, including climate change data sources, big data analytics techniques, remote sensing, renewable energy, open data, public–private partnerships, ethical and legal issues, and case studies of successful applications. The book also discusses the challenges and opportunities presented by these technologies and provides insights into future research directions.In order to address climate change and achieve the SDGs, it is crucial to understand the complex interplay between climate and environmental factors. The use of big data, AI, and data analytics can play a vital role in this effort by providing the means to collect, process, and analyze vast amounts of environmental data. This book is an essential resource for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners interested in leveraging these technologies to tackle the pressing challenge of climate change and achieve the SDGs.

This book, through its 19 chapters, highlights success stories, research outputs and various government schemes and actions taken on groundwater recharge and rainwater harvesting in developing countries. The interventions are focused on resolving water crises through supply side interventions, improving water quality and addressing climate change impacts. The contributions from across the globe shows how these approaches have been successful in supplementing potable water supply, reducing the intensity of overexploitation of groundwater resources, better storm water management, intensifying treated grey water reuse, and improving groundwater quality and environmental flows. The chapters deal with a wide array of issues, from local-scale experimentation and management to government schemes adopted, community involvement, private sector engagement, addressing socio-economic issues and policy interventions. The book includes contributions made by researchers, government departments, civil societies, policymakers and practitioners from 15 Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and other developing countries, namely Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Chile, Colombia, Egypt, Guatemala, India, Jordan, Morocco, Nigeria, Palestine, Qatar, South Africa, Sri Lanka and Tunisia. The book places before the readers, the strives being undertaken in the Global South to address the sustainability of water resources and climate change adaptation through traditional and innovative methods to groundwater recharge, water harvesting and storage.

This book includes peer-reviewed articles from INCREASE 2023, Indonesia. It highlights research in the field of Radioscience, Equatorial Atmospheric Science and Environment organized by the Research Center for Climate and Atmosphere (PRIMA) of the National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN). The symposium aims to provide a scientific platform for students, teachers, and researchers to discuss ideas and current issues in the areas of atmosphere and ocean observation, and prediction, climate change, urban climate, and sustainable development, atmospheric chemistry and air quality, atmosphere-ocean interaction and climate variability, atmosphere and space interaction, paleoclimatology, cloud physics and its application, and atmospheric dynamics and hydrometeorology.

This book takes a comprehensive and forward-looking approach to urban resilience and climate change preparedness. It combines theoretical insights, practical case studies and innovative strategies to address the complex challenges cities face in an era of rapid urbanisation and changing climate patterns. It presents a fresh and innovative approach to addressing the intertwined challenges of urban resilience and climate change preparedness. What sets this book apart is its emphasis on forward-looking strategies, multidisciplinary insights and a comprehensive exploration of cutting-edge technologies and collaborative approaches. This book is likely to be diverse, encompassing professionals, academics, researchers, policymakers, practitioners, students and individuals interested in the fields of urban planning, environmental science, sustainability, climate change adaptation and related disciplines. The book aims to appeal to both experts in the field and those new to the subject, providing a valuable resource for different audiences.

This book provides important new and actionable tools for diverse cities and communities facing climate disasters to engage in risk assessment and green recovery. The on the ground perspective from case studies across the global south ensures a culturally inclusive perspective too often missing from the current dialogue. This book offers integrated, actionable and culturally inclusive risk management and green recovery conceptual frameworks and methodologies based on case studies from communities across the global south. Through its focus on flood disasters, this book provides an integrated approach to climate adaptation, green growth and mitigation that can unlock climate action and increase community resilience across the global south.This book is intended for university students, professionals, local governments, and policy decision makers.

This book includes the insights of a seminar that was held at IUAV University of Venice, on May 29th and 30th featuring 10 speakers. 8 speakers, 2 moderators, and 1 organizer from the seminar, plus 10 other authors contributed to this book. The writers'expertise spans from local climate adaptation planning, public policy analysis, climate and environmental finance, and climate adaptation advocacy to multi-risk analysis, GIS, disaster risk management, ecosystem services assessment, urban geography, art, and civic engagement. The book contents address adaptation and flood risk mitigation along the Science-Policy-Action path - both theoretical and operative perspectives are discussed. EU climate adaptation policy and finance, climate adaptation implementation, flood risk analysis, nature-based solutions, blue ecosystem services, regional adaptation planning, and critical infrastructure adaptation are the topics investigated in depth by the writers.

This book provides a state-of-the-art overview of the concepts and methodologies of data and modelling-driven hydrological analyses and their wide range of practical applications. The book is driven by the realisation that science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) concepts are essential in engineering hydrology to produce well-trained hydrologists. Such hydrologists will be equipped to face future societal challenges that require enhanced information and communication technology tools and integration of technical and non-technical areas. The book contains 12 chapters that introduce the principles of hydrological data analysis and highlight the current and emerging tools and techniques for analysing hydrologic data. The book describes the types of data typically used in hydrological analyses. It highlights the revolutionary technological advancements made toward hydrological data collection, including the use of drones and smartphones. The foremost objective of the book is to present the hydrological data analysis procedures. It explains the steps involved in data analysis for easy understanding of the reader, including students and professionals. This book presents case studies that demonstrate step-by-step procedures involved in typical analysis problems and may guide students and professionals in planning and executing steps to analyse the problem at hand. Case study examples will guide them to understand the intricacies of hydrological data analysis. It provides the readers with a complete package to enrich their understanding of the hydrological data analysis tools and techniques. Subsequently, as well-trained hydrologists, they could execute their learning to meet any specific grand challenge of the twenty-first century.

This book is based on the accepted papers for presentation at the 2nd MedGU Annual Meeting, Marrakesh 2022. It presents a series of newest research studies that are nowadays relevant mainly to Middle East, Mediterranean region, and Africa. It includes major subjects related to hydrology, hydrogeology, hydrogeochemistry including, but not limited to, isotope hydrology, groundwater models, water resources and systems, and related subjects. It also includes research studies on biogeochemistry which mainly focus on the interactions between life and the chemical cycles in the Earth system. Some case studies on geobiology and geoecology investigate the structure and function of geoecosystems, their components, and their environment. The book also presents major subjects related to atmospheric, oceanic, meteorology and climatic science with recent developments in the field. By cutting across these traditional subject boundaries, this book brings together the major elements that are important for understanding the weather, climate, water systems, and geoecosystems in these regions.

This book explores the interaction between climate change phenomena and the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum (SPAC), which inspects the crucial role of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in modifying the net ecosystem response towards the modified environment. Increasing concentration of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide) from massive deforestation, fossil fuel burning and rapid industrialization in the post-nineteenth century have led to adverse changes in our global climate system. The book evaluates the net impact of climate change on soil, plants and the atmosphere individually and in totality. Among the topics it covers are the impact of climate change on soil environment which encompasses soil processes, nutrient cycling, soil carbon sequestration, soil biota response and soil health management. Also included are the impact on plants with respect to the dry matter assimilation pattern, modification in resource use efficiency, rhizosphere interactions, management of biotic and abiotic stress factors, and regulatory mechanisms of biotic stress factors in modifying the net agroecosystem response towards climate change. Moreover, potential genetic engineering options for establishing C4 or Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in C3 plants, heat–drought stress on pollen biology, breeding ideotype, ecological indicators and crop simulation modelling are considered. Lastly, the impact on the atmosphere takes into account greenhouse gas measurements, mitigation options, eddy covariance measurement of greenhouse gasses, satellite-based monitoring, ecosystem services, abiotic stress management options, air pollution and atmospheric modelling. This book is a valuable resource for researchers, students and policymakers in understanding climate change impacts on interaction processes among the atmosphere, soil and plants from the local to regional scales.

This contributed volume is focused on SDG 3, 6, 7,9, 11, 15, and it covers extensive knowledge on damage and loss contexts of climate change in a developing country. India's vast landscape with its diversity of eco-geo-physiography, socio-cultural, and developmental settings, coupled with climate change and anthropogenic factors, makes it one of the most disaster-prone countries of the world and, thus, representing almost all the disasters and extreme events associated with climate change, variability, and weather phenomenon. Besides common hazards,such as heavy rainfall, floods, drought, cyclone and heat wave, secondary and composite disasters like forest fires and disease epidemics are also covered with case studies and examples. Cross-cutting aspects like infrastructure resilience, gender and social equity concerns, legal and assessment tools, and futuristic vision have been covered well in the book. Disaster risk reduction, preparedness, and resilienceas central themes of adaptation to climate change are presented through policy discussions, tools, and strategic analysis of past and recent lessons. This book is of common interest to a wider range of readers across policyplanning, academia, research, and professional practitioners having interest in adaptation, resilience building and sustainability in developing countries of the world. Though it is primarily a reference book, it can also serve as a textbook for university courses and professional trainings in climate change adaptation, disaster management, sustainability and strategic management studies.

This book focuses on cloud-based platforms, advanced programming, machine learning models and programming approaches to assess water and other natural resources, flood impact, land use land cover (LULC), global forest change, global forest canopy height and pantropical nation-level carbon stock, among other areas. Sustainable management of natural resources is urgently needed, given the immense anthropogenic pressure on the environment and the accelerated change in climatic conditions of the earth; therefore, the ability to monitor natural resources precisely and accurately is increasingly important. To meet this demand, new and advanced remote sensing tools and techniques are continually being developed to monitor and manage natural resources effectively. Remote sensing platforms use various sensors to record, measure and monitor even minor variations in the earth's surface features as well as atmospheric constituents. This book shows how environmental and ecological knowledge and satellite-based information can be effectively combined to address a wide array of current natural resource management needs. Each chapter covers the different aspects of a remote sensing approach to effectively monitor natural resources and provide a platform for decision making and policy. The book is a valuable resource for researchers, scientists, NGOs and academicians working on climate change, environmental sciences, agriculture engineering, remote sensing and GIS, natural resources management, hydrology, soil sciences, agricultural microbiology, plant pathology and agronomy.

This book provides a snapshot of the manifestations of the climate emergency in the Philippines from a wide array of disciplines including physical sciences, social sciences, arts and humanities, management, and law. Researchers and faculties at the University of the Philippines contributed to this compilation, where each chapter provides policymakers and the public a clear picture of why climate change must be confronted with a sense of urgency and near-desperation.Divided into three main parts, the first one zeroes in on climate-vulnerable sectors such as water, food and agriculture, health, and coastal communities in the Philippines to introduce readers to the current pressing impacts of the climate emergency. The second part presents case studies of local experiences from the country's three island regions, namely, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, and it situates the readers in different environments and contexts. The third part features transdisciplinary responses to the climate emergency, including salient challenges in relation to planning, financing, communication, and education. The concluding chapter highlights eight areas for action to tackle the climate emergency. Each chapter comes with an overview and a Summary for Policymakers, which provides clear guidance for action to be taken by both local and national policymakers.

This contributed volume offers a wide variety of cases exploring how humanity can adapt to a changing climate. The volume features a wide variety of contributions from geographers, primarily in India but with plenty of global cases to provide a broad comparative perspective. A primary goal of this book is to bridge the gap from conceptual and data-driven analysis of climate change and adaptation to practical planning approaches and strategies. The book compiles contributions that address human well-being and environmental effects related to climate change, including analysis and modelling of ecosystem services, socio-ecological research and sustainable governance of ecosystems. Results reported in this book are conducive to a better understanding of the climate emergency, climate-related impacts and adaptation and mitigation strategies. The cases here also provide researchers with new examples of applications of vulnerability assessment methods. The volume offers insights regardingvulnerable areas in India, an exploration of how some regions have coped with these issues, and a discussion of the impacts that public policy has had on vulnerability in the regions studied. The focus on vulnerability will assist decision-makers in and outside India in targeting policies aimed at poverty reduction in agricultural communities as well. Though the cases here primarily focus on India, the methodologies presented here are transferable to many other parts of the world.

This book offers perspective on climate change impacts on developing nations from scholars within those nations, primarily focusing on agriculture. Throughout three parts containing a total of over twenty chapters from scholars in developing countries, it aims to offer guidelines for researchers, policymakers, and farmers themselves on how developing countries can achieve sustainable food security and continue development on a sustainable basis.Part I covers climate change concepts and issues for developing countries; Part II offers chapters dealing with social issues surrounding climate change and agriculture; Part III addresses practical policies that can be implemented to work toward achieving the goals described above. Agriculture is a key sector in developing countries in terms of economic growth and social well-being. Adapting and building resilience to climate change means increasing agricultural productivity and incomes and reducing greenhouse gases emissions. This volume represents an effort toward collecting knowledge on the technical, policy and investment measures to achieve sustainable agricultural growth in the sectors of grain, fruit, vegetable, fiber, feed, livestock, fisheries and forest under climate change in one place.

This book provides a basic understanding and state-of-the-art of urban metabolism. Urban centres are increasingly challenged by population increase and the resultant environmental concerns including the urban sprawl and climate change. Different patterns of urbanization contribute to the changing climate via. differences in their urban metabolism represented by energy and matter. Urban metabolic studies in terms of energy and material inflows, outflows, and stocks can be associated with traditional evaluation techniques to help assess the magnitude and potential effects of variety of environmental challenges the world is facing today. Urban centres are critical real time observatories that indicate the impact anthropogenic activities have on global biogeochemical cycles. Urban processes have significant and lasting impacts on the global carbon budget. The technological and infrastructural advancements have fuelled an increase in urban inputs and outputs of material and energy. Therefore, more sustainable approaches need to be adopted in changing scenarios for urban planning, particularly for sustainable resource utilization and better waste management practices. The book emphasises on the sustainability in urban metabolism, sustainable urban planning, ecosystem services, and disaster resilience to provide an interdisciplinary understanding of urban metabolism. The book also identifies an urgent need to develop new methodological approaches for real time and reliable evaluation of urban metabolism.

The Trans-Himalayan region of Ladakh has witnessed important changes linked to its geo-strategic importance, the rapid development of means of communication with other parts of India, socio-economic transformation processes and the effects of climate change. The sixteen chapters document these key changes, ranging from melting glaciers and extreme weather events to the exponential increase in infrastructure, tourist and military activities. The book examines the impact these changes are having on the environment and on the socio-economics and identity of Ladakhi communities. The book also attempts to evaluate the likely direction of future changes, identify some of the main environmental challenges faced by Ladakh in the 21st century, and provide perspectives for sustainable development of the high mountain region.

This book provides detailed information on the impact of climate change on gastrointestinal and liver health and disease patterns on the African continent. It also discusses the adaptation measures required to mitigate these impacts and highlights the complex interplay between climate change and various forms of gut diseases, ranging from the spread of infectious diseases to emerging parasites. This volume is intended for both public health researchers, climate epidemiologists, gastroenterologists, hapatologists, and tropical medicine physicians seeking to develop a comprehensive understanding of the links between climate change and disease patterns in Africa. The ideas and findings covered in this book contribute to UN Sustainable Development Goal 3: Good Health and Well-Being and SDG 13: Climate Action.

This book summarizes contemporary research on land degradation, desertification, and how such issues relate to socioeconomic growth in developing countries. With a focus on local and regional levels, the book offers an in-depth analysis of aeolian action as a physical process, causes of land degradation, and desertification. The causes and effects of land degradation were investigated by utilizing multiscale and multidisciplinary methodologies, merging spatial socioeconomic data with remote sensing data, and using multiple levels and disciplinary approaches. The book also describes how to combine GIS with cutting-edge technologies such as remote sensing, geostatistics, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDAX) analysis, and analytical hierarchy approaches, among others. Included is a thorough case study of the unusual but understudied semi-arid Anantapur district in Andhra Pradesh, South India. This book encourages the participation of all socioeconomic groups in decision-making and assists authorities and planners in developing suitable plans for the sustainable agricultural growth of an area. The book is an invaluable resource to comprehend and resolve issues about sustainable environmental planning and management.

This book gives a general overview on current research focusing on geoenvironmental issues and challenges in hydrogeosciences in the Middle East and Mediterranean region and surrounding areas. The book is based on the accepted papers for oral/poster presentations at the 3rd Springer Conference of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (CAJG-3). Studies discuss the latest advances in geoenvironmental and hydrogeosciences from diverse backgrounds including climate change, geoecology, biogeochemistry, water resources management, and environmental monitoring and assessment. It shares insights on how the understanding of ecological, climatological, oceanic, and hydrological processes is the key for improving practices in environment management. It is of interest to scientists, engineers, practitioners, and policymakers in the field of environmental sciences including climatology, oceanography, ecology, biogeochemistry, environmental management, hydrology, hydrogeology, and geosciences in general. In particular, this book is of great value to students and environment-related professionals for further investigations on the state of earth systems.

According to UN estimates, approximately nearly half of the world's population now lives in cities and that figure is expected to rise to almost 70% by 2050. Cities now account for around 70% of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions, and this percentage is predicted to rise in the near future as a result of projected increases in global urbanization patterns. It is widely acknowledged that irrational urban planning and design can increase emissions while also exacerbating threats and risks, resulting in a slew of environmental issues such as urban heat islands, air pollution, flooding, amongst other issues, as well as environmental, social, and economic losses. Therefore, these concerns must be addressed promptly in order to cope up with these rising difficulties and make urban environments safer for residents. With the advancement of remote sensing technology and the use of current remote observation systems, urban data science, remote sensing, and artificialintelligence (AI), modeling and quantifying emergent difficulties in urban regions and urban systems have become easy. They aid in the quantitative analysis of urban shape, functions, and human behavior in cities. Harvesting data, developing models, and suggesting new methodologies will be aided by combining urban ecology with new breakthroughs in data science. This book is of great value to a diverse group of academicians, scientists, students, environmentalists, meteorologists, urban planners, remote sensing and GIS experts with a common interest in geospatial sciences within the earth environmental sciences, as well as human and social sciences.

This collection of articles captures and disseminates contemporary perspectives on climate change from an Indian context. Starting with an argument on a new climate deal which highlights the importance of policies and regulations within the climate change debate, some of India's best-known geologists, meteorologists, climate scientists and archaeologists have put forward their concerns and convictions in this collection. The book covers articles on climate change scenarios, impacts, policies, regulations and protocols as well as geopolitical and geoeconomics implications of climate change over the Indian sub-continent including climatogenic vulnerability analyses of sea level rise (SLR) and crop production assessment. The geological perspectives of climate change over the Indian sub-continent are covered, along with highlighted climate impacts on the chemical weathering and maturity of sediments as well as on the manganese mineralisation in manganiferous quartzitein the Boringpadar-Amath area. The evolution of the monsoon, the most significant event of tropical belt is addressed through lake's and river's sediments, assessing the anthropogenic influences. Climatic conditions reconstructed through Quaternary alluvial sediments as proxy indicator of past climatic conditions over the Indian sub-continent are presented. There is also a separate chapter on the role of cosmic radio nuclide in paleoclimatic reconstructions. The inter-relation of climate change and tectonics over the Indian sub-continent is also covered, while the geopolitics on the conflicts of climate change have been discussed in the larger perspective of the South-Asian region.

This book explores global implications of human activities that trigger changes in climate and the appropriate scientific, adaptive, and sustainable approaches as a proven information tool. It reveals that the ecological, social, and economic dynamics of the changing earth encompasses huge uncertainties coupled with its ability to be linked to other forms of global change. From a scientific perspective, multiple efforts are expedient to integrate the many aspects of global changes. Increases in science and technology have afforded nations the ability to plan for the future by investing in adaptive and mitigative measures to monitor present and future changes. Just as the climatic and ecological impacts of climate change are unequally distributed, so is the adaptive capacity to cope with these impacts in different nations. Considering that wealth, infrastructure, and political stability all contribute to a nation's capacity to anticipate and respond to change. So, global South nations who are disadvantaged in these areas are faced with more inequalities and more unique adaptive strategies. There is need for increased aggregate efforts and interaction between scientists, stakeholders, and policy makers to improve both decision-making and global change in science. Scientists and researchers need to work on expanding the range of polices that are proposed, debated, and implemented. This way, novelty, new ideas and methodologies are infused into the society. At this point of multiple climate footprints, there is an immense need to explore all ideas evaluating their possibilities in presenting alternative futures, developing alternative policies, and adaptive options to solve the intractable ecological footprints of climate change.

This book highlights latest research advance in the field of Radioscience, Equatorial Atmospheric Science and Environment as part of the International Symposium for Equatorial Atmosphere celebrating the 21st Anniversary of the Equatorial Atmosphere Radar (EAR), organized by Research Center for Climate and Atmosphere (PRIMA) of National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN). The symposium provides a scientific platform for researchers and professionals to discuss ideas and current issues as well as to design the solutions in the areas of space science, ocean science, atmospheric science,, environmental science, material science, and other related disciplines.

This book presents state-of-the-art techniques on radon (222Rn) in the environment, including measurement techniques in air, soil and water and its potential applications to various hydrological investigations, especially for water resources development and management. The future directions of its use are also discussed.As a radon tracer can be used to solve hydrological issues, the highlights of this book are useful for stakeholders to achieve UN Sustainable Development Goal 6, which addresses the sustainability of water resources. The most relevant target audiences are hydrologists, hydrogeologists, geologists, environmental scientists, nuclear physicists, hydraulic engineers and academicians, among others. This book also covers health implications of radon and mitigation strategies, thus creating a valuable resource for health physicists working on environmental radiation safety as well.

Earth's climate varies even without human influence but the acceleration in the changing pattern with cause and effect by/to the civilisation is a matter of concern to scientists. These patterns are lessons to understand future trends and ways and means for mitigation. The extreme weather events in almost every region of the globe involving excessive loss of human life and property are causing anxiety in society and posing challenges before scientists and planners. Cyclical variations in the Earth's climate occur at multiple time scales, from years to decades, centuries, and millennia. Cycles at each scale are caused by a variety of physical mechanisms. In the last 65 Ma only, there have been several cycles of glacial advances and retreat, with the abrupt end of the last ice age about 11,700 years ago marking the beginning of the modern climate era and human civilization. A multidisciplinary approach in studying the Earth's changing climate will provide a holistic view and guide us infuture planning and programming.

This book collects research papers on the economic and social impact of earth sciences. It covers topics related to weather forecasting, climate modelling, monsoon variability, air pollution, heat and cold wave, deep sea mineral and living resources, ocean state monitoring, tsunami and earthquake monitoring, desalination, coastal research, etc. The book focuses on the activities of the Ministry of Earth Sciences, India, in promoting the societal and economic impacts of earth science research in a simple language and in the form of stories and case studies, so that people with basic science degree can understand them.

This volume teaches readers how to sort through the vast mountain of climate and environmental science data to extract actionable insights. With the advancements in sensing technology, we now observe petabytes of data related to climate and the environment. While the volume of data is impressive, collecting big data for the sake of data alone proves to be of limited utility. Instead, our quest is for actionable data that can drive tangible actions and meaningful impact.Yet, unearthing actionable insights from the accumulated big data and delivering them to global stakeholders remains a burgeoning field. Although traditional data mining struggles to keep pace with data accumulation, scientific evolution has spurred the emergence of new technologies like numeric modeling and machine learning. These cutting-edge tools are now tackling grand challenges in climate and the environment, from forecasting extreme climate events and enhancing environmental productivity to monitoringgreenhouse gas emissions, fostering smart environmental solutions, and understanding aerosols. Additionally, they model environmental-human interactions, inform policy, and steer markets towards a healthier and more environment-friendly direction.While there's no universal solution to address all these formidable tasks, this book takes us on a guided journey through three sections, enriched with chapters from domain scientists. Part I defines actionable science and explores what truly renders data actionable. Part II showcases compelling case studies and practical use scenarios, illustrating these principles in action. Finally, Part III provides an insightful glimpse into the future of actionable science, focusing on the pressing climate and environmental issues we must confront.Embark on this illuminating voyage with us, where big data meets practical research, and discover how our collective efforts move us closer to a sustainable and thriving future. This book is an invitation to unlock the mysteries of our environment, transforming data into decisive action for generations to come.

This book aims to cover most subject areas of green infrastructure such as components, multi-functionality, and integration to build environment, contribution to urban sustainability, sustainable and smart city development, urban climate change nexus, green buildings and rating systems, economic assessment, and quantification of green infrastructure. The impending climate crisis, as well as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, has highlighted the importance of green infrastructure in and around cities, prompting a call for more functional and sustainable urban planning and design. A number of recent studies have shown that green infrastructure provides a wide range of ecosystem functions and services critical to human well-being and urban sustainability, which is especially important during climatic and health crises. In this book, the authors emphasize the importance of existing green infrastructure in coping with climate change-induced stresses, such as increasing climate variability and extreme temperature and precipitation events, as well as contributing to urban dwellers'physical and mental health. Green infrastructure, in both cases, plays a significant role in providing urban areas with resilience capacity, which is critical to urban sustainability. The authors also emphasize the importance of expanding and improving green infrastructure, particularly in vulnerable areas, through integrative and participatory processes.Appropriate integration of green-gray infrastructure and development of climate resilient cities is the core theme of this publication. Further, it emphasizes sustainable development which has become an imperative requirement to the world to move fore and climate change-built environment nexus, the most critical global crisis. Though several books were published globally on the green infrastructure and urban resilience individually, books are rarely published combining both disciplines. This book identifies and addresses the gap through comprehensively discussing on both interlinked areas which is essential for the sustainable urban development. Further, it explores on urban climate resilience, urban sprawl, urbanization, resilience drivers, essentials of city resilience, policy implications, challenges, and future perspectives. This book is a useful fundamental guide in practical applications of green infrastructure in built environment in sustainability context. Further, it enlightens on the significance of transforming the conventional building construction trend to sustainable urban planning designs and building development, exploring on the strategic pathway on building urban climate resilience while signifying the importance of healthy built environment through discussing on the nexus between climate change and built environment.

The objective of the present edited book is to encompass studies from both developed and developing countries of Asia, Africa Europe, and Americas, to understand and present a comparative scenario of the climate change and other environmental determinants of health and disease in geographically diversified countries. Environment and health perspective dates back to Hippocrates treatise written 400 B.C.E. In his book On Airs, Waters and Places, Hippocrates described diseases as associated with environmental conditions, “Whoever wishes to investigate medicine properly, should proceed thus: in the first place to consider the seasons of the year, and what effects each of them produces for they are not at all alike, but differ much from themselves in regard to their changes. Then the winds, the hot and the cold, especially such as are common to all countries, and then such as are peculiar to each locality. We must also consider the qualities of the waters, for as they differ fromone another in taste and weight, so also do they differ much in their qualities. In the same manner, when one comes into a city to which he is a stranger, he ought to consider its situation, how it lies as to the winds and the rising of the sun; for its influence is not the same whether it lies to the north or the south, to the rising or to the setting sun”.There has been a greater emphasis in the last four decades on understanding environmental factors which affect human health, after United Nations established Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988 aimed at to evaluate research on changing environmental condition, particularly climate change and its impacts on human wellbeing, including human health, as consequences of extreme heat waves conditions, sea level rise, forced migration, air pollution, droughts, and wildfires. From these studies, risk levels of vulnerable populations and regions can be assessed and level of resilience of healthcare infrastructure that may be used in environmental health policy and equity of these countries.

This book describes the history, development, current status of numerical weather prediction (NWP), in both operational and research modes, and various applications of NWP models, which have been made by the scientists in East Asian countries. In particular, it introduces the major contributions to the worldwide NWP community achieved by East Asian scientists, including parameterizations, data assimilation techniques, parameter optimizations, and applications of the NWP models to improve the forecasts of high-impact weather systems in East Asia. This book provides both research scientists and graduate students with basic knowledge and insights on the development of NWP in East Asia.

This book explores how human civilization has contributed to changes in the Anthropocene, an era that marks a fundamental change in the way mankind has interacted with the Earth system. It examines the 21st century in the context of human development of water infrastructures, climate change impacts on freshwater resources, groundwater depletion, rising population, land use change, extreme events (droughts, floods, and wildfires). The implications of climate change impacts on environmental assets and the global water cycle are also highlighted. The book takes a pragmatically trans-disciplinary and holistic approach to the discussion of these issues, and the Earth system in the Anthropocene, drawing from a plethora of case studies. The capabilities of machine learning tools in satellite hydrology applications have been demonstrated as well as the feasibility of remote sensing data and innovative geospatial tools in environmental assessment. The book further showcases the multiple strengths and potential of new multi-disciplinary satellite radar programmes and geodetic missions, to measure and characterize extreme events, and their links to global climate, as well as in remote sensing of the environment. The aim is to provide innovative tools and a scientific framework that underpin our fundamental understanding of environmental systems, and the complexities of socio-hydrological systems in the Anthropocene. Policy issues have also been raised as an important aspect that can strengthen the management and administration of water resources, particularly in emerging economies where observational data is often lacking, limited, or difficult to access. It also highlights the lessons learned from freshwater hotspots (e.g., Lake Chad and Lake Urmia) where prolonged droughts and human activities have led to a permanent loss of surface water. It identifies the role of institutions and stakeholders in driving policies that underpins water management and climate changeadaptation. The book articulates the novel applications of remote sensing tools as part of a monitoring framework that can alert stakeholders and the public sector to the dangers of mismanagement of freshwater in these hotspots and help facilitate water governance approaches. The book fills a critical gap in the multi-disciplinary aspect of planetary science, particularly in understanding the impacts of climate change and human actions on freshwater resources, as well as the stability of the Earth system.

This book is a comprehensive resource on lightning and describes the unique roles which the state of Arizona has with regard to lightning. Not only is it spectacular, it is also admired, feared, and misunderstood, but its knowledge has come of age in the last two decades.This book describes why Arizona can be called the “Lightning Photography Capital of the U.S.”, how the general public and Native Americans in Arizona have viewed lightning, and when and where lightning occurs and impacts people and resources in Arizona. It contains summaries of interviews with current and former University of Arizona staff who invented real-time lightning detection in the late 1970s and how subsequent lightning research in Arizona has been globally significant. The authors are very well acquainted with and up to date on these topics. The style of this book is active and somewhat scholarly but readable by the nonprofessional with a general interest in lightning.What is lightning? How does lightning affect Arizona? Why do photographers come to Arizona for lightning photographs? What is unique about Arizona lightning? How is lightning detected in Arizona and around the world? This book tells you answers to these questions.This book is intended for a broad audience comprised of visitors, interested lay public, a variety of scientific disciplines, media, medicine, lightning safety, and fire weather. It is suitable for readers desiring a general overview of lightning, especially in Arizona, but also for those who want to know specifically about the topic.

This volume analyzes ecological and socio-economic risks due to climate change in the Himalayan mountain ecosystems, communities, and proposes adaptation strategies and sustainability practices. In order to better understand the potential actions required to improve natural resource conservation and the development of mountain people's livelihoods. The authors discuss the current status of local knowledge system on various environmental aspects of conservation and sustainable use of mountain resources in the Himalaya. The book addresses the institutional capacities, gaps, and priority areas of capacity building to strengthen policies and governance in regard to climate change, landuse management, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable management in the Himalayan region. The aim of this book is to enhance coordination building among policymakers, planners, mountain communities to foster collaboration between different stakeholders by understanding local perceptions of climate change as well as variability issues, and establishing adaptation strategies to cope with these impacts. The chapters incorporate theoretical and applied aspects, and may serve as baseline information for the sustainability of mountain ecosystems through the contribution of multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary expertise from the Himalayan region. The book will be useful for students, teachers, and researchers working in different areas pertaining to mountain ecosystems, as well as policymakers and planners working on issues related to the sustainability of the mountain ecosystem.

Renewable-energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources that are naturally replenished on a human timescale. Renewable-energy includes sources such as sunlight, tides, waves, wind, rain, and geothermal heat. According to BP's-2018 Energy Outlook (EO), renewable energy will be the fastest growing source of energy, increasing fivefold by 2040 thus providing around 14% of global primary energy at this future point. On the other hand, climate change is bringing about rising temperatures, which have significant negative impacts on humans and the environment, and transitioning to renewable energy sources, such as biofuels, can help meet this challenge. Transitioning to renewable energy, and reducing reliance on fossil fuels, is one way to help slow down the effects of climate change. While renewables used to be a more expensive option, new clean energy technologies are lowering costs and helping to move economies away from fossil fuels. The 1st International Conferenceon Climate Change and Ocean Renewable Energy (CCORE 2022), is a virtual conference held from November 4-7, 2022, presenting experiences and ideas through research talks and presentations from diverse fields in climate change and ocean renewable energy. This event offers a platform in bringing together a forum for students, postdocs and established scientists to exchange their ideas and contribute to an integrative approach to climate change and ocean renewable energy.

How is a changing climate affecting hurricanes, and how are these changes intersecting with our changing exposure and vulnerability in ways that affect tropical cyclone risk? Crucially, how should this understanding be incorporated into risk management practice? This book takes a cross-sectoral look at how damaging tropical cyclone characteristics are changing and presents novel approaches to integrate science with risk assessment. In this new era of tropical cyclone impacts, understanding effective risk management practice in a changing climate is more important than ever.This book details the outcomes of new research focusing on climate risk related to hurricanes in a changing climate. Topics include characteristics of tropical cyclone risk, perspectives on hurricane risk management strategies in the built environment, and implications for commercial risk. Inspired by the Symposium on Hurricane Risk in a Changing Climate, this book brings together leading international academics and researchers, and provides a source reference for both risk managers and climate scientists for research on the interface between tropical cyclones, climate, and risk.8 chapters are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

This volume discusses climate change impacts on groundwater quality in arid and semi-arid regions, and provides human health risk assessments due to pollution of surface and groundwater. The book presents recent trends in monitoring groundwater management and implementing pollution mitigation strategies, including practices involving remote sensing and GIS techniques, entropy water quality index, weighted arithmetic water quality index, fuzzy logic applications, and improved irrigation methods. The book also outlines hydrological processes in arid and semi-arid regions and hydrochemical properties of surface and groundwater as a necessary background for understanding how pollution impacts groundwater quality and resources, and how geographical modeling of hydrological processes can aid in human health risk assessments. The book is intended for academics, administrators, policymakers, social scientists, and professionals involved in the various aspectsof climate change impact on groundwater quality, hydrological process, pollution mitigation strategies, sustainable development, and environmental planning and management.

This book covers the landscape, geography and environment of the Sierra Nevada in Spain. The Sierra Nevada hosted the last glaciers in southern Europe. Today, it is one of the most important centers of plant diversity in the western Mediterranean and one of the most outstanding in Europe. This massif has ideal conditions to analyze past environments as well as the effects of global change on ecosystems. This can be seen in the large number of projects that are being conducted within the umbrella of the Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory. This book summarizes all the scientific knowledge available about this massif, from the geomorphological and ecological perspectives to the recent spatial adaptive management and Open Science initiatives. Focusing on the very sensitive mountain environment of Sierra Nevada, the book intends to be a reference for many people interested in mountain processes. The audience would include scientists from all disciplines, but it would also target on an audience beyond the academia (territorial managers, environmentalists, mountaineers, politicians, technicians, etc.).

This edited book gives a general overview on current research, focusing on geoenvironmental issues and challenges in hydrogeosciences in model regions in Asia, Europe, and America, with a focus on the Middle East and Mediterranean region and surrounding areas. This proceedings book is based on the accepted papers for oral/poster presentations at the 2nd Springer Conference of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (CAJG-2), Tunisia 2019. It offers a broad range of recent studies that discuss the latest advances in geoenvironmental and hydrogeosciences from diverse backgrounds including climate change, geoecology, biogeochemistry, water resources management, and environmental monitoring and assessment. It shares insights on how the understanding of ecological, climatological, oceanic and hydrological processes is the key for improving practices in environment management, including the eco-responsibility, scientific integrity, and social and ethical dimensions. It is of interest to scientists, engineers, practitioners, and policymakers in the field of environmental sciences including climatology, oceanography, ecology, biogeochemistry, environmental management, hydrology, hydrogeology, and geosciences in general. In particular, this book is of great value to students and environment-related professionals for further investigations on the state of Earth systems.

South Florida continues to attract new residents despite its susceptibility to sea-level rise. This book explores the views of real estate agent with respect to how prospective homebuyers assess the risk of flooding. It reports on their observations as to whether house prices are stagnant or falling in coastal areas vulnerable to flooding, and their conclusions after working with prospective homebuyers as to whether coastal south Florida is a good place to find a home or, alternatively, a risky investment in a place that will eventually be submerged by rising seas. The book reports on a 2020 survey of real estate agents and concludes that it is not clear that the housing market has integrated flood risk either into reduced demand for housing or in reduced prices for houses susceptible to flooding. These conclusions have important implications for understanding how the risks of climate change and sea-level rise are reflected in the housing market both now and in the near-term future.

This book provides the world community with the most up-to-date and comprehensive scientific and technical knowledge based on climate change impact assessment, adaptation and mitigation strategies in the Indian Himalayan region. It identifies major issues related to climate change on environmental sustainability, focusing on impact measurement, policy, adaptation and mitigation strategies at national, regional and local scales. There is a need to strengthen the global response in order to cope with the threat of climate change. The main objective of this book is to update the understanding of scientific analysis and to promote evidence-based policy formulation at regional and local levels. This book on climate change is used as a reference material to climate change for new learners interested in the mountainous region of the Indian Himalayas. This comprehensive book covers a wide range of potential research areas including climate change scenarios, science and its applications, adaptation to climate change theory and assessment, water resources, agriculture, human health, forest, biodiversity, ecosystems, indigenous knowledge, etc.

This open access book focuses on an issue only marginally tackled by this literature: the still existing gap between adaptation science and modelling and the possibility to effectively access and exploit the information produced by policy making at different levels, international, national and local. To do so, the book presents the proceedings of a high-level expert workshop on adaptation modelling, integrated with main results from the “Study on Adaptation Modelling” (SAM-PS) commissioned by the European Commission's Directorate-General for Climate Action (DG CLIMA) and implemented by the CMCC Foundation – Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change, in collaboration with the Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), Deltares, and Paul Watkiss Associates (PWA).What is the latest development in adaptation modelling? Which tools and information are available for adaptation assessment? How much are they practically usable by the policy community? How their uptake by practitioners can be improved? What are the major research gaps in adaptation modelling that needs to be covered in the next future? How? This book addresses these questions presenting the results of a study on adaptation modelling commissioned by the European Commission's Directorate-General for Climate Action (DG CLIMA) enriched by the outcomes of a high-level expert workshop on adaptation also part of the research. This book aspires to provide a useful support to academics, policy makers and practitioners in the field of adaptation to orient them in the expanding adaptation modelling assessment literature and suggest practical ways for its application. This book, mainly addressed to academics, policy makers and practitioners in the field of adaptation, aims to providing orientation in the large and expanding methodological/quantitative literature, presenting novelties, guiding in the practical application of adaptation assessments and suggesting lines for future research. This open access book focuses on an issue only marginally tackled by this literature: the still existing gap between adaptation science and modelling and the possibility to effectively access and exploit the information produced by policy making at different levels, international, national and local. To do so, the book presents the proceedings of a high-level expert workshop on adaptation modelling, integrated with main results from the “Study on Adaptation Modelling” (SAM-PS) commissioned by the European Commission's Directorate-General for Climate Action (DG CLIMA) and implemented by the CMCC Foundation – Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change, in collaboration with the Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), Deltares, and Paul Watkiss Associates (PWA).

This book highlights several opportunities that exist in satellite remote sensing of large-scale terrestrial hydrology. It lays bare the novel concept of remote sensing hydrology and demonstrates key applications of advance satellite technology and new methods in advancing our fundamental understanding of environmental systems. This includes, using state-of-the-art satellite hydrology missions like the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment and other multi-mission satellite systems as important tools that underpin water resources planning and accounting. This book discusses and demonstrates how the efficacy, simplicity, and sophistication in novel computing platforms for big earth observation data can help facilitate environmental monitoring and improve contemporary understanding of climate change impacts on freshwater resources. It also provides opportunities for practitioners and relevant government agencies to leverage satellite-based information in a transdisciplinary context to address several environmental issues affecting society. This book provides a general framework and highlights methods to help improve our understanding of hydrological processes and impact analysis from extreme events (e.g., droughts, floods) and climate change.

This book presents an exploration of linkages among soil-water, agriculture, and climate change with a special focus on thematic areas for assessment, mitigation, and management of natural resources under climate change conditions. This book covers advances in modelling approaches, including machine learning (ML)/ artificial intelligence (AI) applications; GIS and remote sensing; sensors; impacts of climate change on agriculture; subsurface water; contaminants; and socio-economic impacts, which are lacking in a more comprehensive manner in the previous titles. This book encompasses updated information as well as future directions for researchers working in the field of management of natural resources. The goal of this book is to provide scientific evidence to researchers and policymakers and end-to-end value chain practitioners which may help in reducing the overall adverse impacts of climate change on water resources and the related mitigation strategies. This book focuses on the knowledge, modern tools, and techniques, i.e., machine learning, artificial intelligence, etc. for soil-water, agriculture, and climate change. Further, nature-based solutions for management of natural resources with special targets on contaminants, extreme events, disturbances, etc. will be targeted. The book provides readers with the enhanced knowledge for application of engineering principles and economic and regulatory constraints to determine a soil-water, agriculture production action strategy, and select appropriate technologies to implement the strategy for a given data set at a site. It would also cover the application of laboratory, modeling, numerical methods for determination and forecasting of climate change impacts, agriculture production, pollution, soil health, etc. Overall, it provides hydrologists, environmental engineers, administrators, policy makers, consultants, and industrial experts with essential support in effective management of soils health, agricultural productions, and mitigation of extreme climatic events.