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This third edition of the highly successful textbook, acclaimed for its comprehensiveness, accuracy, and excellent illustrations and photographs now comes with updated coverage plus numerous didactical improvements:The number of figures has notably increased, with about one third of them now presented in color. More photographs and schematics make it easier to understand and provide valuable insights into the practical aspects of instrumentation and procedures.Flow charts describe procedures and approaches to mass spectral interpretation and aid in decision making.Bulleted enumerations offer a quick overview wherever several features, arguments, assumptions, or properties of a subject call for clear presentation.Examples and notes now come with a short subheading that immediately conveys what this section is about. More examples, especially of methods and applications are given and some how-to-style paragraphs provide practical guidance.Each chapter ends with a concise summary that is subdivided into compact sections highlighting the basics of the subject, its figures of merit, typical applications, and its role in current mass spectromety. In the case of instrumentation (chapter 4), there are even summaries covering mass analyzers type by type.Digital object identifiers (DOIs) are now included to facilitate retrieval of references.All of this is presented in a new, attractive layout.The book's website provides exercises and supplementary material (www.ms-textbook.com).

Nature endows us with a treasure chest of Green Gold full of amazing ‘redox-active'substances which interfere with numerous biological processes in our own body, in animals, bacteria, fungi and plants. Whilst such natural products are all around and also in us, we still do not fully understand how these compounds actually work. This book attempts to resolve some of the mysteries and riddles associated with such products. Written by more than thirty international experts from academia and industry, it places a focus on modern developments in this field and considers such natural products from various angles, from their isolation and characterization all along to product development and commercialization. Throughout, the reader will be confronted with modern approaches which enable the efficient identification and isolation of new natural products, help to elucidate their mode(s) of action and permit practical uses in Medicine, Cosmetics, Agriculture, Industry and as functional foods.

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfängen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen für die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfügung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden müssen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfängen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen für die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfügung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden müssen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

This book is concerned with the synthetic aspects of oxidation reactions involving metal compounds. which are readily available or easy to prepare. The sequence followed in the chapters is as follows: a general introduction. a limited treatment of reaction mechanisms to serve as a basis for synthesis. and scope and limitations of the oxidant system. mostly in terms of substrate and product classes. Finally, at the end of each chapter. representative synthetic procedures are given together with relevant experimental considerations. A general table is included as an appendix. This contains substrate classes and resulting product classes, referring to the oxidative procedures in the chapters. The table provides the synthetic organic chemist with a quick overview of oxidation possibilities with metal-contain­ ing oxidants, enabling him to select the right method for his purpose. The editors hope that not only organic research chemists in industry and at universities, but also advanced undergraduate and graduate students in organic chemistry, will find this book a useful guide in the design, understanding, and practical performance of oxidative organic syntheses. The editors are grateful to the authors not only for their contributions. containing interesting new developments in oxidation chemistry, but also for the way they fitted the text into the general framework given for the book. Their suggestions and comments are gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are also due to Mrs. A. I. Rohnstrom-Ouwejan, secretary to the editors, for her administrative support.

Photonics concerns the generation, transport, processing and detection of light. It underlies a large amount of industrial activity, mainly devoted to information technology, telecommunications, environmental monitoring, biomedical science and instrumentation. The field has received a powerful impetus recently with the introduction of nanoscale concepts. Moreover, organic materials now appear as key components in photonic devices such as light-emitting diodes, integrated lasers, or photovoltaic cells. Organic molecular systems offer unique opportunities in nanophotonics since both top-down and bottom-up strategies can be pursued towards the nanoscale. This book gathers the proceedings of the NATO advanced research workshop on'Organic Nanophotonics', held in Aix-en-Provence, France, August 25-29, 2002. It constitutes a snapshot of the state of the art in the novel, emerging research area of nanophotonics based on organic molecules and materials.

Since the appearance of the Russian edition of this monograph (1967), the main tendencies of the development of total synfuesis have not changed. The accelerated accumulation of experimental material is continuing, mainly in the form of the improvement of already-existing synthesis schemes. The main new advance is the development of asymmetric syn­ theses with intermediates that have made it possible to avoid the main dis­ advantage of total synthesis - the formation of racemic final compounds. The most important work that has appeared since the appearance of the Russian edition is given in an Appendix to the book. Apart from this, only a very slight rearrangement of the material and of some of the schemes has been carried out for the American edition. A. A. Akhrem Yu. A. Titov Moscow, July 1968 v Preface to the Russian Edition Steroids are one of the most interesting and most widely distributed and, at the same time, one of the most structurally complex groups of natural compounds. In spite of this, the great theoretical and practical importance of steroids for biology and medicine has led to very intensive scientific research work on their synthesis. The numerous methods for obtaining steroids developed at the present time can be divided into four main groups: isolation from natural sources, microbiological synthesis, partial synthesis from natural raw material already containing the steroid skeleton, and, finally, total chemical synthesis from precursors of com­ paratively simple structure.

Devising methods and reagents for stereoselective synthesis is an intellectually demanding venture. Six experts on diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis contributed their papers to this volume. They were presented at a symposium on stereoselective synthesis to honour Professor Dr. Dr. h.c. Rudolf Wiechert's achievements in medicinal chemistry research. The symposium was organized by the Schering AG on the occasion of Professor Wiechert's 65th birthday.

During the past decade there has been a great increase in the use of protective groups, especially in the synthesis of large and complex organic molecules. Perhaps the greatest activity has been in the peptide field where such triumphs as the total synthesis of insulin and of bovine ribonuclease (molecular weight 13,700) have been achieved. Correspondingly, more protective groups have been devised for the protection of amino and imino groups than for any other functional group. There are many reviews and books on the synthesis of pep tides but there has been no general survey of protective groups since my 1 own review in 1963. At that time the five main methods for the removal of protective groups involved acid or base hydroly­ sis, reduction, oxidation, or thermal elimination reactions. Recent advances include the use of photo-sensitive and metal­ ion sensitive protective groups, and the attachment of functional groups to reactive polymers as a method of protec­ tion during the solid-phase synthesis of peptides and poly­ nucleotides. Another interesting development is the design and use of protective groups with a built-in'safety-catch', which can be'released'by a specific chemical reaction, so that an otherwise stable bond is made labile at the appropriate moment thereby allowing the protective group to be removed under very 2 mild conditions. My own interest in protective groups dates from 1944 when, as a student, I gave two lectures on the subject and produced an 11 page review including 70 references.

Penicillins and cephalosporins have a long history in combating bacterial infections. Despite new infectious diseases and occurring resistance, beta-lactam antibiotics will for many years to come continue to play a prominent role in our therapeutic arsenal. This book covers the industrial development of the chemical and biochemical processes used to manufacture these products, as well as looking ahead to possible future processes. The interplay between synthetic organic chemistry with the understanding and application of enzymes, modeling of fermentation processes and integration through (bio-) chemical process engineering is illustrated. In-depth scientific approaches to biocatalysis and biocatalyst development including enzyme kinetics, enzyme crystal studies and semi-rational enzyme mutations are also presented. Metabolic pathway analysis and modeling of fermentation process are treated as well as molecular precision in synthetic approaches to beta-lactams, their precursors and derivatives. Process technology studies including new reactor concepts, possible short-cut routes and improved down-stream-processing methods complete a broad view on the scope and limitations of the presently developed industrial processes including an intriguing insight into future process possibilities. This book represents an excellent case study on the transformation of traditional, stoïchiometric, organic synthesis and classical fermentations into modern (bio-) catalysis and biosynthesis based on insights in metabolic pathways and enzyme actions.

Für Chemiker, Polymerchemiker und besonders für Chemiestudenten ist die zweite Auflage des Tiekes wieder ein gelungenes und ausgewogenes Lehrbuch über das Basiswissen in der Makromolekularen Chemie. Mit der bereits bewährten Didaktik wird der Stoff der Makromolekularen Chemie in verständlicher Form und klar gegliedert dargestellt. Der Inhalt wurde verbessert, erweitert und aktualisiert. Neu behandelte Themen sind hierbei: lebende kationische und lebende radikalische Polymere, flüssigkristalline Polymere, elektrisch leitende Polymere, Polyelektrolyte, bioabbaubare Polymere und Verarbeitung und Recycling von Polymeren.

Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage of progress in the major areas of chemical research. Written by experts in their specialist fields the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist, supplying regular critical in-depth accounts of progress in particular areas of chemistry. For over 90 years The Royal Society of Chemistry and its predecessor, the Chemical Society, have been publishing reports charting developments in chemistry, which originally took the form of Annual Reports. However, by 1967 the whole spectrum of chemistry could no longer be contained within one volume and the series Specialist Periodical Reports was born. The Annual Reports themselves still existed but were divided into two, and subsequently three, volumes covering Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry. For more general coverage of the highlights in chemistry they remain a'must'. Since that time the SPR series has altered according to the fluctuating degree of activity in various fields of chemistry. Some titles have remained unchanged, while others have altered their emphasis along with their titles; some have been combined under a new name whereas others have had to be discontinued. The current list of Specialist Periodical Reports can be seen on the inside flap of this volume.

Profiles of Drug Substances, Excipients and Related Methodology

Dieser Titel aus dem De Gruyter-Verlagsarchiv ist digitalisiert worden, um ihn der wissenschaftlichen Forschung zugänglich zu machen. Da der Titel erstmals im Nationalsozialismus publiziert wurde, ist er in besonderem Maße in seinem historischen Kontext zu betrachten. Mehr erfahren Sie hier.

Peptides covers the proceedings of the Sixth European Peptide Symposium, held in Athens, Greece on September 1963. This symposium brings together numerous works on the synthesis, reactions, biological activity, and physico-chemical properties of peptides. This book is organized into seven sections encompassing 46 chapters. The first three sections describe the methods of peptide synthesis, racemization, and degradation of peptide chains. These sections examine the developments in non-enzymatic selective modification and cleavage of peptides, as well as the oxidative modification of specific peptide chain. The succeeding section highlights the total synthesis of natural peptides and peptide analogues and the evaluation of the structure-activity relationships and biological properties of these peptides. These topics are followed by discussions on the synthetic pathways and properties of certain special peptides, along with the accompanying synthesis problems with uncommon amino acids and abnormal peptides. This final section explores the gas-chromatographic studies on the physic-chemical properties of peptides. This book will prove useful to organic chemists, biochemists, and peptide researchers.

Determination of Organic Structures by Physical Methods, Volume 1 focuses on the processes, methodologies, principles, and approaches involved in the determination of organic structures by physical methods, including infrared light absorption, thermodynamic properties, Raman spectra, and kinetics. The selection first elaborates on the phase properties of small molecules, equilibrium and dynamic properties of large molecules, and optical rotation. Discussions focus on simple acyclic compounds, carbohydrates, steroids, diffusion, viscosity, osmotic pressure, sedimentation velocity, melting and boiling points, and molar volume. The book then examines ultraviolet and visible light absorption, infrared light absorption, Raman spectra, and the theory of magnetic susceptibility. Concerns cover applications to the study of organic compounds, applications to the determination of structure, determination of thermodynamic properties, and experimental methods and evaluation of data. The text ponders on wave-mechanical theory, reaction kinetics, and dissociation constants, including dissociation of molecular addition compounds, principles of reaction kinetics, and valence-bond treatment of aromatic systems. The selection is a valuable source of data for researchers interested in the determination of organic structures by physical methods.

Natural Products Chemistry, Volume 1 covers the introductory survey, history, structure, synthesis, reactions, and biosynthesis of natural products. The book discusses the classification of natural products; physico-chemical data on natural products; and the mono- and sesquiterpenes. The text also describes the structure and biosynthesis of sester-, tri- and higher terpenoids, as well as of the steroids. Chemists, biochemists, and microbiologists will find the book invaluable.

This volume covers all methods of oxidation for use in organic synthesis. Emphasis has been placed on selectivity and functional group compatibility together with practical utility and applications. The volume is broadly divided to cover oxidation of unactivated carbon-hydrogen bonds, oxidation of activated carbon-hydrogen bonds, that is to say those adjacent to activating substituents and adjacent to heteroatoms, and oxidation of carbon-carbon double bonds. The volume also covers oxidation of C-X bonds, carbon-carbon single bonds, heteroatom oxidation and a number of special topics such as electrochemical methods, oxidative rearrangements, solid supported reagents, electron transfer oxidation, and biological methods.

In this volume, those functional groups containing heteroatoms that have gained importance in organic synthesis are dealt with in detail. The introduction of these various groups and their relevant transformations are described and the various aspects of chemoselectivity, regioselectivity and stereoselectivity are discussed. After a compilation of the synthetically most useful substitution processes, there is a series of chapters on the various types of acylation reactions and in this context the different methods of acyl group activation are discussed. As functional group protection is of very general importance for organic synthesis, a corresponding chapter is included. This is followed by a section on the preparation of carbonyl derivatives and the most important transformations and rearrangements of functional group derivatives. At the end of the volume one finds chapters on all types of elimination reactions and related thermal reactions together with a survey on fragmentation processes in organic synthesis.

Organic Chemistry, Volume 30: Total Synthesis of Steroids provides an overall view of steroid total synthesis, including the general approaches, special problems, stereochemical complexities, expansion or contraction of rings, and insertion of hetero atoms. The book discusses the process of designing total syntheses; the biogenetic-like steroid synthesis, including cyclization of terminal epoxides as well as the total synthesis from nonepoxide precursors; and the synthesis of equilenin, estrone, bisdehydrodoisynolic acid, 18,19-bisnorprogesterone, 19-norpregnanes, and heterocyclic steroids. The text also describes the application of ABD intermediates in the Torgov synthesis; the synthesis of carbocyclics and thiasteroids; and the synthesis from p-anisylcyclohexanes and from C-5, C-8 bridged intermediates. The synthesis based on the type of reaction used in the condensation of the A fragment with the CD portion, as well as the methods of total synthesis in the preparation of 8-azasteroids and 8,13-diazasteroids are also considered. The book further tackles the synthesis of epiandrosterone, cortisone, aldosterone, 3ß-hydroxy-5a-pregnan-20-one, latifoline, conessine, and ring C aromatic steroids; the synthesis of trans-benzohydrindane derivatives and other common derivatives; and the synthesis of CD intermediates. Chemists, biochemists, and people involved in the study of steroid total syntheses will find the book invaluable.

R.B. Woodward, Professor of Science at Harvard University, who died in July 1979, was generally considered to be the greatest organic chemist of modern times. He was one of the founders of Tetrahedron and Tetrahedron Letters and this volume, containing papers from over 50 of the world's leading organic chemists, is dedicated to his memory. The contents cover all areas of modern organic chemistry and therefore present a synopsis of current research in this area of science.

Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry

Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage of progress in the major areas of chemical research. Written by experts in their specialist fields the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist, supplying regular critical in-depth accounts of progress in particular areas of chemistry. For over 80 years the Royal Society of Chemistry and its predecessor, the Chemical Society, have been publishing reports charting developments in chemistry, which originally took the form of Annual Reports. However, by 1967 the whole spectrum of chemistry could no longer be contained within one volume and the series Specialist Periodical Reports was born. The Annual Reports themselves still existed but were divided into two, and subsequently three, volumes covering Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry. For more general coverage of the highlights in chemistry they remain a'must'. Since that time the SPR series has altered according to the fluctuating degree of activity in various fields of chemistry. Some titles have remained unchanged, while others have altered their emphasis along with their titles; some have been combined under a new name whereas others have had to be discontinued.