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Harness sustainable, environmentally friendly chemical processes with this timely volume Green chemistry has played a leading role in the broader search for environmentally sustainable industry. One of its most important goals is the shift from volatile, hazardous organic solvents to environmentally friendly ones, of which by far the most promising is water. Cultivating organic transformations using water as a solvent is one of the most crucial steps towards the creation of green, sustainable chemical production processes. Organic Transformations in Water provides a cutting-edge overview of water as a reaction medium for synthesis and catalysis. After a brief introduction, the book moves through each of the most important classes of organic transformation before concluding with a survey of industrial applications. The book will also cover: Chemistry and physicochemical aspects of “on-water” and “in-water” reactionsC–H activation, metathesis, nucleophilic addition and substitution, oxidation and reduction, and many moreAsymmetric organic reactions in waterApplications in organocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and photocatalysis Timely and comprehensive, Organic Transformations in Water is a must-own volume for researchers and industry professionals looking to revolutionize their work in a sustainable way.

Dieser Band gibt einen Überblick über die jüngsten Entwicklungen und die Möglichkeiten des Einsatzes der Fließchemie im Bereich der heterozyklischen Synthese. Der heterozyklische Ring ist das wichtigste strukturelle Motiv in der überwiegenden Mehrheit der Naturstoffe und pharmazeutischen Verbindungen, da er abstimmbare Wechselwirkungen mit dem biologischen Ziel ermöglicht und zudem ein gewisses Maß an struktureller und metabolischer Stabilität verleiht. In jüngster Zeit hat die Fließchemie einen Paradigmenwechsel in der organischen Synthese eingeläutet, da sie mehrere einzigartige Vorteile gegenüber herkömmlichen Methoden bietet, wie z. B. eine drastische Beschleunigung träger Transformationen, höhere Ausbeuten, sauberere Reaktionen usw., und sie gewinnt allmählich große Aufmerksamkeit bei organischen Chemikern weltweit. Angesichts der Bedeutung von Heterozyklen in Naturstoffen, medizinischer Chemie und Arzneimitteln ist dieser Band gerechtfertigt und ergänzt den vorhergehenden Bandvon Topics in Organometallic Chemistry'Organometallic Flow Chemistry'.Dieser Band bietet einen vielseitigen Überblick über das Thema und erörtert nicht nur die jüngsten Fortschritte auf dem florierenden Gebiet der Fließchemie im Zusammenhang mit der heterocyclischen Chemie, sondern hilft den Forschern auch, die Chemie hinter diesen Reaktionen besser zu verstehen. Dies wiederum bietet eine Plattform für künftige Innovationen bei der Entwicklung neuartiger Umwandlungen unter kontinuierlichem Fluss. Daher wird dieser Band sowohl für Neulinge auf diesem Gebiet als auch für Experten in Wissenschaft und Industrie interessant sein.

This book presents a systematic and extensive understanding about metabolic alterations affecting multiple aspects of different neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's disease, SCAs, SBMA, DRPLA, ALS, Freidrich Ataxia etc. The book also illustrates cellular and molecular mechanisms behind the key neurodegenerative diseases and further expands on concept of unique and developing biomarkers associated with the onset and progression of NDDs. Additionally, it elaborates on the concept of latest imaging tools to monitor state of NDDs and accordingly develop therapeutic approaches entailing phytochemicals in the management of metabolic alterations associated with NDDs that ultimately suppresses course of devastating NDDs. The book aids to improve the overall understanding about the NDD and involvement of metabolic disorder as a major factor for indisposition of the disease. Therefore, suggesting that targetting metabolic variations by phytochemicals can combat NDD related symptoms for the betterment of impacted patients. While introducing cellular and molecular mechanisms and the treatment regimen under the umbrella of metabolism in several NDDs, the book covers major aspects of understanding the metabolic basis of NDDs, its implications, and treatment. This will inflate the readers'understanding about this particular area and guide those working in this domain, be it a researcher or clinicians,to choose or design effective therapeutic strategies to curb metabolic alterations linked with these disorders. This book will not only contribute towards improving the overall state of the challenged individuals but will also bring new hope towards improving the quality of lives of affected patients.

Many aspects of drug safety have become an outstanding and even persistent issue and may occur during the process of both drug discovery and development. Until 15 years ago, drug discovery and evaluation was primarily a sequential process starting with the selection of the most pharmacologically active compound from a series of newly synthesized small molecule chemical series by means of distinctive pharmacological assays. Safety aspects were addressed by evaluation of the selected compound at high doses in a series of specific studies directed at indications other than the intended indication of the new compound. These tests are then followed by pharmacokinetic studies, which are primarily conducted to confirm whether the selected compound possesses a suitable half-life for sufficient exposure and efficacy and, whether it has the desired properties specificity to the intended route of administration. Safety aspects relied predominantly on the conduct of single and repeat toxicologydose studies, which inform changes in organ structure rather than organ function. Both toxicological and pharmacokinetic studies are adapted to the progress of studies in clinical pharmacology and clinical trials. The new edition of this well and broadly accepted reference work contains several innovative and distinguished chapters. This'sequential'strategy has been abandoned with this new version of the book for several reasons: - Of the possible multitude of negative effects that novel drugs may impart on organ function, e.g. ventricular tachy-arrhythmia, many are detected too late in non-clinical studies to inform clinicians. On the other hand, negative findings in chronic toxicity studies in animals may turn out to be irrelevant for human beings. - New scientific approaches, e.g. high-throughput screening, human pluripotent stem cells, transgenic animals, knock-out animals, in silico models, pharmaco-genomics and pharmaco-proteomics, as well as Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods offered new possibilities. - There are several examples, that show that the'druggability'of compounds was considerably underestimated when the probability of success of a new project was assessed. The success rate in the pharmaceutical industry and the introduction of new chemical entities to the market per year dropped dramatically, whereas the development time for a new compound increased, sometimes exceeding the patent protection. Research and development scientists, involving the following changes, therefore adopted a change of strategy: - Parallel instead of sequential involvement of the various disciplines (multidimensional compound optimization). - The term'Safety Pharmacology'was coined. The International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) founded a Safety Pharmacology Working Group and the Safety Pharmacology Society (SPS) was launched. The discipline provided for evaluation, development and validation of a multitude of safety tests outlined in the'Core Battery of Studies'. - Characterizing the exposure profile of a drug by conducting pharmacokinetic studies that evaluates the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion should to be investigated at an early stage of development as results contribute to the selection of a compound for further development. Advancements in Toxicology were achieved by the introduction of new methods, e.g., in silico methods, genetic toxicology, computational toxicology and AI. The book is a landmark in the continuously changing world of drug research and developments. As such, it is essential reading for many groups: not only for all students of pharmacology and toxicology but also for industry scientists and physicians, especially those involved in clinical trials of drugs, and for pharmacists who must know the safety requirements of drugs. &nb

This book summarizes the cutting-edge experimental research on heterocyclic compounds used as anti-inflammatory agents in ten chapters. Each chapter is authored by experts in medicinal chemistry and is supplemented with scientific references for advanced reading.The book covers several types of heterocyclic compounds and their derivatives including : - pyrimidine and pyrimidinone derivatives- 1,2,3, and 1,2,4 triazoles- imidazole and benzimidazole derivatives- oxazole, oxadiazole, isoxazoline, and oxazoline derivatives- thiazole and thiazolidinone derivatives- pyrazole and pyrazoline- Carbazoles and their derivatives- azipines, quinolines, and coumarinsThis is a timely reference for medicinal chemists interested in developing new heterocycles for anti-inflammatory drugs. Contributors have discussed the effects of these compounds on different types of inflammation and their evolution in drug development as therapeutic agents to give a wider perspective to readers.

This book sheds light on how dysregulated organelle functions contribute to the pathology and progression of human diseases. To offer a broad perspective, they discuss basic, translational, and clinical aspects across scales, from molecules to cells, tissues and organisms. Rather than providing a comprehensive introduction to the field, the authors focus on recent advances in organelle research, with each chapter inviting readers to consider today's key questions in the respective field.This book reviews the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi Appartus, Lysosomes and other membrane-enclosed organelles, demonstrating how their dysregulated function contributes to various pathologies. The chapters not only offer a platform for new perspectives but also stimulate further investigations. Given the translational nature of this subject, this book is a valuable resource for physiologists and clinicians alike.Chapter'Lipid Droplets in Cancer'is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Effective drug delivery systems are essential in maximizing the therapeutic effects of the drugs in question. This book thoroughly analyses recent technological advances in new, nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems for the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. These systems also have diverse applications in pharmaceutical, biomedical, biomaterial, and biotechnological fields. This book explains the different types of nanocarriers currently in development and covers both therapeutic and theranostic applications of drug-loaded nanocarriers and nanomedicine.Clinical research professionals, industrial pharmaceutical scientists, and veteran drug delivery developers benefit from the unique structure of this book, making it essential for the drug delivery researcher. Students, research scholars, and industrial professionals alike benefit from the current technological advancements, regulatory aspects, and the history of discovery and development in the field of nanomedicine presented in this book.