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This thesis presents a theoretical and experimental approach for the rapid fabrication, optimization and testing of holographic sensors for the quantification of pH, organic solvents, metal cations, and glucose in solutions.Developing non-invasive and reusable diagnostics sensors that can be easily manufactured will support the monitoring of high-risk individuals in any clinical or point-of-care setting. Sensor fabrication approaches outlined include silver-halide chemistry, laser ablation and photopolymerization. The sensors employ off-axis Bragg diffraction gratings of ordered silver nanoparticles and localized refractive index changes in poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and polyacrylamide films. The sensors exhibited reversible Bragg peak shifts, and diffracted the spectrum of narrow-band light over the wavelength range λpeak ≈ 495-1100 nm. Clinical trials of glucose sensors in the urine samples of diabetic patients demonstrated that they offer superior performance compared to commercial high-throughput urinalysis devices. Lastly, a generic smartphone application to quantify colorimetric tests was developed and tested for both Android and iOS operating systems. The sensing platform and smartphone application may have implications for the development of low-cost, reusable and equipment-free point-of-care diagnostic devices.

Chapter 1 - Organic Synthesis Chapter 2 - Peptide Synthesis Chapter 3 - Retrosynthetic Analysis Chapter 4 - Protecting Group Chapter 5 - Mechanosynthesis, Hydrothermal Synthesis and Electrosynthesis Chapter 6 - Cholesterol Total Synthesis Chapter 7 - Cylindrospermopsin Chapter 8 - Danishefsky Taxol Total Synthesis Chapter 9 - Paclitaxel Total Synthesis Chapter 10 - Mukaiyama Taxol Total Synthesis Chapter 11 - Asymmetric Synthesis Chapter 12 - Chiral Pool Synthesis and Chiral Auxiliary Chapter 13 - Asymmetric Induction Chapter 14 - Chiral Ligand and Organocatalysis Chapter 15 - Biocatalysis Chapter 16 - Chirality Chapter 17 - Stereoisomerism Chapter 18 - Cis–trans Isomerism and Conformational Isomerism Chapter 19 - Recrystallization Chapter 20 - Enantiomer, Enantiomeric Excess and Meso Compound Chapter 21 - Diels–Alder Reaction

Chapter 1 - Titration Chapter 2 - Distillation Chapter 3 - Continuous Distillation Chapter 4 - Fractional Distillation Chapter 5 - Chromatography Chapter 6 - Column Chromatography Chapter 7 - Reflux Chapter 8 - Buffer Solution Chapter 9 - Filtration Chapter 10 - Hydrolysis Chapter 11 - Condensation Reaction

Essentials of Pharmaceutical Chemistry is an introduction to pharmaceutical chemistry for undergraduate pharmacy, chemistry and medicinal chemistry students. It covers all of the core material necessary to provide an understanding of the basic chemistry of drug molecules.