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This book highlights all newly reported carbon nanostructures including graphene and its derivatives, carbon nanotubes, metal organic frameworks, fullerenes, nanorods, nanospheres, nano onions, porous nanoparticles, nanohorns, nanofibers and nanoribbons, nanodiamonds, graphitic carbon nitrides, carbon aerogels and hydrogels, graphdiyne and graphenylene. It presents the historical development of carbon nanostructures technologies, different types and classifications, and different fabrication and functionalization techniques, including outer/inner surface functionalization and covalent and noncovalent functionalization. This Handbook discusses the unique properties of functionalized carbon nanostructures that can be obtained by modifying their structures, composition, and surface. It gives the reader an in-depth look at the current achievements of research and practice while pointing you ahead to new possibilities in functionalizing and using carbon nanomaterials. Finally, it covers the various applications of functionalized carbon nanostructures including adsorbents, additives, active materials in energy accumulating systems (batteries, hydrogen storage systems, and supercapacitors), filtering media, catalysts or supports for catalysts, sensors or substrates for sensors, additives for polymers, ceramic composites, metal and carbon alloys, glasses, digital textiles, and composite materials.

This book discusses the latest advances in chemistry research. Chapter 1 summarizes the current state of C-scorpionate coordination chemistry, exploring the synthesis of their metal complexes and the exciting array of applications that these compounds have unlocked. Chapter 2 discusses the charge-transfer (CT) reactivity in A(acid)B(base) systems and how it is approached in both the gas-phase and on catalytic surface. Chapter 3 covers information on fundamental knowledge on ligand-protein interaction and how it can be utilized to design a variety of new aggregation inhibitors and anti-amyloid therapeutics. Chapter 4 introduces the successful drug discovery process that includes not only optimization of drug-biological receptor interactions but also efficient delivery to the site of action by means of crossing biomembranes. Chapter 5 discusses how drugs on the pharmaceutical market use hydrophobic poorly soluble substances to successfully distribute into the body. Chapter 6 is aimed at determining the influence of coal charge grindability on the scheme of preparing coal for coking by optimizing the operation of the crushing department.

Comprehensive Chirality, Second Edition is the definitive ten-volume reference, offering a thorough exploration of chiral research and application. This extensively updated edition features 121 new chapters and 70 revised ones, focusing on the latest advancements in chiral research across synthesis, catalysis, analytical chemistry, and bioactive compound synthesis. Edited by a world-class editorial board, with contributions from leading experts, Comprehensive Chirality, Second Edition bridges theoretical principles with practical applications, making it an invaluable resource for advanced students, researchers, and professionals. Key highlights include:- Innovative Reactions and Methods: advanced diastereo- and enantioselective techniques for controlling stereogenic centers in complex natural products and pharmaceuticals.- Chiral Auxiliaries and Modern Reagents: transformative uses of chiral auxiliaries and cutting-edge reagents such as hypervalent iodide.- Catalytic Methodologies: comprehensive coverage of C-C bond formation, emphasizing transition metals, biocatalysis, and multicatalysis.- Asymmetric Photochemistry: light-induced asymmetric transformations.- Olefin Functionalization and Cycloaddition: asymmetric oxidation and reduction methods.- Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering: in-depth analysis of enzyme design and engineering as powerful synthesis catalysts.- Industrial Applications: practical insights into asymmetric synthesis for industrial applications, illustrated through recent case studies.- Spectroscopic Techniques: updated spectroscopic methods for separating and analyzing enantiomers. - Unites different areas of research and allows anyone working or researching in chiral chemistry to navigate through the most essential concepts - Includes different areas of research and deep foundational reviews - Helps users apply context to diverse journal literature, aiding them in identifying areas for further research and/or for solving problems - Serves as a valuable, critical tool for instructors, practicing experimentalists, and students of the field, as well as those curious to gain appreciation of the chirality landscape and its vast expanse

This open access book documents the use of radiogenic and stable isotopes to study mineral deposits from a global to the deposit scale. It includes data-sets that have been directly used in mineral exploration. Isotopic data have been key to developing models for the origin of many mineral deposit types. The book has four sections: (1) the use of radiogenic isotopes to date mineral deposits, (2) the use of radiogenic isotope mapping to understand metal sources and regional- to district-scale controls on metallogenesis, (3) the use of light stable isotopes to determine fluid and sulfur sources, and (4) the use of metallic stable isotopes to understand the sources of ore metals. Each section includes chapters on specific isotopic systems and/or mineral systems that provide information on theory, analytical methods, uses in deposit and metallogenic studies, examples, and traps for young players.

This book covers the morphological characteristics, ethnopharmacological properties, isolated and identified structurally diverse secondary metabolites, biological and pharmacological activities of medicinal plants. Ethnopharmacology is the systematic study of folklore/traditional medicines, which continue to provide innovative drugs and lead molecules for the pharmaceutical industry. In fact, plant secondary metabolites, used as a single molecule or as a mixture, are medicines that can be effective and safe even when synthetic drugs fail. Therefore, the description of these secondary metabolites as well as methods for the targeted expression and/or purification is of high interest.In addition to surveying the morphological features, ethnopharmacological properties, biological and pharmacological activities, and studies of clinical trials, this book offers a comprehensive treatment of 56 plant species. It also presents the cell culture conditions and various methods used for increasing the production of medicinally important secondary metabolites in plant cell cultures.This volume: Provides the morphological features, habitat, and distribution of each species of 56 genera selected from the different regions of the world. Presents ethnopharmacological applications of various species of the 56 genera in this book. Different species of 56 genera are used for ethnomedicinal uses by the people of various countries of the world. Describes structures of various secondary metabolites identified in 56 plant species together with their biological and pharmacological activities. Discusses strategies of secondary metabolites production, such as organ culture, pH, elicitation, hairy root cultures, light, and mutagenesis. Provides a complete overview of each species of 56 genera and the complete information up to 2022. Ethnopharmacological Properties, Biological Activity and Phytochemical Attributes of Medicinal Plants is an important book for undergraduate and postgraduate students, pharmacologists, phytochemists, Ayurvedic practitioners, medical doctors, and biotechnologists interested in the ethnopharmacological properties, phytochemistry, biological, and pharmacological activities of plants.

Diverse Quasiparticle Properties of Emerging Materials: First-Principles Simulations thoroughly explores the rich and unique quasiparticle properties of emergent materials through a VASP-based theoretical framework. Evaluations and analyses are conducted on the crystal symmetries, electronic energy spectra/wave functions, spatial charge densities, van Hove singularities, magnetic moments, spin configurations, optical absorption structures with/without excitonic effects, quantum transports, and atomic coherent oscillations.Key Features Illustrates various quasiparticle phenomena, mainly covering orbital hybridizations and spin-up/spin-down configurations Mainly focuses on electrons and holes, in which their methods and techniques could be generalized to other quasiparticles, such as phonons and photons Considers such emerging materials as zigzag nanotubes, nanoribbons, germanene, plumbene, bismuth chalcogenide insulators Includes a section on applications of these materials This book is aimed at professionals and researchers in materials science, physics, and physical chemistry, as well as upper-level students in these fields.

Clean environment and green energy are the basic requirements of a sustainable human life. Semiconductor materials play a crucial role in addressing the issues related to increased global energy demand and environmental remediation. The development of photocatalysts has experienced almost exponential progress since their popularization in the early 1970s. Therefore, researchers have started to consider the diversity of photocatalysts globally by approaching this domain from a materials science perspective for applications in various areas. Recently, heterojunction photocatalytic materials have attracted a great amount of multidisciplinary research to face the global concerns of energy production and environmental protection. The unique potential of these technologies has been the stimulus to develop heterojunction photocatalysts with improved structural, morphological, and electronic properties, effectively increasing their efficiency. This book overviews the latest advances in this field, offering insights into the materials and applications of the latest generation of photocatalytic materials. It presents the challenges, future directions, and strategies for design within the area of heterojunction photocatalysts and will be a useful resource to enhance understanding of students, researchers, and academicians for promoting research in this field.

Annual Reports in Computational Chemistry, Volume 17 provides timely and critical reviews on important topics in computational chemistry. Topics covered in the series include quantum chemistry, molecular mechanics, force fields, chemical education, and applications in academic and industrial settings. Focusing on the most recent literature and advances in the field, each article covers a specific topic of importance to computational chemists. - Includes timely discussions on quantum chemistry and molecular mechanics - Covers force fields, chemical education, and more - Presents the latest in chemical education and applications in both academic and industrial settings

Supramolecular aggregation—driven by weak non-covalent interactions, such as van der Waals, π–π interactions, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic—has been utilized to build sensing platforms with improved selectivity and sensitivity. Supramolecular aggregates, owing to cooperative interactions, higher sensitivity and selectivity, relatively weak and dynamic non-covalent interactions, and environmental adaptation, have achieved better sensing performance than that of molecular sensory systems that rely on sensors with delicate structures.Aggregation of Luminophores in Supramolecular System: From Mechanisms to Applications describes recent advances in supramolecular chemistry, in which the luminophores are almost non-luminescent in the molecular state, but become highly emissive in the aggregate state. These advances bring new opportunities and challenges for the development of supramolecular chemistry. The intermolecular non-covalent interactions have been considered to be the main driving forces for fabricating supramolecular systems with aggregating luminophores and have an important influence on the luminescence properties of the probes. Based on these unique properties, luminescent supramolecular aggregates have greatly promoted the development of novel materials for applications as sensors, bio-imaging agents, organic electronic devices, and in the field of drug delivery.Features: Discussion of fundamental and interdisciplinary aspects of the aggregation in supramolecular systems. Narration of intermolecular interactions and the photophysical phenomenon of aggregation in supramolecular systems. Comparative discussion on recent developments in aggregation-induced quenching (AIQ) and aggregation-induced emission (AIE), and drawbacks of AIQ. Description of the technological applications of aggregation as biological sensors, chemical sensors, organic electronic materials, and in the field of drug delivery. A convenient format for checking formulas and definitions.This book surveys highlights of the progress made in the field of the aggregation of luminophores in supramolecular chemistry. It is hoped that the work will form a foundation (and indeed a motivation) for new workers in the area, as well as also being useful to experienced supramolecular chemists. It may also aid workers in the biological area to see Nature's aggregation in a new light. Further, the approach employed has been designed to provide readable background material for use with graduates, senior undergraduates, research professionals, and industries.

Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), often referred to as per- (and poly) fluorinated compounds (PFCs), have been used for years in many everyday¾ and some lifesaving¾ products. However, their use has been linked to adverse health effects in humans, a problem compounded by their persistence in the environment. This book discusses the various challenges of PFAS in our environment today, including their historical use as well as their chemical and toxicological properties. It also presents robust discussion of analytical challenges and special considerations in sampling. The work goes on to give practical recommendations for dealing with these compounds in today's dynamic regulatory landscape and includes several chapters on various remediation techniques. Key Features: Comprehensive overview of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) historical use and chemical/physical properties which help us understand their persistence, transport, and transformation pathways in the environment In-depth analysis of PFAS toxicology Detailed descriptions of conventional and state-of-the-art remediation technologies Practical recommendations for dealing with PFAS in a dynamic regulatory landscape Robust discussion of important sampling and analytical considerations Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Environment: Theory, Practice, and Innovation explores the challenges across the topical areas of regulation and management, toxicology, environmental remediation, and analytical sampling and analysis.Readers will find this text helpful in understanding complexities associated with PFAS and informing management strategies to effectively protect this and future generations.

Most reference texts covering two-dimensional materials focus specifically on graphene, when in reality, there are a host of new two-dimensional materials poised to overtake graphene. This book provides an authoritative source of information on twodimensional materials covering a plethora of fields and subjects and outlining all two-dimensional materials in terms of their fundamental understanding, synthesis, and applications.

Natural Products and Drug Discovery: An Integrated Approach provides an applied overview of the field, from traditional medicinal targets, to cutting-edge molecular techniques. Natural products have always been of key importance to drug discovery, but as modern techniques and technologies have allowed researchers to identify, isolate, extract and synthesize their active compounds in new ways, they are once again coming to the forefront of drug discovery. Combining the potential of traditional medicine with the refinement of modern chemical technology, the use of natural products as the basis for drugs can help in the development of more environmentally sound, economical, and effective drug discovery processes. Natural Products & Drug Discovery: An Integrated Approach reflects on the current changes in this field, giving context to the current shift and using supportive case studies to highlight the challenges and successes faced by researchers in integrating traditional medicinal sources with modern chemical technologies. It therefore acts as a useful reference to medicinal chemists, phytochemists, biochemists, pharma R&D professionals, and drug discovery students and researchers. - Reviews the changing role of natural products in drug discovery, integrating traditional knowledge with modern molecular technologies - Highlights the potential future role of natural products in preventative medicine - Supported by real world case studies throughout

Encyclopedia of Interfacial Chemistry: Surface Science and Electrochemistry, Seven Volume Set summarizes current, fundamental knowledge of interfacial chemistry, bringing readers the latest developments in the field. As the chemical and physical properties and processes at solid and liquid interfaces are the scientific basis of so many technologies which enhance our lives and create new opportunities, its important to highlight how these technologies enable the design and optimization of functional materials for heterogeneous and electro-catalysts in food production, pollution control, energy conversion and storage, medical applications requiring biocompatibility, drug delivery, and more. This book provides an interdisciplinary view that lies at the intersection of these fields. - Presents fundamental knowledge of interfacial chemistry, surface science and electrochemistry and provides cutting-edge research from academics and practitioners across various fields and global regions

Computational Chemistry Methodology in Structural Biology and Materials Sciences provides a selection of new research in theoretical and experimental chemistry, focusing on topics in the materials science and biological activity. Part 1, on Computational Chemistry Methodology in Biological Activity, of the book emphasizes presents new developments in the domain of theoretical and computational chemistry and its applications to bioactive molecules. It looks at various aspects of density functional theory and other issues. Part 2, on Computational Chemistry Methodology in Materials Science, presents informative new research on computational chemistry as applied to materials science. The wide range of topics regarding the application of theoretical and experimental chemistry and materials science and biological domain will be valuable in the context of addressing contemporary research problems.

As the search for renewable sources of energy grows more urgent, more and more attention is focusing on the blueprint offered by biological photosynthesis for translating the energy of our Sun into energy rich molecules like H2 and carbohydrates, commonly known as'solar fuels.'These solar fuels have enormous potential to store high densities of energy in the form of chemical bonds as well as being transportable. This book offers a complete overview of the promising approaches to solar fuel generation, including the direct pathways of solar H2 generation and CO2 photocatalytic reduction.Solar Fuel Generation is an invaluable tool for graduate students and researchers (especially chemists, physicists, and material scientists) working in this field.

Volume 4 of the 5-volume Quantum Nanochemistry covers quantum (physical) chemical theory of solids and orderability and addresses the electronic order problems in the solid state viewed as a huge molecule in special quantum states, including also the bondonic treatment of the graphene nano-ribbons, along basic crystallographic principles, from geom

HPLC is the principal separation technique for identification of the pesticides in environmental samples and for quantitative analysis of analytes. At each stage of the HPLC procedure, the chromatographer should possess both the practical and theoretical skills required to perform HPLC experiments correctly and to obtain reliable, repeatable, and r

As nanotechnology has developed over the last two decades, some nanostructures, such as nanotubes, nanowires, and nanoparticles, have become very popular. However, recent research has led to the discovery of other, less-common nanoforms, which often serve as building blocks for more complex structures.In an effort to organize the field, the Handbook of Less-Common Nanostructures presents an informal classification based mainly on the less-common nanostructures. A small nanotechnological encyclopedia, this book: Describes a range of little-known nanostructures Offers a unifying vision of the synthesis of nanostructures and the generalization of rare nanoforms Includes downloadable resources with color versions of more than 100 nanostructures Explores the fabrication of rare nanostructures, including modern physical, chemical, and biological synthesis techniques The Handbook of Less-Common Nanostructures discusses a classification system not directly related to the dimensionality and chemical composition of nanostructure-forming compounds or composite. Instead, it is based mainly on the less-common nanostructures. Possessing unusual shapes and high surface areas, these structures are potentially very useful for catalytic, medical, electronic, and many other applications.

Graphene is an emerging material for generating polymer nanocomposites. Its heat conducting properties are greater than any other material, yet so dense not even helium can pass through its honeycomb lattice. The inclusion of small amounts of graphene to polymer matrices has the possibility of significantly improving their electrical, barrier and mechanical properties. Since the Nobel prize for Physics was awarded in 2010 for the isolation of graphene there has been an explosion in graphene research and the discovery of new applications. This book discusses the current state-of-the-art in graphene nanocomposites with expertise drawn from across the globe. Insights into the functionalisation of graphene are presented, in the context of various polymer systems, along with appropriate methodologies to be adopted. Grasping this view from several active researchers in the field gives the editor the opportunity to look where future trends are heading. This is an important handbook for anyone wishing to get a comprehensive view of the field and bring established methodologies into their laboratory and will benefit post-graduate students and established researchers alike.

At the interface between chemistry, biology, and physics, fullerenes were one of the first objects to be dissected, scanned, and studied by the modern multi-specialty biotech community and are currently thriving in both research and practical application. Other members of the sp2 nanocarbon family, such as nanotubes and graphene, are currently bein

Polymer nanocomposites revolutionized research in the composites area by achieving the nanoscale dispersion of the inorganic filler (clay platelets) in the polymer matrices after suitable surface modifications of the filler phase. A large number of polymer matrices were tried and nanocomposites with varying degrees of successes were achieved with these polymer systems. The majority of the synthesis are carried out by melt blending which frequently result in the full exfoliation of the filler. However, advanced techniques provide a number of advantages as compared to the melt blending and lead to more uniform composites with enhanced properties. There are a number of recent advances in these methods such as the use of reactive surfactants, modified initiators, advanced clay surface modifications, use of a variety of fillers, inverse polymerization, and miniemulsion polymerization methods which have further led the generation of advanced exfoliated nanocomposites. Until now, most of the published research has been scattered throughout the literature. This book provides a single comprehensive source of information about one of the most important facets of polymer nanocomposites technology: synthesis in emulsion and suspension. These polymerization methods lead to the generation of the well delaminated polymer nanocomposites with a wide range of polymer matrices. This book serves as both a professional reference for experienced researchers and a valuable text for newcomers to the field. It makes the reader aware of the potential commercial use of these recent developments.

Nanostructured materials with tailored properties are regarded as a fundamental element in the development of future science and technology. Research is still ongoing into the nanosized construction elements required to create functional solids. The recently developed technique, nanocasting, has great advantage over others in terms of the synthesis of special nanostructured materials by the careful choice of suitable elements and nanoengineering steps. This new book summarizes the recent developments in nanocasting, including the principles of nanocasting, syntheses of novel nanostructured materials, characterization methods, detailed synthetic recipes and further possible development in this area. The book focuses on the synthesis of porous solids from the viewpoint of methodology and introduces the science of nanocasting from fundamental principles to their use in synthesis of various materials. It starts by outlining the principles of nanocasting, requirements to the templates and precursors and the tools needed to probe matter at the nanoscale level. It describes how to synthesize nano structured porous solids with defined characteristics and finally discusses the functionalization and application of porous solids. Special attention is given to new developments in this field and future perspectives. A useful appendix covering the detailed synthetic recipes of various templates including porous silica, porous carbon and colloidal spheres is included which will be invaluable to researchers wanting to follow and reproduce nanocast materials. Topics covered in the book include: • inorganic chemistry • organic chemistry • solution chemistry • sol-gel and interface science • acid-base equilibria • electrochemistry • biochemistry • confined synthesis The book gives readers not only an overview of nanocasting technology, but also sufficient information and knowledge for those wanting to prepare various nanostructured materials without needing to search the available literature.

The field of coordination polymer research has undergone rapid expansion in recent years. No longer are these materials the vaguely defined'insoluble material'at the bottom of your vessel that spell death for your reaction. They have gone from'polymeric rubbish'to'materials of the future'. Great leaps in the deliberate design of coordination polymers were made in the 1990s. These were allied with similar advances in related areas such as organic crystal engineering, metallosupramolecular chemistry and X-ray diffraction. No longer did we assemble things atom by atom. Whole molecules were used as building blocks and new materials were made. This is the first book to provide a broad overview of all the major facets of coordination polymer research in one place. It combines chapters on nets and interpenetration with wide-ranging surveys of transition metal and lanthanoid coordination polymers and their properties. The aim is to provide a flavour of each aspect whilst introducing the important concepts and developments using carefully selected examples. After an introduction, the text is split into three sections: -Design (nets, interpenetration, malleability) -Analysis (transition metal coordination polymers, lanthanoid coordination polymers, organometallic networks, organic-inorganic hybrids) -Application (magnetic properties, porosity, acentric and chiral networks, reactive coordination polymers, other properties). Written in the style of a tutorial review, the book is suitable for both senior specialists and new postgraduate students taking their first steps in the field. It also provides an authoritative and detailed reference source.

Organometallic chemistry is an interdisciplinary science which continues to grow at a rapid pace. Although there is continued interest in synthetic and structural studies, the last decade has seen a growing interest in the potential of organometallic chemistry to provide answers to problems in catalysis, synthetic organic chemistry and also in the development of new materials. Each volume in the series is published either annually or biennially and is a superb reference point for researchers.

In the 1970s, Density Functional Theory (DFT) was borrowed from physics and adapted to chemistry by a handful of visionaries. Now chemical DFT is a diverse and rapidly growing field, its progress fueled by numerous developing practical descriptors that make DFT as useful as it is vast. With 34 chapters written by 65 eminent scientists from 13 diffe

Abstract Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Synthese und Strukturaufklärung von chalkogenverbrückten Clustern der Übergangsmetalle Cobalt, Nickel und Platin. Dabei werden neben der Röntgenstrukturanalyse auch massenspektrometrische, spektroskopische und quantenchemische Methoden zur Charakterisierung der neu synthetisierten Verbindungen angewandt. Als erfolgreiche Methode zur Darstellung von Übergangsmetallclustern hat sich das eingangs vorgestellte Synthesekonzept, die Halogentrimethylsilan-Abspaltung, bewährt. Die Arbeit gliedert sich in drei Teile: Im ersten Teil werden Umsetzungen von Cobaltcarbonylverbindungen bzw. von Cobalt–Phosphan- und Cobalt–Cyclopentadienyl-Komplexen mit silylierten Chalkogenanen, im zweiten und umfangreichsten Abschnitt werden analoge Reaktionen mit Nickelsalzen in Anwesenheit von Phosphanliganden beschrieben. Zuletzt werden Reaktionen von Platinsalzen mit Chalkogenderivaten untersucht. Alle Metallatome der Clusterverbindungen sind entweder über Schwefel-, Selen- oder Telluratome verbrückt und werden zusätzlich durch Carbonyl-, Cyclopentadienyl- oder (schwefelfunktionalisierte) Phosphan- bzw. Arsanliganden stabilisiert.