Search

Komplexe später Übergangsmetalle mit Pinzettenliganden erfreuen sich eines großen Interesses wegen vielfältiger photophysikalischer Eigenschaften, die solche Komplexe interessant für eine Anwendung in OLEDs, in der Sensortechnik oder der Photokatalyse machen. Ein häufig bei Platin- und Goldkomplexen verwendeter Pinzettenligand basiert auf 2,6-Diphenylpyridin. Das dazu nicht-palindrome, Biphenyl-basierte Pendant, bei dem die Position des zentralen Pyridin- mit einem lateralen Phenyldonor vertauscht ist, ist hingegen bisher wenig untersucht ebenso wie andere Donormotive als Pyridin. [0.3cm] In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Entwicklung von synthetischen Zugängen zu Dihalobiphenylen beschrieben, die über verschiedene Donormotive - Pyridin, Phosphin und NHC - verfügen. Diese Biphenyle sind als Präliganden geeignet, um einerseits über Transmetallierung der von ihnen abgeleiteten Stannole nicht-palindrome Au(III)-Pinzettenkomplexe und andererseits über eine doppelte oxidative Addition nicht-palindrome Pinzettenkomplexe mit Metallen der Gruppe 10 zu bilden. Diese Komplexe wurden hinsichtlich ihrer photophysikalischen Eigenschaften untersucht und der Einfluss der verschiedenen Donormotive beleuchtet. Damit stellt diese Arbeit einen wichtigen Beitrag zu Entwicklung und Verständnis lumineszenter Übergangsmetallkomplexe dar und erweitert das Spektrum an Pinzettenliganden um eine bisher weitgehend unerforschte Klasse.

Basic to Modern Strategies of Synthetic Organic Chemistry offers fresh perspectives and interests to professionals engaged in organic synthesis in various fields. The book starts with sections for review and understanding of reactions and proceeds with more in-depth knowledge in organic synthesis, including examples of total synthesis. Sections provide a systematic learning of organic reactions, with a focus on the relatively simple yet somewhat complex approach to compound synthesis. Furthermore, this reference will serve as a useful resource for graduate students to enhance their understanding and review of organic chemistry and synthesis.It includes examples of total synthesis that helps pursuing further studies. Additionally, the book provides an introduction to environmental and economic considerations in synthesis, which has become an important issue in recent years, especially for those working in fine chemicals and the pharmaceutical industry. The book also introduces flow chemistry, along with an overview of the processes and equipment used. - Covers a broad area of organic chemistry, reaction selectivity, stereochemistry, asymmetric synthesis, green chemistry, and total synthesis - Provides practical handles and guidelines, along with tips and tricks to avoid frequently encountered problems and obstacles - Written by a highly experienced author and teacher

This groundbreaking book offers an in-depth description of sustainable green catalytic processes that have emerged as the means to empower the existing protocols with greener, sustainable, and environmentally benign versions that hold enormous potential in industry and society. Growing worldwide concerns about environmental pollution and global warming have directed the attention of scientists towards approaches for developing sustainable protocols, and the need for employing greener and more sustainable catalytic approaches that are environmentally greener and more eco-friendly than current ones. Green and sustainable catalysts are the one class of catalysts that possess higher selectivity and activity, efficient recovery from the reaction medium, recyclability, cost-effectiveness and are prepared using environmentally benign preparation techniques. The most potent instrument in organic synthesis, and the cornerstone of green chemistry, is catalysis which has broadened the possibilities for organic transformations in the direction of a sustainable future. The catalyst has been playing a vital role, from the improvement of reaction conditions to enhanced selectivity towards the intended product and a decrease in the creation of byproducts. The purpose of this book is to highlight the developments made towards designing new catalysts (homogeneous, heterogeneous, organocatalyst, nanocatalyst, photocatalyst, nanophotocatalyst, biocatalyst, nanobiocatalyst, metal catalyst etc,.) and present the advancements in the field of chemical synthesis using greener catalytic routes with far-reaching applications. The other environmentally friendly method is the enzymatic synthesis of organic molecules, which substitutes safe reagents for those that imitate the biosynthetic route to synthesize the desired organic molecules. With its ability to produce transformations that occasionally enable the reduction of steps in a synthetic route, biophotocatalysis has long been recognized as a green technology and key to creating environmentally friendly and sustainable chemistry. The employment of sustainable green processes on the most crucial reaction steps of the synthetic protocol satisfies contemporary needs for environmentally friendly operations during the creation of valuable chemicals. Readers will find the book: details new catalysts development designs (homo and heterogeneous); presents the advancement of organic synthesis using greener catalytic routes with far-reaching applications; elaborates on preparation techniques for green and sustainable catalysts that possess higher activity, efficient recovery, and cost-effectiveness; discusses how to epitomize a green approach towards the preparation of organic moieties via enzymatic synthesis; analyzes nano-catalysis with green-based reagents and solvents that allow producers to follow the fundamental pillars of the green economy; elucidates green chemistry's principles and metrics of the chemical's life cycle and design through disposal. Audience The core audiences for this book include scientists and engineers working in green chemistry, materials science, photocatalysts, biotechnology, nanotechnology, waste minimization, and sustainability. This book is an excellent resource for graduate students, R&D experts, and researchers in academic and industrial fields of chemical synthesis.

Annual Reports on Computaional Chemistry, Volume 20 highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters written by an international board of authors. - Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors - Presents the latest release in the Annual Report in Computational Chemistry series

A wide range of chemical products (especially fine chemicals) are important for a healthy and enjoyable modern life; therefore efficient syntheses of these materials are essential. Traditional stoichiometric processes need to be replaced by modern catalytical methods in the change to sustainable chemistry and the production of lower amounts of waste. This book summarizes the wide variety of catalytic methods that have been developed and applied on an industrial scale in recent years to fulfill this goal. The synthesis of compound classes such as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, flavoring, and fragrance compounds as well as food additives such as vitamins exemplify the use of these modern catalytic methods in the modern chemical industry.

This book addresses novel C(sp3)-C(sp2) and C(sp3)-heteroatom bond-forming reactions. Two strategies are given in the book using photoredox or electrochemical methods. The first strategy describes that the hydroalkylation of alkynes via photoredox-mediated Ni/Ir dual catalysis produces trisubstituted alkenes as versatile synthetic building blocks for the synthesis of pharmaceutical agents and natural products. High regioselectivity and E/Z-selectivity were achieved by introducing silyl groups that can provide steric and electronic effects to these selectivities with extensive opportunities for post-functionalization.The second strategy enables the development of C(sp3)-heteroatom bond-forming reactions through the electrochemical activation of C(sp3)-B bonds. The bonding of heteroatoms to carbon atoms has been an enduring subject of investigation for organic chemists. The function of most molecules is mainly determined by heteroatoms attached to the carbon atom, althoughthe backbone structure of organic compounds comprises carbon fragments.

Advances in Organometallic Chemistry, Volume 82, the latest release in this longstanding serial, is known for its comprehensive coverage of topics in organometallic synthesis, reactions, mechanisms, homogeneous catalysis, and more. Chapters in this new release include Pd-catalysis: a useful tool in the field of polymer synthesis. Recent advances and applications, Modern Mechanistic Approaches for the Depolymerization of Commodity Plastics via Homogeneous Metal Catalysis, Functionalization of fullerenes by transition metal catalyzed cyclization reactions, and Synergistic Metal-Ligand Reactivity in Half-Sandwich Complexes of Fe, Co, and Ni for Bond Activation and Catalysis. - Contains contributions from leading authorities in the field of organometallic chemistry - Covers topics in organometallic synthesis, reactions, mechanisms, homogeneous catalysis, and more - Informs and updates readers on the latest developments in the field - Carefully edited to provide easy-to-read material

The editors of the volume Inorganic Chemistry in Spain have intended to achieve a collection of some chapters featuring the work of Spanish experts in Inorganic Chemistry, each one having specific expertise in some field. Areas that cover theory, classical coordination compounds, new materials, supramolecular assemblies, mechanisms of reactions, magnetism, organometallic complexes, and catalysis are included. In all cases, a special relevance is given to a deep understanding of the behavioural properties of the compounds featured, not only to their mere preparation methodologies, which had been historically related to classical Inorganic Chemistry. - Diversity of Inorganic Chemistry areas - Study of chemical behaviour for applicability - Modern Spanish Inorganic Chemistry

Microwave is a electromagnetic wave between infrared radiation and radio waves with a wavelength of 0.001 ~ 1 m and a corresponding frequency of 300 MHz ~ 300 GHz. When a material is in the microwave field, its polar or charged particles align themselves as soon as possible to the microwave electrical field direction, and heat is produced during this process due to friction. As compared with conventional electrical heating, microwave irradiation has the advantages of non-contact heating, faster response, quicker heating, less reaction time, more rapid product formation, lower reaction activation energy, etc. This book aims to present up-to-date knowledge of microwave irradiation, and is divided to 8 chapters. The Editors hope that the contents of this book supplies a good introduction of the up-to-date knowledge of microwave irradiation.

Green Solvents in Organic Synthesis Essential reference on replacing conventional solvents with greener alternatives in industrial chemicals synthesis and production A well-timed book promoting sustainability in synthesis and production of chemicals, Green Solvents in Organic Synthesis details various green solvents, solvent systems, and solubilization techniques, including their chemistry, physiochemical properties, performance, and distinct applications, presenting a greener approach to conventional solvents by replacing them with sustainable alternatives that have similarities in their reaction mechanisms. Edited by four highly qualified academics with significant research experience in the field, Green Solvents in Organic Synthesis includes information on: Water and liquid polymers (Polyethylene glycol PEG), Acetonitrile, DMSO, Dimethyl carbonate, Ionic liquids, and Supercritical fluids)Bio-based solvents (Cyrene, γ-Valerolactone (GVL), Lactic acid, 2-MeTHF) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs)Alcohols (MeOH, EtOH, i-PrOH, n-BuOH, t-BuOH, Ethylene glycol), ketones (Acetones, MEK, MIBK, Cyclohexanone), and esters (Methyl acetate, Ethyl acetate, i-PrOAc, n-BuOAc)Technical, economic, and environmental aspects of green solvents and how to maximize their reuse and recycling to alleviate pollution and reduce energy consumption For chemists in a variety of disciplines, Green Solvents in Organic Synthesis is an essential reference that provides foundational knowledge of green solvents, along with key features of each class of green solvent within the context of organic reactions for industrial and laboratory synthesis.

Synthesis is one of the distinguishing features of chemistry as a science. It is the synthetic chemist who uses their intimate understanding of molecular structure and properties to produce materials of great value to society. Thus, it is important for students of chemistry to study synthesis and acquire a working knowledge that enables them to address the following question: given a specific molecular target, how does one formulate a plan for its synthesis? This synthesis primer provides students who have taken introductory organic chemistry with a set of tools that can be used to plan a synthesis. It may be used in conjunction with a synthetic methods course, or it can stand alone.Features: Provides students who have taken introductory organic chemistry with a set of tools that can be used to plan a synthesis Serves to help organic chemists at all levels to better understand published syntheses Focuses on natural products, their complexity, and diverse structures which challenge and inspire the chemists preparing them Succinct, readable treatment of important concepts and applications geared towards advanced undergraduates and graduate students Each synthesis covered begins with a brief discussion of the target molecule and challenges they present, followed by retrosynthetic considerations

Annual Reports on NMR Spectroscopy, Volume 111 presents the latest release in a series that has established itself as a premier resource for both specialists and non-specialists interested in new techniques and applications pertaining to NMR spectroscopy. Chapters in this new release include Electrophoretic NMR, Traceability and uncertainty in NMR measurements, Quantitative NMR Spectroscopy, Advances in Non-Uniform Sampling NMR, NMR spectroscopy of natural and synthetic fibers, Characterization of transition alkane complexes, and Recent applications of low field NMR to membrane science. - Serves as the premier resource for learning new techniques and applications in NMR spectroscopy - Provides a key reference for chemists and physicists using NMR spectroscopy to study the structure and dynamics of molecules - Covers all aspects of molecular science, including MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

This monograph will clearly depict much of the current, leading research into the reactions and properties of organic and bioorganic materials in which electron transfer plays an important role. Organic electrochemistry is increasingly expanding to various interdisciplinary fields and is of major interest to a growing number of researchers and engineers. The contents of this book emphasize the scope of the reaction field at the electrode interface, specifically, electrogenerated active species, new mediatory reactions, and new trends in organic electrochemistry. Many of the results demonstrated in these reports may have broad applications to the development of science and new technologies. The twenty contributing authors are all active researchers in organic electrochemistry, bioelectrochemistry, electrocoordination chemistry, or electroanalytical chemistry.

In this book, key experts in the field of total synthesis of natural products in Japan describe the details of their synthesis routes including unexpected reactions and syntheses. By presenting detailed stories behind the total synthesis developments, including those routes that were unsuccessful the book provides the reader with a better understanding of how other researchers devise their strategy and overcome difficulties in their studies. The contributions in the book have focused on highlighting the research from Japan however it is appealing to researchers and students worldwide. This compilation of cutting-edge natural product synthesis provides high-quality expertise, especially to graduate students and young researchers, regarding research on synthetic organic chemistry. It can be utilized as teaching material in university seminars as well as provide guidance to researchers in the area of total synthesis.This is an open access book.

Computational Insights into Catalytic Transformations, Volume 75 in the Advances in Catalysis series, highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters on topics including Quantum Chemical Investigations on Electrophilic F/CF3/SCF3 Transfer Hypervalent Iodine Reagents, Combining DFT and experimental studies in enantioselective catalysis. From rationalization to prediction, Molecular Modelling of encapsulation and reactivity within metallocages, On the role of computational chemistry in the design of artificial metalloenzymes, and Computational Modelling of Catalytic Oxidation Reactions with H2O2 promoted by transition metal-substituted polyoxometalates. - Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors - Presents the latest release in Advances in Catalysis serials - Updated release includes the latest information in the field

The purpose of this monograph is to provide a summary for those who are active in the field of phthalocyanine research. This volume allows the reader to quickly-and at a reasonable cost-determine what is being accomplished so that he may plan his own research programs. It covers such topics as synthesis, reactions, inks, energy systems, coatings, toners, and electrophotographic plates and developers, just to name a few. Packed with over 40 structural drawings of phthalocyanine molecules, this one-of-a-kind reference provides the necessary description and visualization to stimulate further research. This work is an indispensable resource for researchers and practitioners, both novice and experienced, in the field of phthalocyanine science and technology.

While the boundaries between the areas of chemistry traditionally labeled as inorganic, organic and physical are gradually diffusing, the practical techniques adopted by workers in each of these areas are often radically different. The breadth and variety of research classed as'inorganic chemistry'is readily apparent from an inspection of some of the leading international journals, and can be quite daunting for newcomers to this domain who are likely to have only limited experience of the methodologies involved. This book has therefore been written to provide guidance for those unfamiliar with the techniques most often encountered in synthetic inorganic / metalorganic chemistry, with an emphasis on procedures for handling air-sensitive compounds. One chapter is devoted to more specialized techniques such as metal vapor synthesis, and a review of preparative methods for a selection of starting materials is included as an aid to those planning research projects.While this book is aimed primarily at postgraduate and advanced undergraduate students involved in inorganic research projects, synthetic organic chemists and industrial chemists will also find much useful information within its pages. Similarly, it serves as a useful reference source for materials and polymer scientists who wish to take advantage of recent progress in precursor synthesis and catalyst development.

Ynamides contain a triple bond directly connected to a nitrogen atom that bears an electron-withdrawing group. They represent an especially useful and emerging class of reagents, notably because of their strongly polarized triple bond, which enables the development of unique chemical transformations. While they were discovered by Viehe in 1972, their chemistry has remained little investigated and the renaissance of ynamide chemistry started at the dawn of the 20th century with the development of efficient methods for their synthesis. Since then, ynamide chemistry has developed at a remarkably high rate, notably in the past 20 years. Although there are several reviews on ynamide chemistry, most of them are out of date or only focus on special aspects of ynamide chemistry and there is no book about ynamide chemistry yet. Thus, a comprehensive book on ynamide chemistry would be timely and is highly needed.This book covers all aspects of ynamide chemistry, including their discovery, their syntheses, their application in heterocyclic chemistry, natural product synthesis, and organometallic chemistry, and their use as coupling reagents. It provides a systematic and comprehensive overview on ynamide chemistry for the researchers in this field, general readers interested in synthesis, and those who want to enter this field and need a comprehensive and up-to-date overview. Undoubtedly, this book will play a key role in connecting the past with the future to further foster the development of ynamide chemistry.

Earth-Abundant Transition Metal Catalyzed Reactions, Volume 74 in the Advances in Catalysis series, highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters. Each chapter is written by an international board of authors. Chapters in this new release include in Chiral Iron Complexes for Asymmetric Catalysis, Recent advances in Ni-catalyzed Functionalization of Strong C-O and C-H Bonds, Low-valent Molecular Cobalt Complexes for Reductive Chemistry, Iron-catalyzed group-transfer reactions with hypervalent iodine reagents, and Iron Porphyrins for Mediating Atom Efficient C–C Bond Formations. - Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors - Presents the latest release in Advances in Catalysis serials - Updated release includes the latest information in the field

β-Carbolines: A Privileged Scaffold for Modern Drug Discovery provides a summary of methods for the synthesis of various natural products engineered with the diverse β-carboline scaffold and their biological evaluation.β-carboline and its derivatives have generated considerable interest in recent years for their versatile properties in chemistry and pharmacology. This is due to their ability to act as agonists to benzodiazepine receptors, hydroxy serotonin receptors, and intercalate into DNA, to inhibit CDK, Topisomerase, and monoamine oxidase enzymes. Their pharmacological properties include anxiolytic, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, antiviral, antiparasitic and antimicrobial attributes. This book provides a summary of methods for the synthesis of various natural products engineered with the diverse β-carboline scaffold and their biological evaluation.Features: Focuses on the different application and therapies of β-carbolines. Provides a summary of methods for the synthesis of various natural products engineered with the diverse β-carbolines. Discusses methods of biological evaluation of β-carbolines. Explores different chemical transformations occurring with synthesis using β-carbolines. Covers both heterocyclic synthesis and multicomponent synthesis related to β-carbolines. It will be key reading for researchers in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery looking to understand the broad potential of β-carbolines.

The Nobel Prize is the highest award in science, as is the case with nonscience fields too, and it is, therefore, arguably the most internationally recognized award in the world. This unique set of volumes focuses on summarizing the Nobel Prize within organic chemistry, as well as the specializations within this specialty. Any reader researching the history of the field of organic chemistry will be interested in this work. Furthermore, it serves as an outstanding resource for providing a better understanding of the circumstances that led to these amazing discoveries and what has happened as a result, in the years since.

'Aqueous-mediated synthesis may provide new and green routes for obtaining bioactive heterocycles. This method produces less organic waste due to the absence of organic solvent, the largest component of many reactions. It can be applied to the synthesis of several classes of heterocycles such as N-, O-, S-heterocycles and spiroheterocycles. This book explores various aqueous-mediated synthesis of structurally diverse bioactive heterocycles.'--Publisher.

In this book, recent advancements in the heterocycles functionalization by using different transition metals have been described. Heterocycles are the central point mainly in drug discovery and various other fields. The ease with which one can functionalize these scaffolds mainly accounts for the whole process output. In the last three decades, C-H activation has emerged as the sustainable and economic way to functionalize the heterocycles. Numerous catalytic methods have been developed and are being developed by applying mainly transition metals. The books main emphasis has been given to mechanistic aspects and the application of developed methodologies for the functionalization of natural scaffolds. The book is useful for researchers who are working in the area of C-H activation/functionalization in academia and industry.

In this thesis, the author developed cross-coupling reactions that proceed in the solid state without using organic solvents, utilizing a mechanochemical synthesis method using a ball mill. Compared to conventional solution systems, the reactions realized a drastic reduction of chemical waste, a drastic acceleration of chemical reactions, and efficient transformations of insoluble compounds. The thesis demonstrates that mechanochemical synthesis method has the potential to revolutionize organic synthesis. Readers can learn not only about mechanochemical synthesis but also about new reactions and syntheses of new compounds that could not be obtained under solution conditions. Recently, mechanochemical synthesis has become increasingly popular among a wide range of researchers as an environmentally friendly and highly efficient method, so this thesis has a timely publication.

Multicomponent synthesis may provide new and green routes for obtaining bioactive heterocycles. These methods produce less organic waste due to no longer removing solvent and other components between reaction steps. It can be applied to the synthesis of heterocycles with reactions such as the Biginelli reaction. This book explores the use of multi-component reactions for various heterocyclic structures with bioactivity.

El objetivo de esta monografía es poner a disposición de científicos y estudiantes de países en vías de desarrollo una lectura introductoria en el campo de la química combinatoria y metodologías relacionadas, a través de la descripción del desarrollo de las técnicas más importantes y sus aplicaciones. Si bien la química combinatoria requiere en algunos casos de técnicas y equipamiento específicos, la intención de los autores es demostrar que se trata de una disciplina al alcance de laboratorios con niveles estándares de experiencia y equipamiento.

This book covers recent advances in the field of surface functionalized metal catalysts. It not only explores novel catalysts based on metal nanoparticles immobilized on functionalized supports, but also provides an overview of the latest developments in the study of the influence of capping ligands on metal nanoparticle catalysis. Catalysis with surface functionalized metallic systems is attracting significant interest due to the possibility to precisely control the reactivity of surface active sites. Controlling the synthesis, characterization and application of these catalysts offers new possibilities to classical heterogenous catalysis.

With a focus on organic chemistry students at all levels, problems are incorporated into the body of the text in an effort to engage students more directly in chemistry. Arrowless mechanisms seek to help students develop their electron-pushing skills and intuition through repeated practice. By design this volume is more actively engaging than a traditional textbook. In addition, the historical development of ideas is presented to help frame and center these concepts for the reader. Primary and summative sources are given for all topics covered. The sources provide definitive information for the reader and ensure that all information is supported by peer-reviewed, experimental sources.Features: The development of key ideas is presented in their historical context. All information presented is supported through citations to chemical literature Problems are incorporated into the body of the text, including arrowless mechanisms which encourage students to engage more actively and to develop their electron-pushing skills and intuition. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry style and technical guidelines are followed throughout the text. The problems, text, and presentation are based on years of classroom refinement of teaching pedagogy.

Comprehensive Chirality, Second Edition is the definitive ten-volume reference, offering a thorough exploration of chiral research and application. This extensively updated edition features 121 new chapters and 70 revised ones, focusing on the latest advancements in chiral research across synthesis, catalysis, analytical chemistry, and bioactive compound synthesis. Edited by a world-class editorial board, with contributions from leading experts, Comprehensive Chirality, Second Edition bridges theoretical principles with practical applications, making it an invaluable resource for advanced students, researchers, and professionals. Key highlights include:- Innovative Reactions and Methods: advanced diastereo- and enantioselective techniques for controlling stereogenic centers in complex natural products and pharmaceuticals.- Chiral Auxiliaries and Modern Reagents: transformative uses of chiral auxiliaries and cutting-edge reagents such as hypervalent iodide.- Catalytic Methodologies: comprehensive coverage of C-C bond formation, emphasizing transition metals, biocatalysis, and multicatalysis.- Asymmetric Photochemistry: light-induced asymmetric transformations.- Olefin Functionalization and Cycloaddition: asymmetric oxidation and reduction methods.- Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering: in-depth analysis of enzyme design and engineering as powerful synthesis catalysts.- Industrial Applications: practical insights into asymmetric synthesis for industrial applications, illustrated through recent case studies.- Spectroscopic Techniques: updated spectroscopic methods for separating and analyzing enantiomers. - Unites different areas of research and allows anyone working or researching in chiral chemistry to navigate through the most essential concepts - Includes different areas of research and deep foundational reviews - Helps users apply context to diverse journal literature, aiding them in identifying areas for further research and/or for solving problems - Serves as a valuable, critical tool for instructors, practicing experimentalists, and students of the field, as well as those curious to gain appreciation of the chirality landscape and its vast expanse

Non-metal catalysis may provide new and green methods for obtaining bioactive heterocycles. Many catalysts contain metals, which can be toxic, energy intensive to remove, and require mining of the source materials. By utilizing metal-free catalysts we avoid these issues. This book explores the use of non-metal catalysts when synthesizing various heterocyclic structures with bioactivity.

In the course of the last twenty years, the research interest in'photochemical switches'highly increased. They react on light, which can be controlled with excellent spatiotemporal precision, yet it is orthogonal towards most elements of chemical and biochemical systems. Therefore, light is an attractive trigger to control or study biological function or functional materials. In this work, the excellent properties of azobenzene photoswitches were combined with the cyclic dipeptide structural motif, resulting in phototriggered supramolecular low-molecular-weight gelators (LMWGs). Hydrogels are soft materials, which often find application in biomedical context and can be formed by self-assembly of LMWGs. They classify by their self-healing properties, thixotropy, on-demand reversibility and stimuli responsiveness, for example to light. The photoswitches inside photochromic hydrogels react in spatiotemporal precision to light irradiation and are excellent candidates for photo-controlled drug release. The versatility of azobenzene containing DKP-Lys hydrogelators was demonstrated in this thesis.

This fully updated second edition reflects the significant changes in process chemistry since the first edition and includes more common process issues such as safety, cost, robustness, and environmental impact. Some areas have made notable progress such as process safety, stereochemistry, new reagents and reagent surrogates. Forty years ago there were few process research and development activities in the pharmaceutical industry, partly due to the simplicity of drug molecules. With increasing structural complexity especially the introduction of chiral centers into drug molecules and stricter regulations, process R&D has become one of the critical departments for pharmaceutical companies.Features:This unique volume now in its second edition is designed to provide readers with an unprecedented strategy and approach which will help chemists and graduate students develop chemical processes in an efficient manner. Promotes an industrial mindset concerning safety and commercial viability when developing methods. The author discusses development strategies with case studies and experimental procedures. Focuses on mechanism-guided process development which provides readers with practical strategies and approaches. Addresses more common process issues such as safety, cost, robustness, and environmental impact.This book provides a new direction for scientists, researchers, and students in materials science and polymer chemistry who seek to better understand the chemistry behind conducting polymers and improve their performance for use in advanced energy applications.

Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry, Volume 139, the latest release in this definitive series on the field of heterocyclic chemistry, combines descriptive synthetic chemistry and mechanistic insights to yield an understanding on how chemistry drives the preparation and useful properties of heterocyclic compounds. Topics in this new release include Application of the Fischer indole synthesis in medicinal chemistry, Oxindole Synthesis via C-H Activation Methods, Ring-Closing Metathesis in the Synthesis of Fused Indole Structures, Synthesis of fuller heterocycles, The Literature of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Part XX, 2020, and Heterocyclic Zwitterions Based on Coupled Polymethines. - Presents what is considered to be the definitive serial in the field of heterocyclic chemistry - Serves as the go-to reference for organic chemists, polymer chemists and many biological scientists - Provides the latest comprehensive reviews written by established authorities in the field - Combines descriptive synthetic chemistry and mechanistic insights to enhance understanding on how chemistry drives the preparation and useful properties of heterocyclic compounds

Advances in Organometallic Chemistry, Volume 79, the latest release in this longstanding serial, is known for its comprehensive coverage of topics in organometallic synthesis, reactions, mechanisms, homogeneous catalysis, and more. It is ideal for a wide range of researchers involved in organometallic chemistry, with this updated release including chapters on Organometallic-like reactivity of group 10 metal-heteroatom sigma bonds, Organometallic interactions between metal nanoparticles and carbon-based molecules: a surface reactivity rationale, Group VI Allenylidene Complexes, and more. - Contains contributions from leading authorities in the field of organometallic chemistry - Covers topics in organometallic synthesis, reactions, mechanisms, homogeneous catalysis, and more - Informs and updates readers on the latest developments in the field - Carefully edited to provide easy-to-read material

This book presents recent advances in dinuclear complexes in which the metal-metal cooperative effect operates for obtaining substrate activation and high performance catalysts. Catalysis continues to be a fast expanding area to design efficient tools in synthesis and in industrial chemistry. It allows performing syntheses with short reaction times, atom economy, reduced consumption of energy and loss of reagents, and low level of wastes. Dinuclear complexes are known to be more efficient than the mononuclear analogues for the reaction rates and the selectivities. This book analyses the latest research, focusing on the key concepts, in building and using these dinuclear complexes. The book is aimed at researchers, graduate students and chemists at all levels in academia and industry.

Inorganic Chemistry in Germany, Volume 82 in the Advances in Inorganic Chemistry series, highlights advances in the field, with this new volume presenting chapters written by an international board of authors. Specific chapters focus on Cooperative effects in bimetallic and multimetallic complexes, Harnessing transition metal nitrido complexes for challenging bond activation reactions and catalysis, Applications of N-heterocyclic carbene-pnictogen compounds in transition metal chemistry and homogeneous catalysis, Aminopyridinato ligands – from quintuple bonding via hydrogen storage to selective olefin syntheses, Multifunctional Perspectives of Metal-Organic Frameworks, Recent advances in low valent silicon chemistry, Recent developments in CO2 reduction by aluminum and silicon compounds, and much more. - Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors - Presents the latest release in Advances in Inorganic Chemistry series - Updated release includes the latest information on Inorganic Chemistry in Germany

This book contains eight chapters that detail the chemistry of several elements. Chapter One provides an overview of in vitro antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity of novel Ru (II)-polypyridine complexes on SK-MEL-28 and normal L6 cell lines. Chapter Two discusses the successful development of organometallic complexes as potential anticancer drugs in light of their adaptable structural chemistry and creative modes of action that target nucleic acids and other enzymes. Chapter Three details the design, structural Diversity,and luminescence properties of gadolinium-based solid state phosphors. Chapter Four considers the main homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts based on ruthenium that are used for the hydrogenation of dienes and compounds with a conjugated diene system. Chapter Five elaborates on the magneto-optical effects of rubidium atoms obtained by applying magnetic and optical fields. Chapter Six presents the biogeochemistry of rubidium. Chapter Seven assesses the ecological state of brown forest acidic soil when contaminated with chemical compounds of tellurium. Finally, Chapter Eight discusses the function of ruthenium complexes in neurological disorders.

New Horizons in Modern Catalysis: Six Different Perspectives, Volume 72 in the Advances in Catalysis series, highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters on Carbanion-functionalized phosphines: New design elements for catalyst development, Molecular Electrocatalysts for Organic Electrosynthesis, Mechanistic aspects of secondary sphere modification in organocatalysis, Earth-Abundant Transition Metal-Catalyzed reactions with Iodine(III) reagents: from catalysis to mechanistic studies, Design of metal nanoparticles for better performance in catalysis, and Computational design of industrially relevant enzymes. - Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors - Presents the latest release in the Advances in Catalysis series - Acts as a comprehensive platform for experimental and theoretical researchers

This book is a collection of eight chapters which provide an overview of what one should know about hydroxyapatite (Ha). Chapter One reviews the modification of hydroxyapatite coatings for implant applications. Chapter Two discusses the removal of pollutants by means of hydroxyapatite composites. Chapter Three reviews the synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite. Chapter four explores the potential use of functionalized hydroxyapatite in bone regeneration. Chapter Five reviews the applications of modified hydroxyapatite in catalysis. Chapter Six examines hydroxyapatite in terms of sustainable product development and waste valorization. Chapter Seven reviews the deposition of Ha-based coatings on bio-inert substrates by various deposition methods for improved bio-mechanical properties. Chapter Eight explores 3D printed Ha ceramics and its composite scaffolds for tissue engineering.

The book Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) Toward Smart Lighting and Displays Technologies, edited by Laxman Singh, Rituraj Dubey, and Prof. R. N. Rai, strives to address the multiple aspects of OLEDs and their applications in developing smart lightings and displays. OLEDs have been used in almost all kinds of digital displays like those of mobile phones, laptops, tablets, phablets, TVs, etc., due to their outstanding features, including superior color quality, low cost, wide viewing angle, easy fabrication, mercury-free manufacture, tenability, stretchability, flexibility, etc. Investigations related to the synthesis of new organic materials and fabrication techniques have inspired us to write this book, which will fulfil the desire and thirst of OLEDs-based researchers.Features Nanolithographic techniques used and the challenges involved Printing technology for fabrication Designing of hybrid perovskites Stretchable and flexible materials used Metal–dielectric composites and efficiency of organic semiconductor via molecular doping for OLEDs applications Organic small molecule materials and display technologies involved New generation of organic materials with respect to photophysical approach Mixed valence π-conjugated coordination polymers used Electroluminescent polymer used Blue fluorescent and phosphorescent organic materials used In comparison to other books available related to similar topics, this book aims at those audiences who are looking for a single source for a comprehensive understanding of strategies and their challenges with respect to material fabrication of OLEDs. This book covers the pace and productivity at a uniform level in each chapter with respect to the audiences, from doctoral student to postdoctoral researchers or from postdoctoral researchers to multidisciplinary field researchers with a background in physics, chemistry, materials science, and engineering, who are already working with organic materials and their applications.

Organozinc reagents are less reactive than Grignard reagents but they　are much more chemoselective. Since the　Negishi cross-coupling reaction developed by Ei-ichi Negishi, who was awarded the Nobel Price in chemistry in 2010, a number of cross-coupling reactions involving organozinc derivatives and transition metal catalysts (Pd, Ni, Fe, Co, Cu, …) has been tuned up to form C-C bonds. This book on'Organozinc derivatives and transition metal catalysts'has been　written by experts in the field and is a complement to the book entitled'Grignard reagents and transition metal catalysts'(a De Gruyter book, edited by J. Cossy). Grignard reagents or organozinc reagents, that is the question? From a given substrate, what is the best organometallic　reagent and the best transition metal to form a C-C bond by using a cross-coupling reaction? The solution might be found in these two books.

This book introduces readers to the fundamentals of oxygen atom transfer reactions. It also gives mechanistic insights into the redox processes occurring through the oxygen atom transfer reactions. It also includes information about catalytic activation of oxygen through enzymes and oxo-metallic complexes. All topics are explored in separate chapters. Key features:- reviews the basic mechanisms in redox processes involving oxo-atom transfer reactions.- presents progress in the biomimetic activation of dioxygen related to the catalytic oxidations by synthetic metal organic complexes.- covers an important class of metal-organic compounds - nickel-oxygen species - generated in catalytic oxidation processes as oxygen atom transfer agents.- explains the mechanistic aspects of the heterogeneous photochemical redox processes via oxo-atom transfer reactions- provides references for further reading It is a reference for both professional scientists in the fields of chemistry, biology and applied sciences, and for graduate and undergraduate students interested in understanding reaction mechanisms involving oxygen.

Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry, Volume 140 is the latest release in this definitive series in the field of heterocyclic chemistry, one of great importance to organic chemists, polymer chemists, and many biological scientists. Written by established authorities in the field from around the world, this comprehensive review combines descriptive synthetic chemistry and mechanistic insight to yield an understanding of how chemistry drives the preparation and useful properties of heterocyclic compounds. Chapters in this new release include The chemistry of citrazinic acid (2,6-dihydroxyisonicotinic acid), Aza-Diels-Alder Reaction in the Synthesis of Tetrahyroquinoline Structures, and more. Additional chapters delve into Recent Developments in the Synthesis of 4-, 5-, 6- and 7-Azaindoles, Fluoroheterocycle formation using fluoroalkynes and their synthetic equivalents, Advances in applications of dihydropyridines in organic chemistry, and Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Triphyrins (2.1.1). - Considered the definitive serial in the field of heterocyclic chemistry - Serves as the go-to reference for organic chemists, polymer chemists and many biological scientists - Provides the latest comprehensive reviews written by established authorities in the field - Combines descriptive synthetic chemistry and mechanistic insights to enhance understanding on how chemistry drives the preparation and useful properties of heterocyclic compounds

Advances in Organometallic Chemistry, Volume 80, the latest release in this longstanding serial, is known for its comprehensive coverage of topics in organometallic synthesis, reactions, mechanisms, homogeneous catalysis, and more. It is ideal for a wide range of researchers involved in organometallic chemistry, with this updated release including chapters on Organometallic-like reactivity of group 10 metal-heteroatom sigma bonds, Organometallic interactions between metal nanoparticles and carbon-based molecules: a surface reactivity rationale, Group VI Allenylidene Complexes, and more. - Contains contributions from leading authorities in the field of organometallic chemistry - Covers topics in organometallic synthesis, reactions, mechanisms, homogeneous catalysis, and more - Informs and updates readers on the latest developments in the field - Carefully edited to provide easy-to-read material

This thesis describes the development of iron-catalyzed thienyl C–H/C–H coupling. This is applied to the synthesis of highly conjugated and electron-rich thiophene compounds of interest in materials science by utilization of low redox potential of iron in combination with a mild oxalate oxidant.Transition-metal-catalyzed C(sp2)–H/C(sp2)–H coupling has attracted much attention as one of the most straightforward methods to construct C(sp2)–C(sp2) bonds. However, application of this ideal transformation to the synthesis of redox-sensitive pi-materials was hindered by the requirement of a strong oxidant for catalyst turnover. This limitation originates primarily from the large redox potential of conventional transition-metal catalysts such as palladium and rhodium. This thesis shows that the efficiency of C–H activation was significantly improved by introduction of a new conjugated tridentate phosphine ligand, giving direct access to polymeric thiophene materials from simple thiophene monomers. Considering the importance of environmentally friendly organic synthesis in terms of UN Sustainable Development Goals, the reactions described herein highlight the potential of iron, the most abundant transition-metal on earth, for the direct synthesis of functional small molecules and polymers of importance in energy device applications.

Nanotechnology has become very present in the field of science and scientific research. As a result, this book focuses on the green synthesis approach and latest applications of silver nanoparticles. The book also covers their potential uses in the environment, biosensing, food biotechnology, in water treatment as well as in daily life.

Photoactive organic molecules such as luminophores and photoswitches react upon irradiation with light by emitting light of a specific wavelength or a conformational change, respectively. Organic thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials are highly efficient luminophores that readily find application in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) or as dyes in cellular imaging. Three aromatic, heterocyclic electron-accepting systems for novel red luminophores with TADF properties were investigated based on dibenzo[a,c]phenazine, pyrrolo[3,4-f]isoindole-1,3,5,6(2H,6H)-tetraone and 1H‑pyrrolo[3,4‑b]quinoxaline-1,3(2H)-dione. Light can also be used to trigger conformational changes and azobenzenes are one of the most prominent examples. An optical control over ion channels can be achieved by attaching azobenzenes to ligands. The investigation of the synthesis of azobenzenes with modified substitution patterns was conducted, among them a push-pull system designed to bring an electron-donating and electron-accepting moiety into spatial proximity upon photoswitching.

Over the years, the uses and applications of rare earth elements (REEs) diversified in various fields such as catalysis, production of magnets, glasses, alloys, and electronics. This book consists of fifteen chapters, which present recent advances and outlook on REEs and their oxides/salts in catalytic organic transformations, biomedical applications, bioremediation and environmental impacts.

This book focuses on the latest research on triazoles and their applications.

This volume presents nine selected chapters discussing recent advances in chemistry research. Chapter One examines the synthesis and various properties of chromophores with aminostyryl quinoxaline moiety for photonic and optoelectronic applications. Chapter Two reviews the importance of the chemiluminescent system of marine chromophore coelenterazine. Chapter Three is a literature review of computational alanine scanning mutagenesis for probing protein stability and protein-protein interactions. Chapter Four is an investigation of various studies of L-alanine in an aqueous medium. Chapter Five reviews the synthesis of indole containing chromophores. Chapter Six reviews the interaction of bis[N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)aminophenyl-glyoximato-κ2N, N′]nickel(II) dimethyl sulfoxide solvate with some biomolecules by computational chemistry methods. Chapter Seven examines the interaction between DNA bases with the molecular structure of 1,4-Bis[(z)-2-(3-mesityl-3-methylcyclobutyl)-2-(thiosemicarbazono)ethyl]piperazine dimethyl sulfoxide. Chapter Eight reviews the acetoxylation of camphene over activated carbons with sulfonic acid groups. Chapter Nine demonstrates the behavior of short oligomeric molecules as being that of bistable machines.