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The editors of the volume Inorganic Chemistry in Spain have intended to achieve a collection of some chapters featuring the work of Spanish experts in Inorganic Chemistry, each one having specific expertise in some field. Areas that cover theory, classical coordination compounds, new materials, supramolecular assemblies, mechanisms of reactions, magnetism, organometallic complexes, and catalysis are included. In all cases, a special relevance is given to a deep understanding of the behavioural properties of the compounds featured, not only to their mere preparation methodologies, which had been historically related to classical Inorganic Chemistry. - Diversity of Inorganic Chemistry areas - Study of chemical behaviour for applicability - Modern Spanish Inorganic Chemistry

Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry, Volume 83, the latest release in a serial that highlights new advances in the field, includes a variety of highly sourced chapters written by an international board of authors. - Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors - Presents the latest release in Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry serials - Edited by leading scientists in the field

Sustainable Uses and Prospects of Medicinal Plants presents information on less known and underexplored medicinal plant species in various regions of the world. The book investigates current advances in medicinal plant science and includes detailed information on the use of green nanotechnology, characterization of plants, conservation, revitalization, propagation, and pharmacological activities of selected plants. A volume in the Exploring Medicinal Plants series, it collects information on less known medicinal plant species in various regions of the world for documentation profiling their ethnobotany, developments in their phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities and provides an in-depth look at some specific herbal medicines of importance, threatened and less known species and addresses sustainable utilization and conservation of medicinal plants to ensure existence and use.Appropriate for plant and biodiversity conservation organisations, community leaders, academicians, researchers, and pharmaceutical industry personnel, the book comprises innovative works with information of what is expected to address sustainability in the future.

Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry IV provides a first point of entry for scientists interested in heterocyclic ring systems. Given the rapid expansion of publications in this field, this compilation of definitive reviews is especially important and invaluable. Written by leading scientists who have evaluated and summarized the most important data published over the last decade, this book is an invaluable addition to the reference library of anyone working with heterocyclic ring systems. Spanning 14 volumes, over 13,000 pages, and 240 chapters, this new edition builds on, and complements, the material in previous editions. This comprehensive resource is designed to be used both as a standalone resource and in conjunction with earlier works. Comprehensive – CHEC IV offers a comprehensive review of current heterocycles research and critical insight into the future direction of the field with an emphasis on useful and reliable synthesis and reactions, negating the need for individual searches in the primary literature and across various databases Reputation – This 4th edition matches the impressive reputation of the previous editions as the go-to foundational reference in heterocyclic chemistry Clearly structured - Meticulously organized, articles are split into 14 sections on key topics and clearly cross-referenced to allow students, researchers and professionals to find relevant information quickly and easily Interdisciplinary - chapters written by academics and practitioners from various fields and regions ensures that the knowledge within is easily understood by and applicable to a large audience

Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry III, Nine Volume Set describes the fundamentals of metal-ligand interactions, provides an overview of the systematic chemistry of this class of compounds, and details their importance in life processes, medicine, industry and materials science. This new edition spans across 9 volumes, 185 entries and 6600 printed pages. Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry III is not just an update of the second edition, it includes a significant amount of new content. In the descriptive sections 3-6, emphasis is placed upon material that has appeared in primary and secondary review literature since the previous edition published. The material in other sections is newly written, with an emphasis on modern aspects of coordination chemistry and the latest developments. The metal-ligand interaction is the link between the award of the 1913 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Alfred Werner, the father of Coordination Chemistry, the 1987 prize for supramolecular chemistry and the 2016 award for molecular machines. The key role of coordination chemistry in the assembly of hierarchical nano- and micro-dimensioned structures lies at the core of these applications and so this Major Reference Work bridges several sub-disciplines of chemistry, thus targeting a truly interdisciplinary audience. - Provides the go-to foundational resource on coordination chemistry research, providing insights into future directions of the field - Written and edited by renowned academics and practitioners from various fields and regions this authoritative and interdisciplinary work is of interest to a large audience, including coordination, supramolecular and molecular chemists - Presents content that is clearly structured, organized and cross-referenced to allow students, researchers and professionals to find relevant information quickly and easily

Sustainable Seaweed Technologies: Cultivation, Biorefinery, and Applications collates key background information on efficient cultivation and biorefinery of seaweeds, combining underlying chemistry and methodology with industry experience. Beginning with a review of the opportunities for seaweed biorefinery and the varied components and properties of macroalgae, the book then reviews all the key steps needed for industrial applications, from its cultivation, collection and processing, to extraction techniques, concentration and purification. A range of important applications are then discussed, including the production of energy and novel materials from seaweed, before a set of illustrative case studies shows how these various stages work in practice. Drawing on the expert knowledge of a global team of editors and authors, this book is a practical resource for both researchers and businesses who currently work with macroalgae. - Highlights the specific challenges and benefits of developing seaweed for sustainable products - Presents useful case studies that demonstrate varied approaches and methodologies in practice - Covers the complete seaweed chain, from cultivation to waste management

Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry, Volume 130, the latest release in this definitive series, provides a comprehensive review that combines descriptive synthetic chemistry and mechanistic insights to yield an understanding of how chemistry drives the preparation and useful properties of heterocyclic compounds. New chapters in this release include Recent Developments in the Radiolabeling of Heterocyclic Rings, Chemistry of Azetidines, Tricyclic Fused Bithiophenes and Related Analogues: Important Building Blocks for Conjugated Materials, Application of Electrochemical Methods in the Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds and Elucidation of Their Properties, Organometallic Complexes of Chelating Azines, and more. - Considered the definitive serial in the field of heterocyclic chemistry - Serves as the go-to reference for organic chemists, polymer chemists and many biological scientists - Provides the latest comprehensive reviews as written by established authorities in the field - Combines descriptive synthetic chemistry and mechanistic insights to enhance understanding on how chemistry drives the preparation and useful properties of heterocyclic compounds

Frontiers in Natural Product Chemistry is a book series devoted to publishing monographs that highlight important advances in natural product chemistry. The series covers all aspects of research in the chemistry and biochemistry of naturally occurring compounds, including research on natural substances derived from plants, microbes and animals. Reviews of structure elucidation, biological activity, organic and experimental synthesis of natural products as well as developments of new methods are also included in the series.The sixth volume of the series brings five reviews covering these topics:- Plant protein hydrolyzates from underutilized agricultural and agroindustrial sources: production, characterization and bioactive properties- New developments in the quinolone class of antibacterial drugs- Structure of fine starch prepared via a compressed hot water process- Major metabolites of certain marketed plant alkaloids- Natural products in cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy

Biological Chirality describes this occurrence, its history, and early research around the topic. The work covers analytical methods for observing the phenomenon, providing current techniques and practice and discussing the asymmetric morphology of certain living organisms, such as the position of the heart and liver in humans and the exceptions to biological homochirality seen in D-Amino Acids. In addition, it explores the requirement of enantioselectivity prepared pharmaceuticals to address enantioselectivities biomolecules, a major challenge in today's organic chemistry. Finally, the work considers the possible origin of biological homochirality, as well as the outlook for future research in this area. - Describes the history of biological chirality research, its possible origins, and future exploration areas - Discusses asymmetric exceptions in morphology and D-Amino Acids - Explores the critical implications of enantioselective biomolecules for preparative organic chemistry with a goal of developing effective pharmaceuticals

This book presents the chemical properties of lignocellulosic fibers, knowledge of which is essential for innovation and sustainable development of their transformation. Thermochemical transformation of wood and other lignocellulosics is presented to highlight its volatile, liquid and solid products and their novel applications. Forest biorefinery is described to emphasize the new products from lignocellulosic constituents, both structural (cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignins) and those extraneous to cell walls-extractives. New developments in cellulose technology related to nanocellulose are discussed in relation to new applications. Industrial lignins are presented in detail, both in terms of extraction procedures from spent liquors and structural characterization of the isolated lignins. Application of lignocellulosic biopolymers in new composite materials, or in biomaterials for medicinal purposes, and in solid wood preservation, are described. The example of an industrial biorefinery installed in southwestern France more than 40 years ago is presented.

Advances in Organometallic Chemistry, Volume 70, contains authoritative review articles of worldwide known researchers in the field of organometallic chemistry. This longstanding serial is known for its comprehensive coverage of topics in organometallic synthesis, reactions, mechanisms, homogeneous catalysis, and more. It is ideal for a wide range of researchers involved in organometallic chemistry, including synthetic protocols, mechanistic studies and practical applications. Topics of note in this new release include Carbon Dioxide Electroreduction Catalyzed by Organometallic Complexes, Single-electron Elementary Steps in Homogeneous Organometallic Catalysis, Recent advances in catalytic hydrosilylation of carbonyl groups mediated by well-defined first-row late transition metals, and more. - Contains contributions from leading authorities in the field of organometallic chemistry - Covers topics in organometallic synthesis, reactions, mechanisms, homogeneous catalysis, and more - Informs and updates readers on the latest developments in the field - Carefully edited to provide easy-to-read material

Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, Volume 54, covers the synthesis, testing and recording of the medicinal properties of natural products, providing cutting edge accounts of the fascinating developments in the isolation, structure elucidation, synthesis, biosynthesis and pharmacology of a diverse array of bioactive natural products. Natural products in the plant and animal kingdom offer a huge diversity of chemical structures that are the result of biosynthetic processes that have been modulated over the millennia through genetic effects. With the rapid developments in spectroscopic techniques and accompanying advances in high-throughput screening techniques, it has become possible to isolate and then determine the structures and biological activity of natural products rapidly, thus opening up exciting opportunities in the field of new drug development to the pharmaceutical industry. - Focuses on the chemistry of bioactive natural products - Contains contributions by leading authorities in the field - Presents sources of new pharmacophores - Offers an essential resource for researchers and engineers working in natural products and medicinal chemistry

In this book, authors present research on filamentous fungi and the way they impact and transform their microenvironment, thereby contributing to mobilization or immobilization of potentially toxic metals and metalloids. Additionally, the significant impact of filamentous fungi on the deployment of potentially toxic elements in soils and sediments with possible intracellular or extracellular transformation is also discussed. Following this, the authors present an overview of the various potential applications of fullerenes, including: anti HIV- protease activity, photodynamic DNA cleavage, free radical scavenger, antimicrobial action, fullerene-based photoelectric materials, catalytic properties of transition metal-fullerene complexes, and more. Next, an additional overview is presented on furfural production in the world, the characteristics of this compound as a platform product, and the methods applied for its production from different raw materials. The authors go on to analyze all of the designs and concepts made to date to pursue the best association motif and discuss all issues linked to this anticipated entropically adverse event. A study is presented on the effects of exposure of typical proteins to low frequency electromagnetic fields and to microwaves, wherein it was shown that “exposure to electromagnetic fields induces unfolding of proteins, causing transitions from α-helix to β-sheet structures that may be responsible of aggregation phenomena, leading to neurotoxic and neurodegenerative disorders that can be considered as the first step toward certain pathologies.” Later, the authors propose a treatment for red or brown sorghum which reduces the coloration, prepares the sorghum grain, improves the properties of the milling, increases the yield, and retains antioxidants in the flour. An additional study is presented on the electrical transport properties (electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity, and thermoelectric power) of five liquid alkali elements (Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs) using the theory of pseudopotential. Ending the book, the authors discuss the mechanism of Li3PS4 formation in ethyl propionate, an organic solvent. In addition, a solvent selection guide is determined and presented.

Click chemistry, which is also referred to as linkage chemistry, dynamic, combinatorial chemistry or quick linking combinatorial chemistry describes the reaction that joins molecular fragments as simply, efficient and versatile as clicking a mouse. The two units with specific click structures can be linked by a click reaction no matter what is attached to the structure, and only the specific click structures can be joined. It emphasizes the development of new combinatorial chemistries on the basis of the synthesis of efficient and highly selective carbon-heteroatom bonds (C-X-C), and effectively prepares molecules with high diversity via these simple reactions. It significantly simplified and promoted the development of synthesis chemistry. Click chemistry has become one of the most useful and attractive synthetic strategies in many fields. In this book, the definition of click chemistry is explained, the characteristics and types of click chemistry are introduced, and some specific reaction types are focused on. The progress for using click chemistry for the synthesis and functionalization of hydrogels, elastomers, surface modifications, membrane preparations, assemble polyaromatic structures, biomedical fields and optical sensing in biological analyses are described in detail. The problems and challenges for using click chemistry in different fields are analyzed.

For more than four decades, scientists and researchers have relied on the Advances in Chromatography series for the most up-to-date information on a wide range of developments in chromatographic methods and applications. For Volume 53, the series editors have invited established, well-known chemists to offer cutting-edge reviews of chromatographic methods with applications in the life sciences. The clear presentation of topics and vivid illustrations for which this series has become known makes the material accessible and engaging to analytical, biochemical, organic, polymer, and pharmaceutical chemists at all levels of technical skill.

In Chapter One, Sergio Barbosa, Naiara Pardo-Mates, Lluis Puignou, and Oscar Núñez discuss the function of polyphenols and polyphenolic fingerprinting profiles to achieve the classification and verification of natural food products. Afterwards, Chapter Two by Judit Telegdi and László Tri provides cases for the combination of comonomers, as well as gives a thorough review on the application potentials of homo- and copolyesters used in the biomedical field. In Chapter Three, H. Buscail, C. Issartel, R. Rolland, F. Rabaste, S. Perrier, O. Poble, and F. Riffard explore water vapour's influence on the growth stresses developed at high temperature in the oxide scale. Next, Chapter Four by Meng Guan Tay, Mee Hing Tiong, Kien Yung Teo, and Tze Pei Phan examines the synthesis and applications of chalcone compounds and its complexes, after which Hirokazu Suzuki reviews the cataclysmic mechanisms used by glycolytic enzymes in Chapter Five. In Chapter Six, Fernanda Cosme, Alice Vilela, and António M. Jordão provide an overview on the chemical characterization and quantification of tartaric acid in grapes and wines. Chapter Seven by Alina Kunicka-Styczyńska reviews experimental data she collected in the field of biological decomposition of L-malic acid in musts. In conclusion, Chapter Eight by Gabrielle Roveratti and Daniel Marcos Bonotto deliberates on results acquired for the application of a new procedure to increase the analytical capacity of instruments for analysis of rocks, minerals, ores, soils, and sediments.

Research on designing new catalytic systems has been one of the most important fields in modern organic chemistry. One reason for this is the predominant contribution of catalysis to the concepts of atom economy and green chemistry in the 21st century. Gold, considered catalytically inactive for a long time, is now a fascinating partner of modern chemistry, as scientists such as Bond, Teles, Haruta, Hutchings, Ito and Hayashi opened new perspectives for the whole synthetic chemist community. This book presents the major advances in homogeneous catalysis, emphasizing the methodologies that create carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds, the applications that create diversity and synthesize natural products, and the recent advances and challenges in asymmetric catalysis and computational research.It provides readers with in-depth information about homogeneous gold-catalyzed reactions and presents several explanations for the scientific design of a catalyst. Readers will be able to understand the entire gold area and find solutions to problems in catalysis.Gold Catalysis — An Homogeneous Approach is part of the Catalytic Science Series and features prominent authors who are experts in their respective fields.

The use of honey can be traced back to the Stone Age. Evidence can be found for its nutritional and medicinal use beginning with prehistoric and ancient civilizations. Currently, there is a resurgence of scientific interest in natural medicinal products, such as honey, by researchers, the medical community, and even the general public. Honey in Tra

This is a complete examination of the theory and methods of modern olefin metathesis, one of the most widely used chemical reactions in research and industry. Provides basic information for non-specialists, while also explaining the latest trends and advancements in the field to experts Discusses the various types of metathesis reactions, including CM, RCM, enyne metathesis, ROMP, and tandem processes, as well as their common applications Outlines the tools of the trade—from the important classes of active metal complexes to optimal reaction conditions—and suggests practical solutions for common reaction problems Includes tables with structures of commercial catalysts, and recommendations for commercial catalyst suppliers

This book presents original research results on the leading edge of chemistry research. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. Topics discussed include the application of spectroscopic techniques in the quality control of pharmaceuticals; beer analyses in each step of the commercial production process; the properties of coagulation, flocculation, agglutination and hemagglutination; applications and uses of formic acid in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis; applications of the theory of joint probability distributions to chemical science engineering; nutritional variation in the process of brewing pilsner beer; the long-range order in MnSO4 water solutions; and the electrolytic dissociation of alkyl and aryl derivatives of malonic acid.

There is a wealth of published research on the health-promoting effects of green tea and its various components including polyphenols. Green Tea Polyphenols: Nutraceuticals of Modern Life presents a collection of global findings on the numerous health benefits of green tea polyphenols, confirming their position as healthy functional ingredients. Wi

Natural products are sought after by the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries, and research continues into their potential for new applications. Extraction of natural products in an economic and environmentally-friendly way is of high importance to all industries involved. This book presents a holistic and in-depth view of the techniques available for extracting natural products, with modern and more environmentally-benign methods, such as ultrasound and supercritical fluids discussed alongside conventional methods. Examples and case studies are presented, along with the decision-making process needed to determine the most appropriate method. Where appropriate, scale-up and process integration is discussed. Relevant to researchers in academia and industry, and students aiming for either career path, Natural Product Extraction presents a handy digest of the current trends and latest developments in the field with concepts of Green Chemistry in mind.

Separation and purification processes play a critical role in biorefineries and their optimal selection, design and operation to maximise product yields and improve overall process efficiency. Separations and purifications are necessary for upstream processes as well as in maximising and improving product recovery in downstream processes. These processes account for a significant fraction of the total capital and operating costs and also are highly energy intensive. Consequently, a better understanding of separation and purification processes, current and possible alternative and novel advanced methods is essential for achieving the overall techno-economic feasibility and commercial success of sustainable biorefineries. This book presents a comprehensive overview focused specifically on the present state, future challenges and opportunities for separation and purification methods and technologies in biorefineries. Topics covered include: Equilibrium Separations: Distillation, liquid-liquid extraction and supercritical fluid extraction. Affinity-Based Separations: Adsorption, ion exchange, and simulated moving bed technologies. Membrane Based Separations: Microfiltration, ultrafiltration and diafiltration, nanofiltration, membrane pervaporation, and membrane distillation. Solid-liquid Separations: Conventional filtration and solid-liquid extraction. Hybrid/Integrated Reaction-Separation Systems: Membrane bioreactors, extractive fermentation, reactive distillation and reactive absorption. For each of these processes, the fundamental principles and design aspects are presented, followed by a detailed discussion and specific examples of applications in biorefineries. Each chapter also considers the market needs, industrial challenges, future opportunities, and economic importance of the separation and purification methods. The book concludes with a series of detailed case studies including cellulosic bioethanol production, extraction of algae oil from microalgae, and production of biopolymers. Separation and Purification Technologies in Biorefineries is an essential resource for scientists and engineers, as well as researchers and academics working in the broader conventional and emerging bio-based products industry, including biomaterials, biochemicals, biofuels and bioenergy.

Due to its enormous sensitivity and ease of use, mass spectrometry has grown into the analytical tool of choice in most industries and areas of research. This unique reference provides an extensive library of methods used in mass spectrometry, covering applications of mass spectrometry in fields as diverse as drug discovery, environmental science, forensic science, clinical analysis, polymers, oil composition, doping, cellular research, semiconductor, ceramics, metals and alloys, and homeland security. The book provides the reader with a protocol for the technique described (including sampling methods) and explains why to use a particular method and not others. Essential for MS specialists working in industrial, environmental, and clinical fields.

Established in 1960, Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry is the definitive serial in the area—one of great importance to organic chemists, polymer chemists and many biological scientists. Written by established authorities in the field, the comprehensive reviews combine descriptive chemistry and mechanistic insight and yield an understanding of how the chemistry drives the properties. - Established in 1960, Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry is the definitive serial in the area—one of great importance to organic chemists, polymer chemists and many biological scientists. Written by established authorities in the field, the comprehensive reviews combine descriptive chemistry and mechanistic insight and yield an understanding of how the chemistry drives the properties.

This book presents original research results on the leading edge of chemistry research. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. Topics discussed include the potential binding potency of biological molecules; nitrogen dioxide for wasteless sustainable syntheses; the molecular structure of five new 2-methylbenzimidazole derivatives; electrochemical reduction of phthalimide in isoindoline; nitrous oxide clathrate hydrates and the molecular mechanis of urea denaturation.

Humans have utilized the bioactive principles of different plants for various beneficial physiological properties including antimicrobial properties for many centuries. However, interests of using medicinal plants declined in the 20th century with the availability of effective synthetic antimicrobial drugs. The development of microbial resistance to various drugs has accelerated research interests towards the use of phytochemicals as alternatives to synthetic drugs in the recent years. This book presents an comprehensive reviews on the antimicrobial and antiviral properties of numerous recently reported phytochemicals, and their mechanisms of antimicrobial actions. Some of the chapters have critically discussed the beneficial and adverse effects of antibacterial, and stimulatory activities of dietary phytochemicals on rumen microbial populations, and gut microbial populations of humans and animals. Microbial adaptation and resistance of microbes to phytochemicals has also been highlighted. On the applied apects, the use of phytochemicals against drug resistance microbes, to treat microbial diseases, for food preservation, to inhibit methanogenic archaea in the rumen, and to modulate lipid biohydrogenating microbial populations to increase conjugated linoleic acids in animal-derived foods have been presented in different chapters.

Established in 1960, Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry is the definitive serial in the area—one of great importance to organic chemists, polymer chemists, and many biological scientists. Written by established authorities in the field, the comprehensive reviews combine descriptive chemistry and mechanistic insight and yield an understanding of how the chemistry drives the properties. - Provides up-to-date material on a fast-growing and highly topical subject area - Contains the latest research covering a wide variety of heterocyclic topics - Written by leading authorities and designed as a handbook for students and industry and academic researchers

Established in 1960, Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry is the definitive serial in the area—one of great importance to organic chemists, polymer chemists and many biological scientists. Written by established authorities in the field, the comprehensive reviews combine descriptive chemistry and mechanistic insight and yield an understanding of how the chemistry drives the properties. - Provides up-to-date material on a fast-growing and highly topical subject area - Contains the latest research covering a wide variety of heterocyclic topics - Written by leading authorities and designed as a handbook for students and industry and academic researchers

Interest in the molecular and mechanistic aspects of cosmetic research has grown exponentially during the past decade. Herbal Principles in Cosmetics: Properties and Mechanisms of Action critically examines the botanical, ethnopharmacological, phytochemical, and molecular aspects of botanical active ingredients used in cosmetics. Along with dermato

Covers the Fundamentals of Chiral Separation, Available Chiral Selectors, and Numerous Applications of Chiral Separation by Capillary ElectrophoresisSince the 1980s, modern analytical tools have enabled capillary electrophoresis to become a standard part of the chemist's toolkit. With contributions from international experts, Chiral Separations by

Organometallic chemistry is an interdisciplinary science which continues to grow at a rapid pace. Although there is continued interest in synthetic and structural studies, the last decade has seen a growing interest in the potential of organometallic chemistry to provide answers to problems in catalysis, synthetic organic chemistry and also in the development of new materials. Each volume in the series is published either annually or biennially and is a superb reference point for researchers.

Established in 1960, Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry is the definitive serial in the area—one of great importance to organic chemists, polymer chemists, and many biological scientists. Written by established authorities in the field, the comprehensive reviews combine descriptive chemistry and mechanistic insight and yield an understanding of how the chemistry drives the properties. - Provides up-to-date material on a fast growing and highly topical subject area - Contains the latest research covering a wide variety of heterocyclic topics - Written by leading authorities and designed as a handbook for students and industry and academic researchers

The Sensory Evaluation of Dairy Products, Second Edition is for all who seek a book entirely devoted to sensory evaluation of dairy products and modern applications of the science. It is an excellent scientific reference for training in dairy product evaluation and is a practical guide to the preparation of samples for sensory evaluation. The book contains updates of the original text of the well-received first edition, as well as brand new material. This unique book is designed for professionals involved in many aspects of dairy production, including academic teaching and research, processing, quality assurance, product development and marketing. It is an invaluable tool for those who compete in the annual Collegiate Dairy Product Evaluation Contest.

Established in 1960, Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry is the definitive serial in the area—one of great importance to organic chemists, polymer chemists, and many biological scientists. Written by established authorities in the field, the comprehensive reviews combine descriptive chemistry and mechanistic insight and yield an understanding of how the chemistry drives the properties. - Provides up-to-date material on a fast growing and highly topical subject area - Contains the latest research covering a wide variety of heterocyclic topics - Written by leading authorities and designed as a handbook for students and industry and academic researchers

Organometallic chemistry is an interdisciplinary science which continues to grow at a rapid pace. Although there is continued interest in synthetic and structural studies the last decade has seen a growing interest in the potential of organometallic chemistry to provide answers to problems in catalysis synthetic organic chemistry and also in the development of new materials. This Specialist Periodical Report aims to reflect these current interests reviewing progress in theoretical organometallic chemistry, main group chemistry, the lanthanides and all aspects of transition metal chemistry.

Organometallic chemistry is an interdisciplinary science which continues to grow at a rapid pace. Although there is continued interest in synthetic and structural studies the last decade has seen a growing interest in the potential of organometallic chemistry to provide answers to problems in catalysis, synthetic organic chemistry and also in the development of new materials. This Specialist Periodical Report aims to reflect these current interests, reviewing progress in theoretical organometallic chemistry, main group chemistry, the lanthanides and all aspects of transition metal chemistry. Volume 31 covers literature published during 2002. Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage in major areas of chemical research. Compiled by teams of leading authorities in the relevant subject areas, the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist, with regular, in-depth accounts of progress in particular fields of chemistry. Subject coverage within different volumes of a given title is similar and publication is on an annual or biennial basis.

Food quality is becoming an ever-increasing important feature for consumers and it is well known that some food crops are perishable and have a very short shelf and storage life. An effective quality assurance system throughout the handling steps between harvest and retail display is essential to provide a consistently good quality supply of fresh food crops to the consumers and to protect the reputation of a given marketing label. Food manufacturing companies all over the world are incre- ingly focussing on quality aspect of food including minimally processed food to meet consumer demands for fresh-like and healthy food products. To investigate and control quality, one must be able to measure quality-related attributes. Quality of produce encompasses sensory attributes, nutritive values, chemical constituents, mechanical properties, functional properties and defects. Successful postharvest handling of crops requires careful coordination and integration of the various steps from harvest operations to consumer level in order to maintain the initial product quality. Maturity at harvest is one feature of quality of perishable products, it has great influence on their postharvest behavior during marketing. Safety assurance can be part of quality assurance and its focus on minimizing chemical and microbial contamination during production, harvesting, and postharvest handling of intact and fresh-cut of commodities. Essentially, electromagnetic (often optical) prop- ties relate to appearance, mechanical properties to texture, and chemical properties to flavor (taste and aroma).

This volume of Progress in Heterocyclic Chemistry (PHC) is the fourteenth annual review of the literature, covering the work published on important heterocyclic ring systems during 2001. In this volume there are two specialized reviews. The first, by Jan Bergman and Tomasz Janosik, covers their work on sulfur-containing indoles. The second, by David Knight, discusses 5-endo-trig iodocyclisations. The subsequent chapters, arranged by increasing heterocycle ring size, review recent advances in the field of heterocyclic chemistry with emphasis on synthesis and reactions.