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This book focuses on both recent advances and the applications of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials in different fields. This book encapsulates all the aspects related to 2D nanomaterials and their applications. It provides scientific and technological insights on novel routes of design and fabrication of few layered nanostructures and their hetero structures based on a variety of 2-D layered materials. It also covers a wide range of industrial applications of 2D nanomaterials. It emphasizes on the detailing of the various characterization techniques used. The book will be a valuable reference for beginners, researchers, and professionals interested in nano-materials and allied fields.

In the last decade, numerous studies have demonstrated the existence of alternative pathways to nucleation and crystallisation that oppose the classical view. Such proposed scenarios include multistage reactions proceeding via various precursor species and/or intermediate phases. The aim of this book is to review and discuss these recent advances in our understanding of the early stages of mineralisation through a series of contributions that address both experimental and theoretical studies about the formation and nature of initial precursor species (e.g., prenucleation clusters, dense liquid phases, amorphous nanoparticles, etc.) as well as their transformations leading to the stable mineral phase. Several chapters are devoted to cutting-edge analytical techniques used for investigating the above processes in situ, in real time and at conditions relevant to both natural and industrial processes. At the end of the book, the editors summarize the key questions that still need to be addressed in order to establish a complete picture of the nucleation and growth processes involved during the formation of minerals